• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.81-87
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• 2014

Heavy metal pollution is a widespread global problem causing serious environmental concern. Heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, and Zn can induce toxicity in all organisms if the soil levels of contaminants reach critical values. The aim of the present study was to examine the application of Liriope platyphylla, an ornamental Korean native plant with great potential for contaminated soil in urban areas, to determine tolerance for Cd, Pb, and Zn. Plants were grown in amended artificial soil with Cd, Pb, and Zn at 0, 100, 250, and $500mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ for 7 months. The length of leaf, width of leaf, total leaf number, dead leaf number, new leaf number, chlorophyll contents, and ornamental value were monitored from May to August, during growth the period. The relative leaf length and leaf width displayed rapidly decreasing tendencies with an increasing Cd concentration beginning from 4 months after planting. The same decreasing tendency was observed in total leaf number, new leaf number, chlorophyll contents, and ornamental values showed a trend of Control> $Cd_{100}$ > $Cd_{250}$ > $Cd_{500}$. In Pb concentration treatments, the relative leaf length and leaf width were significantly lower in plants grown at $250mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $500mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ as compared to the Control, $100mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$. The total leaf number, new leaf number, and dead leaf number did not show significant difference among treatments in Control and $Pb_{100}$ but chlorophyll contents and ornamental value decreased with increasing Pb supply concentration treatments. However, in Zn supply treatments, the relative leaf length was higher at $100mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ than the Control, $250mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, $500mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, but the relative leaf width decreased compared to the Control, $Zn_{100}$, $Zn_{250}$, and $Zn_{500}$. The total leaf number, dead leaf number, new leaf number, and ornamental value showed the lowest value in plants grown in $Zn_{500}$ treatment but no significant differences were found among other treatments.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.184-189
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• 2003

This research was conducted to determine the effect of mixing ratio of aquafarm waste water sludge (AWWS) in the growing medium as a source of fertilizers on growth of plug seedlings of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). Increased mixing ratio of AWWS resulted in increased fresh and dry weights, leaf area, plant height, and total chlorophyll content, although there were slight differences in growth characteristics at 20 and 40 days after sowing. Concentration of AWWS affected insignificantly the percent dry matter, number of leaves, and length of the longest root. The addition of AWWS increased pH and decreased EC in the medium as compared to that of chemical fertilizer. Compared to the control of a liquid fertilizer, 4 or 8 kg AWWS${\cdot}45L^{-1}$ medium (Sludge 4) gave a similar or slightly better growth. Above results suggested that addition of about 4 kg AWWS${\cdot}45L^{-1}$medium is sufficient for seedling growth and the AWWS can be used as a substitute for the liquid fertilizer in plug seedling production.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.169-179
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• 2001

This study was conducted to determine the effect of root zone cooling on growth and quality of turfgrasses including Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.‘Nuglade’), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.‘Accent’), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.‘Pixie’), and Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) in simulated athletic field during summer season in Korea. Mineral contents in clippings of turfgrasses grown at different soil mixtures and temperatures were also analyzed. Root zone cooling (approximately 4~6$^{\circ}C$ lower than that of untreated-control) resulted in good uniformity, little disease incidence and higher level of chlorophyll contents in cool-season turfgrasses. The effectiveness of root zone cooling in protecting disease incidence from high temperature stress was the most manifest in perennial ryegrass compared to others. Fresh clipping weight in treatment of root zone cooling was increased approximately 2 times in Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass, and 2.5 times in tall fescue compared to those of control. There was higher growth rate in a soil mixture composed of 80% peat moss ＋10% sand ＋10% soil (v/v/v) than in that of 80% pea moss ＋20% sand (v/v), Mineral contents of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in clippings of three species of cool-season turfgrasses were significantly increased in treat-ment of root zone cooling but this was not found in Japanese lawngrass. Results showed that root zone cooling has a benefit in keeping good quality and growth of cool-season turfgrasses in sports field under supraoptimal ambient temperature during summer season.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.255-258
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• 1986

