• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.27-37
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• 2022

With the recent increase in the spread of ESS (Electric Storage System), the damage to human life and property is also rapidly increasing due to continuous fires caused by ESS. In the manufacture of urethane sandwich panels used in ESS, it is necessary to improve the flame retardant performance. In this study, in order to realize the flame retardant properties of flexible polyurethane foam, the effect of the tissue density of the product due to the change of the isocyanate functional group parameter that changes the physical properties of the product on the fire performance was studied. The product was manufactured by changing the density of the urethane structure, and combustion performance tests, gas toxicity tests, and smoke density tests were performed. As a result, it was confirmed that the total amount of heat released had excellent performance when the isocyanate functional group was high, and had no correlation with the maximum heat release rate. When the value of the isocyanate functional group was 2.7 or more, the collapse of the shape could be prevented. In the gas hazard test, the performance was increased when the isocyanate functional group was relatively high, so a flame retardant for the Char system, which had a dense structure and easy to form a carbonized film, was added. confirmed to be. Therefore, as a result of this study, it is thought that it will be possible to lay the foundation for the development of a flame retardant to replace the cheap urethane sandwich panel used in the past.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.421-425
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• 2023

The smoke properties of some plastics were investigated, including polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyacetal. For smoke density, related values of static smoke characteristics were measured using a smoke density tester according to ISO 5659-2. In addition, combustion with and without flame was measured independently. Under the condition of radiant heat of 50 kW/m² using the flame method, the measured value of the maximum specific optical density (D_m) of smoke showed the lowest value for PMMA (401.26) and the highest value for PVC (1345.04). In addition, PMMA (262.82) was the lowest and PVC (1385.43) was the highest in the measured D_m of smoke under the condition of radiant heat of 50 kW/m² in the non-flame method. Smoke generation during combustion of the object is significantly affected by the radiant heat flux, and carbonizable plastics showed a higher amount of smoke than non-carbonizable plastics during combustion. Polymers with aromatic groups in the main polymer chain generated a large amount of smoke because a large amount of char was generated due to thermal decomposition.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.36-41
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• 2003

This experimental study shows the combustion characteristics for each coating thickness of water and oil paint which are used as fire retardant paints that prevent fire propagation through cables in underground culverts and trays. To evaluate combustion characteristics, smoke density(ASTM E 662) and Limited Oxygen Index(ASTM D 2863) experiment method was used. As the results of this study, the combustion characteristics of fire retardant paints produced the following : (a) The molt suitable coating thickness of fire retardant paint was 1.5∼2.0 mm in water paint and 0.2 mm in oil paint. (b) Flaming method in experiments of smoke density were found to be higher than Non-flaming method. (c) Water paint has the fire retardant effect and characteristics better than oil paint in measurement results of smoke density and oxygen index. (d) The oxygen index of water and oil fire retardant was able to know that it was satisfied a standard (30 or above).

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.300-304
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• 2008

The flame retardancy was evaluated to present as the fundamental data to decrease the fire hazard of polymers and life losses according to the addition of clay. The combustion characteristics were examined to increase flame retardancy and to decrease smoke yield of epoxy by the addition of clay such as montmorillonite in this study. For this study, the experiments of flame retardancy were conducted the measurement of the limiting oxygen index (LOI), char yield, and smoke density. As MMT concentration increased, LOI and char yield increased. This result showed that the flame retardancy of epoxy/MMT composite was improved. On the contrary, smoke density increased.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.157-159
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• 2007

It is very important to protect life, property at sea from any fire. Recommendation on improved fire test procedures for surface flammability of bulkhead ceiling and deck finish materials specifies a procedure for measuring fire characterizing their flammability and thus their suitability for use in marine construction. In this paper we investigated the positive expected by fire test procedures for flammability of bulkhead ceiling and deck finish materials. Also, unusual materials were analyzed. Finally, we suggest methods to solve several problems related to unusual materials.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.662-668
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• 2018

