• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.183-183
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• 2009

OLED소자의 양극재료로써 현재는 산화인듐주석(ITO : indium tin oxide) 박막이 널리 이용되고 있다. 그러나 낮은 전기 비저항과 높은 투과도를 갖는 ITO 박막을 얻기 위해서는 $300^{\circ}C$ 이상의 고온에서 성막되어야 하며, 원료 물질인 인듐의 수급량 부족으로 인한 문제점과 독성, 저온증착의 어려움, 스퍼터링 시 음이온 충격에 의한 막 손상으로 저항의 증가의 문제점이 있고, 또한 유기발광소자의 투명전극으로 쓰일 경우에 유기물과의 계면 부적합성, 액정디스플레이의 투명전극으로 사용될 경우에 $400^{\circ}C$정도의 놓은 온도와 수소 플라즈마 분위기에서 장시간 노출 시 열화로 인한 광학적 특성변화가 문제가 된다. 이러한 문제점을 지닌 ITO 박막을 대체할 수 있는 물질로 산화 인듐아연(lZO) 박막이 많은 각광을 받고 있다. IZO(Indium Zinc Oxide) 박막은 저온 ($100^{\circ}C$ 이상)에서 증착이 가능하고 추가적인 열처리 없이도 가시광 영역에서 90% 이상의 광 투과도와 ${\sim}10^{-4}{\Omega}cm$ 이하의 낳은 전기 비저항을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 IZO박막은 성막 후 고온의 열처리 과정이 필요 없기 때문에 폴리카보네이트와 같은 유기물 기판을 사용하여 제작 가능한 유연한 평판형 표시 소자의 제작에도 적용될 수 있다. IZO(Indium Zinc Oxide) 박막은 상온 공정에서도 우수한 전기적, 광학적, 표면 특성을 나타낼 뿐만 아니라 양극재료로써 높은 일함수를 가지고 있어 고효율의 유기 발광 소자를 구현하는데 유리한 재료라 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 TCO 박막의 면 저항과 표면 거칠기가 OLED 소자의 성능에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. R.F Magnetron Sputtering을 이용하여 투명 전도막을 성막 형성 하였으며, 기판온도와 증착과정에서 주입되는 산소, 수소의 유랑 변화가 박막의 구조적, 전기적 특성에 어떠한 영향 미치는 것인가를 자세히 규명하였다 ITO 와 IZO박막은 챔버 내 다양한 가스 분위기(Ar, $Ar+O_2$ and $Ar+H_2$) 에서 R.F Magnetron Sputtering 방법으로 증착했다. TCO박막의 구조적인 이해를 돕기 위해서 X-ray diffraction 과 FESEM으로 분석했다. 광학적 투과도와 박막의 두께는 Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer(Varian, cary-500)와 Surface profile mersurement system으로 각각 측정하였다. 면저항, charge carrier농도, 그리고 TCO박막의 이동성과 길은 전기적특성은 Four-point probe와 Hall Effect Measurement(HMS-3000)로 각각 측정한다. TCO 박막의 표면 거칠기에 따른 OLED소자의 성능분석 측면에서는 TCO 박막의 표면 거칠기 조절을 위해 photo lithography 공정을 사용하여 TCO 박막을 에칭 하였다. 미세사이즈 패턴 마스크가 사용되고 에칭의 깊이는 에칭시간에 따라 조절한다. TCO박막의 표면 형태는 FESEM과 AFM으로 관찰하고 그리고 나서 유기메탈과 음극 전극을 연속적으로 TCO 박막위에 증착한다. 투명전극으로 사용되는 IZO기판 상용화를 위해 IZO기판 위에 $\alpha$-NPB, Alq3, LiF, Al순서로 OLED소자를 제작하였다. 전류밀도와 전압 그리고 발광과 OLED소자의 전압과 같은 전기적 특성은 Spectrometer (minolta CS-1000A) 에 의하여 I-V-L분석을 했다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the deformation of packaging materials used for ready-to-eat (RTE) foods after the retort process and microwave heating. From the multilayer films consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA), and cast polypropylene (CPP) in a stand-up pouch form used for RTE foods, some deformation of the CPP layer, which was in direct contact with the food, was observed after the retort process and microwave heating. The damage was more severely caused by microwave heating than by the retort process. This may be attributed to diverse factors including the non-uniform heating in a microwave oven, the sorption of oil into the packaging film, and the different characteristics of food components such as viscosity, salt and water content. The development of heat-resistant packaging materials and systems suitable for microwave heating of RTE foods is required for the safety of consumers.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.18 no.1 s.91
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• pp.57-64
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• 2006

