• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-75
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• 1985

Accepting the health as the fundamental human right, the nation and society came to admit the duty to give it to all the people. Korean government is expanding the Primary Health Care as one of the policies for developing the people's health by the lead of community. Like this current situation the School Health Service which is the center of community Health Service schould be active to keep, promote and maintain the health of students and teachers. This investigation was attempted to help to establish the basis of the Health Education Program which would perform the health education efficiently and bring the reforming of student's health control, by measuring the degree of junior high school student's practice concerning health care and con-firming the relationship of knowledge, concern and level of health. The subjects for this study were made up 296 boys at the third grade in a school, located in Seoul. The tool for this study was questionaire. Data were collected for five days, September 22∼26, 1983. The investigators explained the students how to answer the questions of the survey questionaire and then collected the survey cards immediately. The data were analyzed by means of percentages, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The results of this study are as follows. 1. The subjects' reaction to the practice concerning Health Care; According to the average proportion of practice concerning health care, subjects' practice in the aspect of Infectious Disease Care is the highest 82.4％ and they showed their practice in the aspect of the accident prevention by 77.5% and in the aspect of mental health by 74.8%. Their practice in the aspect of personal hygiene and daily lifehabit is the lowest 71.2%. 2. Health Knowledge; The whole mark distribution of health knowledge is ranged from the lowest 4 point to the highest, 30 point, therefore point range is 26.0. The Average point is 16.58. 11.2% of students solved more than two thirds of personal knowledge levels. 81.4% of students did more than one third of them. 7.415 of students did less than one third of them. 3. Health Concern; The Students of the average 3.99 point respond positively to the question about the health concern, ‘They think health is more important than money’, this is the highest rate. The students of the average 2.78 respond“when they are sick, they enter the appointed hospital where they own choose”, while it is the lowest. 4. Subjects' response to the health level are at follow: Very healthy 26.0%, healthy 47.0%, less healthy 10.5%, 34.9% of them have ever been sick within two weeks, the number of symptoms they reported amount to 114 and the number of cases poi one person is 0.35. 5. The hypotheses test about the practice concerning health care and the factor which effect on it. 1) The main first hypothesis:“The more knowledge of health the subjects have, the better they practice health care.”was accepted. (r=0.1582, p <0.05) 2) The minor first hypothesis:“The more interest in health subjects have, the better they practice”was accepted. (r=0.4354, p ＜0.001) 3) The minor second hypothesis;“The healthier subjects are, the better they practice health care”was accepted. (r=0.1069, p＜0.05) As other test, partical correlation test is performed in other refine whether health knowledge, a fact influencing the students practice concerning health care, is associated with the practice after controlling the third variables. First, after controlling health concern, the correlation of health knowledge and practice concerning health care was kept. (r=0.1347, p <0.005) Second, after controlling health level, the correlation of health knowledge and practice concerning health care was kept. (r=0.1526, p <0.005) And finally, after controlling economic state, the correlation of health knowledge and practice concern-ing health care was kept. (r=0.1413, p <0.05) Additionally Stepwise Multiple Regression between practice concerning health care and variables. 1.6591 of compliance was explained with the know-ledge (F=5.584, p <0.05), 20.0% of compliance was explained with the health concern added to knowledge. (F=63,213, p <0.005) As the above, health knowledge obviously have effects on the practice about the health care. But, contrary to researcher's expectation, health concern has more affects than health knowledge. Therefore, we must grope the plan to enhance health concern through the regular curriculum and systematic health education for students. Besides, we must study further on, to find the factors which have affect on the practice concerning health care.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.383-391
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the ethical dilemma of dental hygienists and the level of empowerment among them in an attempt to provide some information on how to alleviate the ethical dilemma of dental hygienists to boost their empowerment. The findings of the study were as follows: The dental hygienists got a mean of 1.58 out of possible four points in ethical dilemma. Among the subfactors of ethical dilemma, they scored highest in ethical dilemma about dental hygienists and profession (1.79), followed by dental hygienists and patients (1.53), life reverence and respect for human rights (1.51) and dental hygienists and cooperators (1.49). As for the general characteristics of the dental hygienists, those who were better educated and who intended to temporarily work just until marriage fell into a more ethical dilemma. The dental hygienists got a mean of 3.05 out of possible five points in empowerment. Among the subfactors of it, they scored highest in support structure (3.52), opportunity structure (3.18), information structure (3.08) and resources structure (3.04). There were significant gaps among the dental hygienists in empowerment according to their attitude toward the dental hygienist job as a profession. There was a significant negative correlation between ethical dilemma and empowerment. Regarding influential factors for the ethical dilemma of the dental hygienists, marital status and empowerment were identified as significantly influential factors, and empowerment had a significant relationship to age, academic credential and ethical dilemma. Given the findings of the study, the development of various intervention programs and empowerment-boosting strategies is required to relieve dental hygienists of ethical dilemma.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-28
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• 2014

