• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the style of livestock house, concentration of malodorous substances of livestock feces and livestock houses in Daejeon area. Among the livestock houses investigated, as most of cow pens(94.5%) have sawdust or chaff on the bottom, there was no leakage of feces out of pen. Most pig pens adopted slury style, but some of them currently use buffering material on the bottom. It is thought that there will be no possible contamination leakage. When it comes to hen house, all the broiler house use litters on the bottom and all the layer house use scrapper. It is also thought that there will be no possible contamination leakage. 3 out of 12 deer pens used buffering material on the bottom, 10 places were maintained in a traditional method, and 7 places left possibility of contamination leakage considering whether the roof was installed or not. The contents of ammonia, amine and volatile fatty acid in fresh feces were lower compared to rotten feces, but the concentration of sulfur-containing matter - hydrogen sulfide, methylmercapthan and ethylmercapthan were higher compared to rotten feces. In the case of malodorous ingredient in livestock houses, only small amount of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were detected in pig pen and hen house, and other ingredients were not detectable. And those who are engaged in animal husbandry reacted negatively to the use of feed additives for decreasing malodor. In conclusion, it is not worrisome that contamination can be leaked out of animal raising facilities. But if we take into consideration that the point of investigation time is wintry season, there should be more considerate attitude. And feed additives for decreasing malodor need establishing criteria in the manufacturing process.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.3
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• pp.37-44
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• 1992

본 연구는 충남지역 농어촌의 부엌설비 및 식사현황의 실태를 조사하여 농어촌 부엌설비 연구의 기초자료로 삼고자 1992년 3월 16일부터 2주간에 걸쳐 설문지 조사법에 의해 조사되었고 빈도(N)와 백분율(%), 그리고 변인간의 상관관계는 x$^2$-test로 통계적 유의성을 검증하였다. 1. 부엌의 구조 및 설비 1) 본 연구대상 농어촌 가정의 부엌 구조는 입식인 경우가 43.9%로서 아직까지도 재래식 구조가 많이 남아있고 부엌의 형태는 일자형(34.1%)과 자형(32.1%)이 가장 많았는데 일자형은 동선이 길고 자형은 면적을 많이 차지하는 단점을 지닌다고 하겠다. 2) 부엌 바닥의 재료는 흙바닥을 그대로 이용하는 경우(38.6%)와 콘크리트로 부엌 바닥을 마감한 경우(39.8%)가 대부분을 차지하였다. 부엌구조가 점차 입식으로 이양되면서 합성수지 제품도 이용(18.7%)되기는 했으나 흙바닥은 어떤 형태로든지 마감처리를 해야 할 것으로 본다. 3) 취사용 열원으로 가장 많이 쓰이고 있는 것은 프로판가스(57.6%)이고 그 다음으로는 연탄(16.5%)과 전기(14.9%)로서 장작과 석유의 이용율은 점차 줄어들고 있었다. 4) 상수도와 하수도시설이 부엌 내에 갖추어져 있는 비율은 각각 64.7%와 48.9%로서 아직도 미흡한 상태라고 할 수 있겠고, 정수기의 사용율은 2.9%로 관심도가 극히 낮은 편이었다. 5) 쓰레기를 분리해서 처리하는 경우는 21.8%로서 분리처리에 대한 실천이 잘 안되고 있었으며 젖은오물 처리시 비닐봉지를 사용하는 경우는 61.4%로서 과반수 이상으로 나타났다. 6) 부엌설비 중 부엌바닥재료와 취사용 열원은 가정의 수입과 positive(＋)의 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 가족의 식사현황 1) 주부가 식사를 담당하는 비율은 89.0%로서 높은 비율을 차지하였는데 이는 가족의 영양과 건강유지를 위하여 바람직한 일로 생각된다. 2) 식사장소로서 가장 많이 이용되는 곳은 안방(81.7%)이었으며 미비하기는 하나 그 다음으로는 부엌식당(15.6%)이었다. 이는 아직까지 농어촌지역에서 침식분리가 제대로 되어지지 않고 있다는 것을 시사해준다. 3) 가족이 모두 일주일에 5~7회 정도 식사를 함께 하는 경우가 아침식사시에는 55.1%, 저녁식사시에는 65.7%로 나타나 비교적 가족이 식사시간에 함께 모일 수 있는 여건이 마련되어 있는 것으로 여겨진다. 4) 가족의 외식횟수는 극히 적은편으로서 한달에 한번도 없거나 있어도 한번 정도인 경우가 대부분인 것(95.0%)으로 나타났다. 5) 가정내의 가공식품 이용도는 가끔 이용한다가 67.9%로 가장 많았고 주부의 직업이나 가정의 수입과는 negative(－)의 상관을 보임으로써 값싼 주식의 대용품이 많이 이용되는 것으로 사료된다. 이와 같이, 농어촌 가정의 부엌설비와 가족의 식사현황 문제를 조사해 본 결과 과거에 비해서는 좀더 합리적으로 변모하고 있다고 할 수 있겠으나 아직도 개선해야 할 점은 많은 것으로 사료된다. 그리고 앞으로 구체적이고도 현실적인 연구가 계속 이루어져야 할 것으로 기대해 본다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.17-24
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• 2019