The crack presented in concrete structures causes a structural defect, the durability decrease, and external damages etc. Therefore, it is necessary to improve durability through the effort to control the crack. Fluosilicic acid($H_2SiF_6$) is recovered as aqueous solution which absorbs $SiF_4$ produced from the manufacturing of industrial-graded $H_3PO_4$ or HF. Generally, fluosilicates prepared by the reaction between $H_2SiF_6$ and metal salts. Addition of fluosilicates to cement endows odd properties through unique chemical reaction with the fresh and hardened cement. Mix proportions for experiment were modulated at 0.45 of water to cement ratio and $0.0{\sim}2.0%$ of adding ratio of fluosilicate salt based inorganic compound. To evaluate correlation of concrete strength and adding ratio of fluosilicate salt based inorganic compound, the tests were performed about design strength(21, 24, 27 MPa) with 0.5% of adding ratio of fluosilicate salt based inorganic compound. Applications of fluosilicate salt based inorganic compound to reduce cracks resulted from plastic and drying shrinkage, to improve durability are presented in this paper. Durability was evaluated as neutralization, chloride ion penetration depth, freezing thawing resistant tests and weight loss according reinforcement corrosion. It is ascertained that the concrete added fluosilicate salt based inorganic compound showed m ability to reduce the total area and maximum crack width significantly as compared non-added concrete. In addition, the durability of concrete improved because of resistance to crack and watertightness by packing role of fluosilicate salt based inorganic compound obtained and pozzolanic reaction of soluble $SiO_2$ than non-added concrete.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.313-313
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• 2009

OLED 소자는 직접발광, 광시야각, 그리고 빠른 응답속도 때문에 동영상에 적합하여 최근 각광받고 있는 디스플레이장치 중의 하나이다. OLED 소자의 양극재료로는 높은 광투과율과 $\sim10^{-4}{\Omega}\;cm$ 수준의 낮은 전기 비저항을 갖는 ITO (Sn-doped $In_2O_3$)가 널리 사용되고 있다. 하지만 원료 물질인 인듐의 수급량 부족으로 인한 문제점과 독성, 저온증착의 어려움, 스퍼터링시 음이온 충격에 의한 막 손상으로 저항의 증가의 문제점이 있고, 또한 액정디스플레이의 투명전극으로 사용될 경우 $400\;^{\circ}C$정도의 높은 온도와 수소 플라즈마 분위기에서 장시간 노출 시 열화로 인한 광학적 특성변화가 문제가 된다. 반면에 Al이 도핑 된 ZnO (AZO)박막은 넓은 밴드갭 (3.37eV)와 400nm에서 700nm 사이의 가시광 영역에서 80% 이상의 우수한 투과성을 지니고 있다. 특히 Al이 도핑된 ZnO는 박막의 전기적 특성이 크게 향상되어 디스플레이나 태양전지로의 응용이 가능하다. 또한 비교적 낮은 비용과 플라즈마에서의 안정성, 무독성, 그리고 전기전도성과 같은 많은 이점이 있다. 그 결과 AZO 박막은 ITO기판을 대안하는 지원물질로 활발히 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 TCO 박막의 면 저항과 표면 거칠기에 따른 OLED 소자의 특성을 분석하였다. ITO와 AZO 박막은 챔버 내 다양한 가스 분위기(Ar, Ar+$O_2$ and Ar+$H_2$)에서 R.F Magnetron Sputtering방법으로 증착하였다. TCO 박막의 구조적인 이해를 돕기 위해서 X-ray diffraction 과 FESEM으로 분석하였다. 광학적 투과도와 박막의 두께는 ultraviolet spectrophotometer (Varian, cary-500)와 surface profile measurement system으로 각각 측정하였다. 면저항 charge carrier 농도, 그리고 TCO 박막의 이동도와 같은 전기적특성은 four-point probe와 hall effect measurement(HMS-3000)로 각각 측정하였다. TCO 박막의 표면 거칠기 조절을 위해 photo lithography 공정을 사용하여 TCO 박막을 화학에칭 하였다. 미세사이즈 패턴 마스크가 사용되었으며 에칭의 깊이는 에칭시간에 따라 조절하였다. TCO 박막의 표면 형태는 FESEM과 AFM으로 관찰하였다. 투명전극으로 사용되는 ITO 및 AZO 기판 상용화를 위해 ITO 및 AZO 기판 위에 ${\alpha}$-NPB, Alq3, LiF, Al 의 순서로 증착 및 패터닝함으로써 OLED 소자를 제작하였다. 전류밀도와 전압 그리고 발광휘도와 전압과 같은 전기적 특성은 spectrometer(minolta CS-1000A)를 이용하여 측정하였다.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.13-21
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• 2017

Ballasted track has been used as track system for more than 100 years. Ballasted track has advantages of low construction cost, flexible maintenance, low noise and vibration, and so on. However, ballasted track leads to continuous settlement which causes maintenance. Recently, increase in speed, traffic volume, and weight of train requires more frequent maintenance. Fouling, well-known phenomenon of accumulation of fine materials due to intrusion of subgrade and breakage of ballast materials, expedites the settlement (i.e., irregular settlement) of track. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) can be one of non-destructive tools that can evaluate fouling level of ballast. In this paper, a gain function based on the attenuation characteristics of ballast material is suggested in conjunction with Hilbert transform. Lab box tests and full-scale tests indicate that the suggested method reasonably classifies clean, fouled layers, and subgrade. However, additional study to eliminate effect of sleeper and to include the scattering features of the electromagnetic wave in ballast voids should be required in order to enhance the accuracy.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2013

