• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.356-363
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of periodontal ligament cells in rat teeth using slow cryo-preservation method under pressure by means of MTT assay and WST-1 assay. Eighteen teeth of Sprague-Dawley white female rats of 4 week-old were used for each group. Both sides of the first and second maxillary molars were extracted as atraumatically as possible under Tiletamine anesthesia. The experimental groups were group 1 (Immediate control), group 2 (Cold preservation at $4^{\circ}C$for 1 week), group 3 (Slow freezing), group 4 (Slow freezing under pressure of 3 MPa). F-medium and 10% DMSO were used as preservation medium and cryo-protectant. For cryo-preservation groups, thawing was performed in $37^{\circ}C$water bath, then MTT assay and WST-1 assay were processed. One way ANOVA and Tukey method were performed at the 95% level of confidence. The values of optical density obtained by MTT assay and WST-1 were divided by the values of eosin staining for tissue volume standardization. In both MTT and WST-1 assay, group 4 showed significantly higher viability of periodontal ligament cells than group 2 and 3 (p < 0.05), but showed lower viability than immediate control group. By the results of this study, slow cryo-preservation method under pressure suggests the possibility for long term cryo-preservation of the teeth.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.23-36
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to infer the aspects and significance of Musa basjoo of latter part of Chosun Dynasty by analyzing the planting tendency and planting location of Musa basjoos drawn in total 77 old paintings and the characteristics of the paintings where Musa basjoos appeared, while trying to understand symbolic meanings of floral languages as well as the images and significance of Musa basjoos which appeared in the prose and poetry of Chosun Dynasty, and the results are as follows; With its floral languages of 'waiting', 'parting' and 'beauty', Musa basjoo represented the wealth and resuscitation and it aroused the elegance of hermits in its Taoistic sense. And it also represented 'the unworldliness to get out of transient human affairs' in its Buddhistic sense. Musa basjoos which appeared in 'Garden Custom Painting(庭園雅集圖)', 'Gosa Figure Painting(故事人物圖)' and 'Gyehoe Painting(契會圖)' is considered a device to increase the unworldly atmosphere of gardens and to dignify the elegant meetings of scholars, reflected by the high appearance frequencies of cranes and deer. And it seems that the meaning of Musa basjoo in certain paintings like 'Life-time Paintings(平生圖)', 'Castle City Painting(盛市圖), and 'Cultivating and Weaving Painting(耕織圖)' is an aspiration for wealth and prosperity, and the Musa basjoos planted in temples are considered to have symbolic meanings of aspiration for 'Salvation through Belief' as well as a unworldly meaning which reminds the transiency of human affairs. In addition, the expected effect of experiencing 'the sound of rain falling on the leaves of Musa basjoo' has been pursued, which can be confirmed by the fact that Firmiana simlex with wide leaves similar to Musa basjoo can be frequently spotted near the houses. Meanwhile, Musa basjoos seem to have been planted mainly in front garden or side garden around detached house and Musa basjoos inside the houses seem to have been planted mainly in right side when viewed from the entrance, in relation with the location of bedrooms where it is easier to hear the sounds from the right side of the environment. And the paintings where Musa basjoos appear with strange rocks and bizarre stones among other things have greater part of all the paintings, which is considered a kind of intentional landscaping and a product of mixed materials for elegant appreciation. And the major characters of the painting were involved in the activities of scholars such as arts, and the activities of minor characters were greatly related to their everyday lives. Musa basjoo of Chosun Dynasty in $17^{th}$ and $18^{th}$ century was one of the symbols necessary for description of gardens. And it provided the images of rainy scenes together with scholar culture which had a meaning of self-discipline, and it is assumed that the planting of Musa basjoo with the spirit of cease lessen deavor of a new leaf pushing up the tree and the spirit of resuscitation had the same trace of wheels in the city space of our country as the decline of scholar culture of Chosun Dynasty.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.14-28
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• 2017

Currently, the object of conservation in heritage conservation is defined as "the value of the heritage" and the value-based management plan has been introduced. Most of traditional temples in korea have been sustained over 1000 years, which make them mixed heritages, including cultural, religious and natural heritages. Therefore, traditional temples should be managed by value-based management plans. This article aims to develop the values and assessment indicators of traditional temple areas and to evaluate the importances of the values and indicators, in order to prepare the basic materials for conserving the values of traditional temples. This study used the diverse research methods such as literature review, in-situ survey, in-depth interview, focus group interview, questionnaire survey. The results showed that the identified values and assessment indicators of traditional temple area were defined as three classes: high class value was consisted of intrinsic value and use value, middle class values were 10 (5 for intrinsic and 5 for use value). 5 middle class values belonging to the intrinsic value were religious/humanity, historical, cultural, environmental/ecological, landscape values. 5 values constituting the use value were social, educational, therapeutic, recreational, and economic values. As a low class, 102 assessment indicators were identified. 60 participants (30 buddhism people, 30 KNPS people) evaluated the importances of the developed values and indicators, using the pairewise comparison for the values and the interval scale for the indicators. It was found that both groups evaluated the use value more important than the intrinsic value and that religious/humanity, landscape, environmental/ecological, economic, recreational values were evaluated more important than the other middle class values. It was also revealed that the two groups were different in their assessments of the indicators. Based on the results, some suggestions were made to improve the management of the traditional temple areas.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.612-617
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• 1999