Private consulting firms that are currently participating in rural area development projects with a bottom-up approach are involved in nearly all areas of rural area development, and the policy environment that emphasizes the bottom-up approach will further expand their participation. Reviews of private consulting firms, which started out with high expectations in the beginning, are now becoming rather negative. Expertise is the key issue in the controversy over private consulting firms, and the analysis tends to limit the causes of the problems within firms. This study was conducted on the premise that the fixation on cause and structure results in policy issues in the promotion process. That is because the government authorities are responsible for managing and supervising the implementation of policies, not developing the policies. The current issues with consulting firms emerged because of the hasty implementation of private consulting through the government policy trend without sufficient consideration, as well as the policy environment that demanded short-term outcomes even though the purpose of bottom-up rural area development lies in the ideology of endogenous development focused on the changes in residents' perceptions. Research was conducted to determine how the problems of private consulting firms that emerged and were addressed in this context influenced the consulting market, using current data and based on the firms' business performance. In analyzing the types, firms were divided into three groups: top performers including market leaders (9), excellent performers (36), and average performers (34). An analysis of the correlation between the business performance of each type and managerial resources such as each firm's expertise revealed that there was only a correlation between human resources and regional development in excellent performers, and none was found with the other types. These results imply that external factors other than a firm's capabilities (e.g., expertise) play a significant role in the standards of selecting private consulting firms. Thus, government authorities must reflect on their error of hastily adopting private consulting firms without sufficient consideration and must urgently establish response measures.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.174-181
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• 2013

Objectives: Socioeconomic status plays an important role in health care and disease prevention. This study aimed to examine the association between socioeconomic status, measured by education levels and household income, and gastric cancer screening. Methods: A total of 21,220 community-dwelling adults aged 40 to 69 years within a defined geographic area participated in a community health survey in 2009 and 2010. The survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire by trained investigators who visited the subjects' households directly. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between self-reported participation in gastric cancer screening and socioeconomic variables (education and household income). Results: The gastric cancer screening rate was 52.1% for subjects in their forties, 63.7% for those in their fifties, and 67.3% for those in their sixties. In multivariate analysis, higher education and income levels were associated with higher rates of gastric cancer screening (high school vs. elementary school: odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.26-1.58; highest income quartile vs. lowest income quartile: OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.44-1.84). The gradient between income and screening rate was more pronounced in the population aged 40 to 49 years than in the other age groups. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that lower socioeconomic status is associated with decreased participation in gastric cancer screening. Our findings suggest that the screening program should be focused on low-income and less-educated populations, especially among younger adults, to reduce health disparities.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.117-129
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• 1990