This study was carried out to determine the shelf-life and quality changes of perilla leaves (Perilla ocimoides L.) in relation to changes in the concentration of biochemical components during storage. The shelf-life of perilla leaves was 2 to 3 days at room temperature and 6 days at $3^{\circ}C$. This was extended to 12 days at room temperature and 20 days at $3^{\circ}C$ by packaging in a 0.01 mm thick polyethylene film sack (PEFS). The ascorbic acid concentration of fresh perilla leaves was 23 mg per 100 g fresh weight. This declined to 16 mg per 100 g fresh weight on the 4th day of storage in all treatments. Ascorbic acid concentrations decreased further to 7 mg on the 8th day at room temperature and 8 mg per 100 g on the 16th day at $3^{\circ}C$ in PEFS. Total and reducing sugar concentrations in the controls were higher than those in the PEFS storage at room temperature. Protein and free amino acid concentrations gradually increased during storage. A higher protein level was maintained in the control than in the PEFS treatment. Changes in nucleic acid concentration and peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities during storage were also measured in relation to the changes in quality of perilla leaves.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2005

The possible role of nitric oxide (NO)-induced cell division was investigated to explain the physiologycal effects of a NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the growth of primary leaves in chinese cabbage seedling plants. Exogenous treatment of SNP to chinese cabbage plants for 8 days at different concentrations (0, 200, 500 and 1000 ${\mu}M$) affected the leaf growth in a concentration-dependent manner, showing a maximum growth at $200\;{\mu}M$. In accordance with leaf growth responses, the chlorophyll and soluble protein contents increased strongly to 142% and 134% of control at $200\;{\mu}M$ SNP, respectively. However, a very little decrease in chlorophyll and a 13%> decrease in protein were observed at $1000\;{\mu}M$ SNP. In addition, the content of DNA and RNA also increased maximumly to 142% and 139% of the control at $200\;{\mu}M$ SNP, respectively, whereas they decreased to 80% and 84% of the control at $1000\;{\mu}M$ SNP. With respect to the development of enzymes related to cell wall synthesis, $200\;{\mu}M$ SNP led to the maximum activities in both phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (212% of the control) and guaiacol peroxidase (134% of the control). However, the activities of both enzymes were not modified significantly at $1000\;{\mu}M$ SNP. In conclusion, these results suggest that the enhancement of leaf growth in chinese cabbage plants by SNP at the effective concentration was probably due to the NO ability in the induction of cell division.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.96-100
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• 2008

To extend the shelf-life of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) after harvest, we investigated the effect of packaging material and storage temperature. In case of film package, there was no weight loss during storage, but in paper-box package, remarkable weight loss occurred as storage period extended and storage temperature risen. Firmness of kidney bean was greater in low temperature than ambient temperature storage. Content of vitamin C was decreased rapidly during storage, and in paper package, low temperature storage group had lower decrease of vitamin C than that of room temperature. Total chlorophyll content was not difference among storage temperatures in film package treatments. However, in paper-box package, decrease of chlorophyll in room temperature storage was greater than that of low temperature ($8{\sim}10^{\circ}C$). In terms of freshness of kidney bean, we suggest that shelf-life by low temperature storage ($8{\sim}10^{\circ}C$) after PP film or paper package was 8 days, but that by room temperature storage after paper package was 4 days.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 1981

Harvested asparagus, Viking variety, was stored in normal and controlled atmosphere with and without ‘Butts in water’ to extend shelf life of fresh asparagus. Controlled atmosphere storage significantly reduced bacterial soft rot of asparagus. When asparagus was stored in controlled atmosphere in combination with ‘Butts in water’, asparagus spears could be stored over 3 weeks without noticeable soft rot. Texture of stored asparagus, as measured by Instron and fiber analysis, became tougher as the storage time was extended. Increase of fiber content in asparagus was significantly reduced by controlled atmosphere storage and fiber content actually decreased in asparagus stored in controlled atmosphere in combination with ‘Butts in water’. Asparagus stored in controlled atmosphere had markedly less chlorophyll destruction than that in normal atmosphere. Reflectance color values of stored asparagus were closely associated with chlorophyll content in asparagus. Considering all quality factors of stored asparagus, controlled atmosphere in combination with ‘Butts in water’ was the best storage method to maintain overall quality of harvested asparagus over 3 weeks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.331-343
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• 1994