The quality characteristics of 15 kinds of the commercial northern sand lance, Ammodytes Personatus sauce (CNS) of korean traditional salt-fermented fish sauces were evaluated comparing to the traditional northern sand lance, Ammodytes Personatus sauce (TNS). The ranges of chemical compositions of the CNSs were $66.5\~71.0\%$ moisture, $19.3\~24.6\%$ ash, $4.7\~12.0\%$ crude protein, and the pH and salinity were $5.56\~6.47\%,\;24.0\~32.9\%$, respectively. Total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, total free amino acid and total ATP related compounds (sum of ATP$\~$IMP, HxR, Hx and uric acid) were in the ranges of 0.781$\~$ 1,918 g, 445.9$\~$1037.9 mg, 3,258.9$\~$6:562.6mg in 100 ml CNSs, and 4.766$\~$8.989 $\mu$mol in 1 ml CNSs. The CNSs were higher in content of moisture, TMAO, TMA and pH, but lower in content of crude protein, salinity, total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, total ATP related compounds, absorbance at 453 nm and total free amino acid than the TNSs, Both CNS and TNS samples were rich in free amino acids, such as glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, leucine, valine, aspartic acid and isoleucine in the order.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2004

Purpose: Recent development and advances in arthroscopic surgical techniques for Anterior Cruciate Ligament(ACL) reconstruction have led to the ideal location for the etric point from 10 o'clock (in right knee) and 13:30 (in left knee) to 10:30 (in right knee) and 14 o'clock (in left knee) in the frontal plane. This study was performed to compare operative methods and the radiologic results of femoral tunnels made through the tibial tunnel(trans-tibial approach) and the anteromedial portal. Material and Methods: From January 2003 to May 2004, one-hundred reconstructions of anterior cruciate ligament were performed. Group I (femoral tunnel through tibial tunnel) was composed of 50 cases and group ll (femoral tunnel through anteromedial portal) was consisted of 50 cases. The study was performed to compare the radiographic results of femoral tunnels made through the tibial tunnel and the anteromedial portal and operative methods. Results: In operative methods at Group II, femoral tunnel was made more easily at isometric point than Group I, a good visual field was achived because 100$^{\circ}$ flxion of knee, they can be reduced risk of posterior cortical breakage and tunnel-graft mismatching and decreased divergence of femoral interference screw in radiology (P<0.05). The angle between femoral tunnel and longitudinal axis of ACL wae increased at Group ll. Conclusion: Aanteromedial portal technique was more useful in ACL reconstruction for femoral tunnel toward 10 o'clock to10:30(in right) or 1:30 to 2 o'clock(in left).

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.180-187
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• 2010

Purpose: Rotator cuff tears involving the subscapularis are less common than those involving the superior and posterior rotator cuff. The purpose of the present study was to report the clinical results of repair of isolated traumatic tears of the subscapularis tendon. Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients (13 males, 2 females; mean age 46.2 years; range 35 to 52) with unilateral ruptures of the subscapularis tendon after trauma who underwent arthroscopic repair between February 2003 and October 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. All the cases were isolated tears of the subscapularis without the involvement of any other rotator cuff tendon and were followed for at least two years (mean 28 months). The entire subscapularis was involved in 9 cases and the tear was localized to the upper two thirds in 6 cases. The preoperative and postoperative status of patients with isolated subscapularis tears were analyzed using the Constant Score, American Shoulder and Elbow Society Index (ASES Index) and postoperative integrity was determined through magnetic resonance imaging. Results: The average clinical outcome scores and strength were all improved significantly at the time of the final follow-up. The constant shoulder score improved from 41.5 to 81.3 points (P<0.05) compared to before surgery and ASES index improved from 46.4 to 89.6 points (P<0.05) postoperatively. Thirteen patients (87%) were satisfied with the result of the treatment. The total tears were significantly more improved by surgery than the partial tears. In 12 of 15 patients (80%) were judged to reveal healed tendon on magnetic resonance imaging at a mean of 13 months postoperatively. The postoperative score was significantly lower for the patients with a failed repair than it was for those with an intact repair (P<0.05). Conclusion: Repair of traumatic isolated subscapularis tears through arthroscopic techniques effectively restores patient function with regard to pain, mobility, strength and postoperative tendon integrity. The postoperative integrity of the repair correlates with the functional results and the total tears were more improved by surgery than the partial tears, but future studies may be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.935-942
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• 2000