The combustion properties of the flammable substance used in industrial fields include lower/upper flash point, lower/upper explosion limit, autoignition temperature(AIT), fire point, and minimum oxygen concentration(MOC) etc.. The accurate assessment of these characteristics should be made for process and worker safety. In this study, tert-amylalcohol(TAA), which is widely used as a solvent for epoxy resins, oxidizers of olefins, fuel oils and biomass, was selected. The reason is that there are few researches on the reliability of combustion characteristics compared to other flammable materials. The flash point of the TAA was measured by Setaflash, Pensky-Martens, Tag, and Cleveland testers. And the AIT of the TAA was measured by ASTM 659E. The lower/upper explosion limits of the TAA was estimated using the measured lower/upper flash points by Setaflash tester. The flash point of the TAA by using Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers were experimented at 19 ℃ and 21 ℃, respectively. The flash points of the TAA by Tag and Cleveland open cup testers were experimented at 28 ℃ and 34 ℃, respectively. The AIT of the TAA was experimented at 437 ℃. The LEL and UEL calculated by using lower and upper flash point of Setaflash were calculated at 1.10 vol% and 11.95 vol%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.563-570
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• 1985

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate a revolving plate-type biofilter system for mass culture of eels (Anguilla japonica) based on the experimental rearing for 199 days. Water quality, growth efficiency of fish and effects of fish disease control were critically evaluated. The experiment was conducted in two different units, each unit consisting of a cement tank containing $20m^3$ of water. In unit A, a biofilter which includes 400 rotating undulated P. V. C. plates being 70 cm in diameter which rotates at 6 rpm and also 400 undulated P. V. C. plates fixed in the settling chamber of an area of $66{\times}62cm$. Water was continuously passed through the filter at a rate of 260 l/min., and supplemental water was added to the fish tank at a rate of $4m^3$ a day. In unit B, the biofilter has 400 P. V. C. plates being $66{\times}62cm$ each was installed in the settling tank. The results gained from the experimental rearing for 199 days from April 21, 1984 to November 5, 1984 are as follows. In the growth experiment, the weight of fish in unit A increased from 3.0 kg to 815.6 kg, while in unit B, from 3.0kg to 416.0kg. During the period of the experiment, in the both units the fish grew at an acceptable rate at the temperature at which they were held. Observing every aspect of eel culture, including growth rate, disease control and water quality, unit A appears to have adventages over unit B, which makes it particuraly attractive in intensive recirculating fish culture system. It was further observed that certain parasites such as Trichodina sp. and Costia sp. could easily be controled by appling 4 ppm of $KMNO_4$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.363-370
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• 1988