In the sewage structures and wastewater facilities, concrete is exposed to hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) which acts as an acid material in a solution, and a strongly acidic sulfate ion ($SO{_4}^{-2}$) is generated by a sulfuric bacteria. Hence, a degradation of concrete with biochemical corrosion would be accelerated. Finally, durability of concrete and concrete structures may be greatly reduced. In this study, in order to remove the hydrogen sulfide which is used by the sulfuric bacteria organic-biologically, the antibiotic metal and metallic salt powders were mixed to concrete, and a suppressing performance of the sulfate ion was assessed. For the sulfuric acid bacteria, a comparative evaluation of antimicrobial performance on neutralized concrete specimens were carried out, also by a rapid chloride penetration test, chloride penetration depths and diffusion coefficients were measured for antibiotic concrete in accordance with the amount of metal and metallic salt-based antibacterial agents. Eventually, by an observation of the biochemical state of the surface of concrete specimens exposed outdoors, the performance and applicability of antibiotic concrete were confirmed.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.110-122
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• 2014

As multimedia technologies develop, three-dimensional (3D) technologies are attracting increasing attention from researchers. In particular, video quality assessment (VQA) has become a critical issue in stereoscopic image/video processing applications. Furthermore, a human visual system (HVS) could play an important role in the measurement of stereoscopic video quality, yet existing VQA methods have done little to develop a HVS for stereoscopic video. We seek to amend this by proposing a 3D visual attention (3DVA) model which simulates the HVS for stereoscopic video by combining multiple perceptual stimuli such as depth, motion, color, intensity, and orientation contrast. We utilize this 3DVA model for pooling on significant regions of very poor video quality, and we propose no-reference (NR) stereoscopic VQA (SVQA) method. We validated the proposed SVQA method using subjective test scores from our results and those reported by others. Our approach yields high correlation with the measured mean opinion score (MOS) as well as consistent performance in asymmetric coding conditions. Additionally, the 3DVA model is used to extract information for the region-of-interest (ROI). Subjective evaluations of the extracted ROI indicate that the 3DVA-based ROI extraction outperforms the other compared extraction methods using spatial or/and temporal terms.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.829-839
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• 2003

Recently, the corrosion of reinforced concrete structures has received great attention related with the deterioration of sea-side structures, such as new airport, bridges, and nuclear power plants. In this regards, many studies have been done on the chloride attack in concrete structures. However, those studies were confined mostly to the single deterioration due to chloride only, although actual environment is rather of combined type. The purpose of the present study is, therefore, to explore the influences of carbonation to chloride attack in concrete structures. The test results indicate that the chloride penetration is more pronounced than the case of single chloride attack when the carbonation process is combined with the chloride attack. It is supposed that the chloride ion concentration of carbonation region is higher than the sound region because of the separation of fixed salts. Though the use of fly ash pronounces the chloride ion concentration in surface, amounts of chloride ion penetration into deep region decreases with the use of fly ash. The present study allows more realistic assessment of durability for such concrete structures which are subjected to combined attacks of both chlorides and carbonation but the future studies for combined environment will assure the precise assessment.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.691-701
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• 2013

In this paper, an early termination algorithm for merge process is proposed to reduce the computational complexity in High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) encoder. In the HEVC, the same candidate modes from merge candidate list (MCL) are shared to predict a merge or merge SKIP mode. This search process is performed by the number of the obtained candidates for the both of the merge and SKIP modes. This may cause some redundant search operations. To reduce this redundant search operation, we employ the neighboring blocks which have been encoded in prior, to check on the contextual information. In this study, the spatial, temporal and depth neighboring blocks have been considered to compute a correlation information. With this correlation information, an early termination algorithm for merge process is suggested. When all modes of neighboring blocks are SKIP modes, then the merge process performs only SKIP mode. Otherwise, usual merge process of HEVC is performed Through experimental results, the proposed method achieves a time-saving factor of about 21.25% on average with small loss of BD-rate, when comparing to the original HM 10.0 encoder.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.10-16
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• 2020

Deterioration of reinforced concrete structure caused by chloride ingress is the main issue and regrading this, many studies have been investigated with both experiments and computational modelling. In addition to chloride diffusion, chloride sorption should be considered as a chloride transport mechanism in concrete structure and cracks formed in concrete structures are the main variable to evaluate the performance of the structures. In this study, after making two types of cracks width (0.1 and 0.3 mm) in reinforced concretes, chloride absorption tests were performed. Weight change and colour change using 0.1 AgNO3 solution from the samples were performed to measure chloride ingress. Image processing was also carried out to quantify range of colour change in carck face. From the result, it were confirmed that the amount of chloride absorption increases with exposure time and increasing crack width, and chlorides reached at steel depth within 1 hour. It would be possible that chloride can move through interface bewteen steel and concrete, thereby further study regarding this is required.