Most electric rooms are located in the underground spaces of buildings. When a fire occurs in electrical equipment, the fire expands to cable insulation material, resulting in toxic smoke and combustion products. If the smoke and combustion products quickly move vertically and horizontally, the evacuation of occupants and firefighting activities will be hindered. Therefore, it is necessary to design optimal equipment for smoke control in cases of fires in electric rooms. This study analyzes the characteristics of smoke and combustion products in fires in a cubicle-type switchboard in an electric room using PyroSim, which is based on the program Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The fire modeling consists of four scenarios according to the operation mode of the mechanical ventilation equipment, the amount of air supply and exhaust, and the location of the air supply slot. The analysis shows that the mechanical ventilation equipment improves the smoke density, visibility, carbon monoxide concentration, and temperature characteristics. The visibility and temperature characteristics were improved when the air flow rate and the location of the air supply slot from fire defense regulations were applied.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2009

The present study deals with numerical investigation for smoke behavior in rescue station by using the commercial CFD code (FLUENT Ver 6.3). With the use of the MVHS(Modify Volumetric Heat Source) model modified from the original VHS(Volumetric Heat Source) model, a 10 MW mode was adopted for simulation and the MVHS model can describe the generation of product and the oxygen consumption at the stoichiometric state. In addition, the present simulation includes the species conservation equations for the materialization of heat source and the estimation of smoke movement. From the results, the smoke flows are moving along the ceiling because of thermal buoyancy force and as time goes, the smoke gradually moves downward at the vicinity of the entrance. Moreover, without using ventilation, it is found that the smoke flows no longer spread across the cross-passages because the pressure in the non-accident tunnel is higher than that in the accident tunnel.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.30-39
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• 2020

This study was conducted to identify problems in domestic flame-retardant performance specifications. Currently, the domestic wallcovering anti-inflammatory regulations are not prepared for damage caused by smoke, with the carbonized area as the main function. In particular, given that smoke is the main cause of human casualties and injuries in a fire, it is reasonable that the flame density and toxicity of the wallcovering should also be the main performance indicators. The scope and method of research in this study were as follows. First, a prior study related to fire on various wallcoverings was considered. Second, it raised questions about the effects of smoke in the event of a fire and domestic anti-inflammatory performance tests. Third, textile wallcovering samples were manufactured with viscose rayon for experimental verification of the problems and tested by Korean and EU standards without flame retardant processing to analyze the differences between each regulation. Fourth, the performance of flame retardant wallcovering according to Korean standards was evaluated using smoke density and harmful gas testing methods. The results of each test were as follows. Non-fire retardant wallcovering was rejected by Korea standards. However, B-s1.d0 in Europe. Smoke density testing and harmful gas by domestic combustion processing on the same sample showed that the smoke density increased about 4.3 times more than before, and the harmful gas test showed that the suspension of the post-processing sample slowed earlier than the non-processed sample.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.117-119
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• 2008

It is very important to protect life, property at sea from any fire. Recommendation on improved fire test procedures for surface flammability of bulkhead, ceiling and deck finish materials specifies a procedure for measuring fire characterizing their flammability and thus their suitability for use in marine construction. In this paper, we investigated the positive expected by fire test procedures for flammability of bulkhead, ceiling and deck finish materials. Also, unusual materials were analyzed. Finally, we suggest methods to solve several problems related to unusual materials.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.100-107
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• 2016

Today, high-rise buildings expected to meet various needs and improve the quality of frequency of fire and the potential risks are increasing. In particular, the fire spread risk in the vertical direction is increasing. As a result there is a problem with delays in the evacuation time of occupants. To overcome this problem, there is a need to consider the structure of the building and develop a system for the early detection of fire by applying a fire alarm system according to the risk ranking. Therefore, this paper describes the vertical fire spread characteristics of a multistory double-skin and stairs structure with risk. The data were compared with that from the national and international fire alarms as well as with. smoke density, smoke detectors, visibility, and CO concentration using FDS. A fire alarm system for each structure is proposed.