35 children(17 boys, 18 girls) with Recurrent Abdominal pain(RAP) without apparent organic causes, referrd from pediatric department of Seoul National University Children's Hospital were studied during 1988. 7. 1 ${\sim}$ 1989. 2. 28. The aims of this study are to examine clinical characteristics of the patients with RAP, to find possible factors influencing the onset and the course of the disorder, to evaluate the psychological status and the relationship with psychiatric diagnoses. The study subjects were compared with the age and sex matched control subjects on measures of social and school functioning, family-environment, behavior traits by CBCL and parent-environment rating scale. All patients and their mothers were interviewed by a child psychiatrist. The results were as follows ; 1) Abdominal pain was found to be more frequent when with a care taker, and related with traumatic life stresses such as separation from parents, death of family members. 2) Family members of the patients with RAP also had a high rate of a history of gastrointestinal dysfunctions with could not be attributed to organic etiologies. 3) Among 35 patients with RAP, 16 were diagnosed as psychiatric disorders. They were adjustment disorders (4), overanxious disorders (4), depression (2), tic disorders (2), attention deficit disorders (2), separation anxiety disorders (1), enuresis (1). 4) On CBCL, the patients with RAP were more internalized, socially less competent and less active compared with the control subjects. 5) According to the parent-environment rating scale, the patients with RAP had more conflicts with their parents about control issues. Family members of the patients with RAP were socially less competent and less abjustable. The parents of the patients with RAP were more affectionate and spent more time with their children but they were unfair and vague on instruction and discipline.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.288-302
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examined the factors related to skipping breakfast in high school girls. Methods: A survey of a total of 581 high school girls residing in Incheon was conducted. The subjects were classified into 2 groups according to the breakfast frequency: "breakfast skipping" group (eating breakfast ≤ 2 times/week, n = 250) and "breakfast eating" group (eating breakfast ≥ 3 times/week, n = 331). This study compared the general characteristics, lifestyles, interest in weight control and beauty care, food habits, the reasons and symptoms of skipping breakfast, as well as the attitude toward breakfast between the 2 groups. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 16.5 years old. Approximately, 33.9%, 33.6%, and 32.5% of the subjects were in first grade, second grade, and third grade, respectively, with no significant difference between the 2 groups. The breakfast skipping group showed a high interest in weight control, and beauty care than the breakfast eating group. The breakfast skipping group consumed more afternoon snacks and late-night snacks, and ate dinner irregularly. Although the breakfast skipping group experienced the negative effects of skipping breakfast, they showed low recognition for the importance or role of breakfast. The most common reason for skipping breakfast was lack of time, which appears to be related to the late wake-up time and the time spent on make-up or beauty-care. Conclusion: Skipping breakfast by high school girls was related to a high interest in beauty care, irregular meals and low attitude toward the importance of breakfast for health and nutrition. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct nutrition education to change the perceptions and attitudes of female adolescents regarding the importance of breakfast by recognizing that breakfast can affect not only balanced nutrition and health, but also healthy physical beauty.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.197-203
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• 1998

Although biological metabolism in soil is very important for evaluating the soil properties, most of researches have concerned mainly about physical and chemical sides. In this study, biological characteristics were examined to demonstrate the biota in the plastic film house soils. Contents of organic matter and phosphate in soil were increased with cultivation period. ECs of soil cultivated spinach and melon were $3.59dS\;m^{-1}$ and $3.46dS\;m^{-1}$ respectively: these values were higher than that of rose and flower, which were $1.23dS\;m^{-1}$ and $1.32dS\;m^{-1}$ respectively. The population of fluorescent Pseudomonas strains of the soil cultivated flowers: $113.8{\times}10^4{\sim}129.7{\times}10^4cfu\;g^{-1}$ was higher than that of leafy vegetables: $40.7{\times}10^4{\sim}97.9{\times}10^4cfu\;g^{-1}$ and fruiting vegetables: $25.0{\times}10^4{\sim}91.7{\times}10^4cfu\;g^{-1}$. However the number of Fusarium strains of the soil cultivated with flowers: $3.8{\times}10^2{\sim}4.0{\times}10^2cfu\;g^{-1}$ was lower than that of leafy vegetables: $4.3{\times}10^2{\sim}16.3{\times}10^2cfu\;g^{-1}$ and fruiting vegetables: $7.6{\times}10^2{\sim}30.0{\times}10^2cfu\;g^{-1}$. In relation to the cultivation period, the habitation density of aerobic bacteria, mesophilic Bacillus, thermophilic Bacillus, and fluorescent Pseudomonas strains was the highest in the soil cultivated over 11 years, but diversity index showed negative correlation with cultivation period. Microbial biomass C in these soils had positive correlation with each number of microorganisms including aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes, and strains of mesophilic Bacillus as well as the total number of these microorganisms.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 1999

This study was carried out to improve the cultivation method of paddy rice when the application amount of nitrogen decreased. We investigated the growth and the yield of paddy rice, the changes of nutrients in the soil solution, soil and paddy rice. The results are as follows. The yield at the N4 plot(N $73kg\;ha^{-1}$) was higher than that of control(N $110kg\;ha^{-1}$). N1(N $55kg\;ha^{-1}$), N2(N $55kg\;ha^{-1}$), and N3(N $73kg\;ha^{-1}$). The number of panicle per square meter at the N4 plot was larger than that of control plot. The increase in yield at the N4 plot was due to increased number of panicle where planting density was two times higher compared to the control plot. The availability of nitrogen at the N4 plot also was two times higher than that of control plot. The pH in soil solution was around 7 and did not change largely. The $K^+$ concentration in soil solution at all plots decreased gradually. The $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in soil solutions increased gradually, and decreased at the later stage slightly. The P concentration in soil solution decreased gradually, increased after the heading stage, and then decreased due to decrease of soil temperature. Leaching of $Ca^{2+}$ was higher, while that of $K^+$ and P was lower compared to other ions. Total content of nutrients in soil after harvest decreased. Contents of total N, total P, and O.M. at the N4 plot were higher than those of the other plots. The content of total N and O.M. was correlated to yield. Contents of N, P and K in rice straw and grain at the N4 plot were the highest among all plots. In conclusion, to decrease N application amount in paddy rice cultivation as well as to maintain yield, planting density should be twice of control and the amount of application of N fertilizer should be two-third of control where N fertilizer should be applied mainly at 20 and 10 day before heading.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.13
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• pp.93-105
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• 1973