An attempt was made in this study to investigate the possibility of processing oyster and sea mussel into an intermediate moisture food. To obtain a palatable and instant product, shucked samples were heated in soy sauce for 5 min., heated in seasoning solution for 10 min., and then dried by the method of hot-air blowing for 4-6 hours at $40^{\circ}C$. Optimum seasoning solutions consisted of 2% monosodium glutamate, 3.5% sodium chloride, 15% sorbitol, 2% propylene glycol, 5% glycine and 0.02% rosemary oleoresin in 72.48% water. Judging from water activity, thiobarbituric acid, viable cell count, volatile basic nitrogen, surface color and sensory evaluation, vacuum-packaging method in nylon/PE $(20{\mu}m/40{\mu}m)$ or polyester/viniliden chloride/polypropylene $(12{\mu}m/15{\mu}m/50{\mu}m)$ film bag did hardly damage to the quality of intermediate moisture products, but air-packaging method in polyethylene(0.06m/m) bag did considerable damage to the quality during storage for 60 days in an incubator with 49-51% relative humidity at $30^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.195-206
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• 1979

Where the industrial waste is increasing in number of kind and in quantities by the industrialization and population increases, the pollution problem is not only national but grobal question of the day. This paper is trying to invite attentions by the people who are working in both sector-natural sciences and industries in reviewing limited reports and materials. 1. By the chemical evaluation of over 20 industrial waste produced in Korea, potential wastes for commercial fertilizer would be wastes from alcohol fermantation, beer brewery, leather processing, synthetic fiber, and coffee grounds. 2. The composition of city waste is differ from other countries and sludge cake from human feces processing is promising one in the organic matter and phosphate content particularly. However, the content of heavy matals, specific order, and availability of phosphate are the bottle-neck for the development. 3. There is one commercial fertilizer from industrial waste in the market. It is very reasonable in the content of nitrogen and organic matter, and its formulation and responeses on crops. 4. Discussions were also given on the general problems in processing and marketing of fertilizers from industrial waste, however, scientists and industrial owners have to pay more attention on the development of fertilizers from tire industrial wastes because of vital environmental protection view-point.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 1978

Rainbow trout were reared in a stainless steel aquarium from Nov. 11, 1977 to June 12, 1978, and the following results were obtained : 1. The volume of water was about $400\iota$ in a aquarium measuring $1m\;(Length)\times1m\;(Width)\times67cm(Height)$ and water depth 40 cm. Water was supplied for about 16 hours daily at a rate $3\iota/min$ and was drained through the conical settling part in the middle of the aquarium bottom. Filter tank was about $23cm(W)\times23cm(L)\times40cm(D)$ and contained pebbles 30 cm in depth. Water recirculation rate was at)out $1,030\iota/hr$, or 2.6 turn-over per hour. 2. During the first period (77 days), the trout grew from 88.3g to 229g in average, the total weight attaining 30.7kg. The food coefficient was 1.249, average daily increment 243.3g, average daily growth rate 1.245%, and the mortality was 2 smallest fish weighing 53 g, owing to unknown reason. During the second period (135 days), the trout grew from 239g to 555g in average, the total weight attaining 57.2 kg. The food coefficient was 1.447, average daily increment 279.8g, average daily growth rate $0.65\%$ and the mortality was 31 fish weighing 11,255 g, owing partly to miss-handling and partly to disease. 3. The feed consisting of fully domestic materials was prepared in this laboratory, and the feed conversion was not inferior to high protein commercial feed available in foreign countries. 4. The result of whole period for 212 days was 56.5 kg in gross increment, and based on this result, when $1\iota/min$ full day inflowing water available, the net production will become 28.25 kg. So, if a 5000kg production is planned, $180\iota/min$ or about $10.8m^3/hr$ be reauired, and the production in value frill become 15million won at local price at the expense of about 5.3 million won. From the result of this experiment, rainbow trout is feasible for commercial production in Korea with relatively small amount of well water and simplified water recirculation system.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.109-118
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• 1985