This study was conducted to find out the effect of $SO_2$ gas on growth of tree species and the effect of pretreatment of ABA to Pinus koraiensis. Abies holophylla and Taeus cuspidata on the susceptibility for $SO_2$ gas damage. The survey was carried out on the water contents of leaf and shoot, and the acidities of bark and leaf, and the chlorophyll and water soluble sulfur contents, and the changes of transpiration rates on selected seedlings exposed to $SO_2$ gas at seven levels : 0ppm, 0.5ppm, 1ppm, 2ppm, 4ppm, 26.4ppm ABA, 56.8ppm ABA. The results obtained from this research are as follows : 1. The water contents of leaf and shoot of the three tree species decreased with increasing concentrations of $SO_2$ gas and the relative susceptibility of Abies holophylla was larger than those of Taxus cuspidata and Pinus koraiensis because moisture diminution rates were higher in leaves and shoots of Abies holophylla than those of other species. 2. The acidities of bark and leaf of the three tree species increased with increasing concentrations of $SO_2$ gas. The relative susceptibility of Pinus koraiensis in bark acidity was larger than those of Abies holopfaylla and Toxus cuspidata. Abies holophylla was more susceptive than Pinus koraiensis and Taxus cuspidata. 3. Water soluble sulfur contents of the three tree species increased with increasing concentration of $SO_2$ gas. The relative susceptibility of Taxus cuspidata in water soluble sulfur contents was lager than those of Pinus koraiensis and Abies holophylla. 4. Leaf chlorophyll contents of the three tree species decreased with increasing concentrations of $SO_2$ gas. The order of the relative susceptibility in leaf chlorophyll contents was Taxus cuspidata, Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis. 5. Correlation coefficients among the measurement were highly significant for $SO_2$ treatment in all three tree species. 6. The transpiration rates of Abies holophylla and Taxus cuspidata did not change until up to 220 minutes after initiation of $SO_2$ gas fumigation, and changed a little during the time between 220 minutes and 270 minutes. On the other hand, Pinus koraiensis continued to change in transpiration rates little by little from the start of $SO_2$ gas treatment up to 270 minutes, meaning that Pinus koraiensis is less sensitive to ABA. 7. When 2ppm of $SO_2$ was treated. ABA pretreatment effect was detected on the six measurement parameters. ABA affected the resistance of plants by inducing stomata closure. 8. The order of relative susceptibility of the three tree species to $SO_2$ gas fumigation was Abies holophylla, Taxus cuspidata and Pinus koraiensis. Pinus koraiensis was more resistant to $SO_2$ gas than Abies holophylla and Taxus cuspidata.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.2 s.75
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• pp.180-185
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• 2006

We investigated relations between physiological damages and gene expression and enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) isoenzymes in leaves of rice (Oriza sativa L. cv. Ilpoombyeo) plants irradiated with a high-dose gamma-ray. Gamma-irradiation with 500 Gy caused significant decreases in the contents of protein, chlorophyll and carotenoid in the rice leaves by 24 h, especially reducing the chlorophyll contents up to 26% relative to the control. In contrast, gene expressions of SOD isoenzymes were kept higher in the irradiated leaves until 24 h after the irradiation than in the control and they started to noticeably decrease at 48 h, finally being lower in the irradiated leaves at 72 h than in the control. In the case of enzyme activities of SOD isoenzymes, some CuZn-SOD isoenzymes showed slightly increased activities until 48 h after the irradiation but at 72 h, all isoenzyme activities markedly decreased in the irradiated leaves below the control levels. In conclusion, 500 Gy gamma-irradiation used in the current study caused decreases in the contents of protein, chlorophyll and carotenoid as symptoms for physiological damages. Although such physiological damages were not directly related to the gene expressions and enzyme activities of SOD isoenzymes until 24 h after the irradiation, the damages at 72 h were reasonably attributable to their reduction.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological responses of Bupleurum latissimum, endangered plants by light condition. We investigated photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll fluorescence under different shading treatments (Shaded 50%, 70%, 90% and non-treated). Results showed that net apparent quantum yield (AQY) and chlorophyll contents were significantly increased with elevating shading level. However, light compensation point (LCP) and dark respiration ($R_d$) were shown the opposite trend. Especially, non-treated exhibited photoinhibition such as reduction of chlorophyll contents and maximum photosynthesis rate ($Pn_{max}$) also variation trend of stomatal conductance ($g_s$), and transpiration rate (E) were decreased to prevent water loss. Photosynthetic rate ($P_{Nmax}$) and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of 90% treatment showed a drastic reduction in July. This implies that photosynthetic activity will be sharply decreased with a long period of low light intensity. The 50% treatment showed relatively higher photosynthetic activity than other treated. This result suggested that growth and physiology of B. latissimum adapted to 50% of full sunlight.