Differential tolerance of rice varieties, Tongil and Mangyung(or Milsung) varieties, against herbicides combined with Simetryne was investigated by the rate of application in 4 places; Jeonju, Gwangju, Iri and Milyang, whose soil textures were Lic, Sic, CL and Lic respectively. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Jeonju a. Initial crop injury At the rate of 2kg/10a prod. no initial crop injury was caused(both to Mangyung and Tongil varieties) on light clay soil, even when treated at high temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ and above. Crop injury was first caused at 3kg/l0a prod. to Tongil variety and the damage increased in proportion to the increase of application rate, while no crop injury was caused to Mangyung variety even at high rate of 5kg/l0a prod. b. Yield Tongil variety: Under high temperature condition in a vinyl house no statistical difference was observed between treated and hand weeding plot at the rates of 3kg/l0a prod. and below. Under air temperature conditions no statistical difference was observed between treated and hand weeding plot at the rates of 4kg/l0a prod. and below. Mangyung variety: No statistical difference was observed between treated and hand weeding plot at the rates of 5kg/l0a prod. and below both under air and high temperature conditions. 2) Gwangju a. Initial crop injury Although almost the same tendency as in Jeonju was observed, a little lighter crop injury was observed in general in Gwangju than in Jeonju at the time of application. And so, no crop injury was caused to Tongil variety until 4kg/l0a prod. and above. b. Yield Tongil variety: No statistical difference was observed between treated and hand weeding plot at 4kg/l0a prod. and below. Mangyung variety: No statistical difference was observed between treated and hand weeding plot at 4kg/l0a prod. and below. 3) Iri No crop injury was caused both to Tongil and Mangyung varieties at 4kg/l0a prod. and below. Also, no reduction of grain yield was observed. 4) Milyang A little lighter crop injury was observed in general. No crop injury was caused to Milsung variety at 5kg/l0a prod. ; Only a slight crop injury was caused to Tongil variety. Yield: No statistical difference was observed between treated and hand weeding plot both of Tongil and Milsung varieties even at 5kg/l0a prod. and below.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.3 s.31
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• pp.358-368
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• 1990

To investigate the possibility of utilizing of sister chromatid exchange(SCE) analysis in lymphocytes as an indicator which could evaluate the effects of mutagenicity after in vivo exposure to hexavalent chromium, this study was conducted using some of chromium plating workers occupationally exposed to hexavalent chromium, chromium trioxide ($CrO_3$) in Taegu city. The study population was 12 Cr platers with perforation of nasal septum, 12 Cr platers without perforation of nasal septum and 20 controls. The SCE in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the subjects was analyzed and blood chromium concentration was estimated using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (IL551) equipped with furnace atomizer (IL755). The mean SCE frequencies for Cr platers with and without perforation of nasal septum were statistically higher than those for control. The difference in SCE frequencies by age, smoking habits were not statistically significant both in Cr platers and controls. There was no difference in SCE frequencies by career of Cr platers workers. In Cr platers, the correlation between the mean SCE frequencies and chromium concentration in blood was not statistically significant. Using the transformation $y=(sum\;SCE)^{\frac{1}{2}}+(sum\;SCE+1)^{\frac{1}{2}}$, when the data was studied by multiple regression, it appeared that the influence of the occupation was the most important. Age, smoking, occupation and CrB(blood chromium concentration) together explain only 32.3% of interpersonal variation on SCE. The results in this study suggest tt a genetic risk due to occupationally exposure to hexavalent chromium is clearly inferable and thus, SCE analysis in human lymphocytes may be used indicator of biological toxic effects of chromium. Further, populatio analysis stuies are required before SCE frequency can be used as a mutagenic indicator in human population.