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the water quality in the lower part of the Nagdong river in Korea. Three hundred and sixty water samples were collected from the 15 stations from December 1981 to November 1982 by tide(see Fig.1). Water temperature, pH, chloride ion, salinity, total coliform, fecal coliform, viable cell count and the composition of coliform were observed to evaluate the water quality. The variations of water temperature was ranged from $2.0^{\circ}C\;to\;29.5^{\circ}C$ and as mean value from $15.8^{\circ}C\;to\;18.9^{\circ}C$. The range of pH was 6.00-8.88 and 7.20-7.96 as mean value. The concentration of chloride ion from St. 1 to 5 was higher as 17.51-771 mg/l in flood tide than 13.12-264.58 mg/l in ebb tide. Specially, water quality at St.1 (Samrangjin) which located about 46 km far from Hadan was also influenced by tide. Salinities of water in flood tide were a litte higher ($11.05{\sim}31.08\%0$) than those of in ebb tide ($7.80{\sim}29.28\%0$). Total coliform MPN's ranged from 3.6/100 m/l to 460,000/100ml. The geometric mean value of the upper area (included St. $1{\sim}3$) was $259{\sim}538/100ml$, that of the middle area (included St. $4{\sim}6$) was $1,097{\sim}39,544/100ml$ for it leveled heavy contamination. Specially, in the ebb tide St. 10 was influenced by St. 6 and 7. In the upper area, the geometric mean value of fecal coliform MPN's was $109{\sim}199/100ml$ but in the area in cluded St. 5, 6 and 7 were heavily contaminated by domestic sewage, waste water from the factories area and bird's excrement. Composition of coliform was $17\%$ Escherichia coli group, $33\%$ Citrobacter freundii group, $28\%$ Enterobacter aerogenes group and $21\%$ others. Plate count of samples was varied from <30 to $3.9{\times}10^4/ml$ during the study period.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 2013

This study was carried out to establish a management program and soil restoration plan through analysis of soil properties and visitor questionnaires in Songrim in Hadong, Korea. Soil bulk density in Songrim was slightly higher in the closed-woodlands ($1.31g/cm^3$) than in the open-woodlands ($1.39g/cm^3$). Soil bulk density in the closed-woodlands was higher in walking trails ($1.74g/cm^3$) than in forest areas ($1.39g/cm^3$), while the rates of pore space were lower in walking trails (42.6%) than in forest areas (50.5%). The soil porosity were lower in the closed-woodlands (34.6%) than in the open-woodlands (42.6%). Soil strength in surface soil was slightly lower in the open-woodlands ($8.5kgf/cm^2$) than in the closed-woodlands ($10.5kgf/cm^2$). The content of organic matter, total nitrogen and exchangeable cations of the woodlands was low compared with the optimum nutrient content for tree growth in Korea forest soil. According to the survey, the objective of visiting in Songrim was to enjoy recreation and landscape views. To conserve pine forest ecosystems in Songrim, the respondents said that it needs to the implement of closed-woodland periods, the establishment of smoking free zone, and the prohibition of garbage throwing and alcohol including disciplinary rules and education. Also the respondents said that pine forest ecosystem in Songrim is relatively sound, but the woodlands require the intensive management to the ecosystem and the introduction of native understory vegetation, such as grasses under pine forest ecosystem. It is recommended to designate the rest-year forest for a proper period in all woodlands to restore the Songrim soil rather than the alternation application between the rest-year for three years or non-rest-year trails, and to open partially the walking trails across the woodlands after the period. In addition, the forest within the woodland is need to designate a long-term rest-year.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

Sawdust biofiltration is an emerging bio-technology for control of ammonia emissions including compost odors from composting of biological wastes. Although sawdust is widely used as a medium for bulking agent in composting system and for microbial attachment in biofiltration systems, the performance of agitated bed composting and sawdust biofiltration are not well established. A pilot-scale composting of hog manure amended with sawdust and sawdust biofiltration systems for practical operation were investigated using aerated and agitated rectangular reactor with compost turner and sawdust biofilter operated under controlled conditions, each with a working capacity of approximately $40m^3\;and\;4.5m^3$ respectively. These were used to investigate the effect of compost temperature, seed germination rate and the C/N ratio of the compost on ammonia emissions, compost maturity and sawdust biofiltration performance. Temperature profiles showed that the material in three runs had been reached to temperature of 55 to $65^{\circ}C$ and above. The ammonia concentration in the exhaust gas of the sawdust biofilter media was below the maximum average value as 45 ppm. Seed germination rate levels of final compost was maintained from 70 to 93% and EC values of the finished compost varied between 2.8 and 4.8 ds/m, providing adequate conditions for plant growth.