This study was designed to investigate the effect of flower of Pueraria lobata on liped peroxidation and activities of alcohol metabolic enzymes in alcohol-treated rats. Male Spra gue-Dawley rats were given 25% ethanol (Alcohol), 25% ethanol and 5 mg tectorigenin/kg B.W.(Alc.-Tec), 25% ethanol and 5mg kaikasaponin III/kg B.W. (Alc-Kai). The contents of serum total lipid, triglyceride and phospholipid were increased by ethanol treatment and were lower in the Alc.-Tec and Alc.-Kai group than in the Alcohol group. Decreased serum HDL-cholesterol by alcohol treatment was recovered by tectorigenin and kaikasaponin III. Microsomal cytochrome P-450, aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase activities were increased by ethanol and were lower in the Alc. Tec and Alc.-Kai group than in the Alcohol group. Activity of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase was increased by ethanol and was higher in the Alc.-Tec and Alc.-Kai group than in the Alcohol group. Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system activity was higher in Alc.-Tec group than in the other group. No significant difference was found in catalase activity among treatment groups. These data indicate that tectorigenin and kaikasaponin III were effected alcohol metabolic enzyme system and the liver damage associated with chronic ethanol consumption.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.4
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• pp.333-344
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• 1989

The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth of Gyrophora esculanta and to establish a method of tissue culture of the plant. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The Gyrophora esculanta was found growing mostly on the rock slopes of 722 m to 1915 min elevation on mountains in Korea. 2. Trees growing in the vicinity of the G. esculanta were mainly Quercus spp., Pinus thunbergii, Acer spp. and Lespedeza spp, Especially Quercus spp. was found growing in all of the study site. 3. The average Length of the rock slopes with G. esculanta growing on was 14 m and their aspects were mostly south. 4. The G. esculanta were found growing on rocks of Crystalline Schist, Quartz, Liparite, Granite, ete. Particularly they were mostly found on granites. The gradient of the rock slopes was in the range of 22-90 degrees. 5. The mean number of individuals of G. esculanta per one rock slope ranged from 14 at Mt. Bukhan to 70 at Mt. Jrri. Their mean diameter ranged from 1.8cm at Mt. Munsu to 4.6cm at Mt, Sokri. 6. The average percentage of G. esculanta with fruit body was 17.6%. The highest value was found at Mt. Cheonhwang (24.0%). 7. When the 100 segments of rhizoid of Gyrophora esculanta cultured in Detmer's medium supplemented with kinetine 5mg/l and 2, 4-D 3mg/l, n callus of microspore origins were induced from about 20% of the segments. As the induced n callus was transplanted on the six different types of rocks, it was observed that the juvenile G. esculanta grew best on granite and the development rate of G. esculanta on the granite was about 55%.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.21-34
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• 2017

The ground penetrating radar (GPR) signal can be measured with different amplitudes according to the directivity, so the directivity of the antenna should be considered. The objective of this study is to investigate the directivity of antenna by analyzing the reflection characteristics of electromagnetic waves radiated from the antenna, and to evaluate effective range of angle that can inspect an abnormal area according to the directivity of antenna. For the measurement of the directivity, a circular metal bar is used as reflector and the signals are measured by changing the angle and the distance between reflector and antenna in the E- and H-plane. The boundary distance between the near field and the far field is determined by analyzing the amplitudes of reflected signals, and two points with different distances from each of near and far fields are designated to analyze radiation patterns in near and far fields. As a result of radiation pattern measurement, in the near field, minor lobes are observed at angle section at more than $50^{\circ}$ in both E- and H-plane. Therefore, antenna has the directivity for the direction of main lobe and minor lobes in near field. In the far field, antenna has the directivity for a single direction of main lobe because minor lobes are not observed. The amplitude of the signal reflected from the near field is unstable, but it can be distinguished from noise. Therefore, in the near field, the ground anomaly can be detected with high reliability. On the other hand, the amplitude of the signal reflected from the far field is stable, but it is hard to distinguish between reflected signal and noise because of the excessive loss of electromagnetic wave. The analyses of directivity in the near and the far fields performed in this study may be effectively used to improve the reliability of the analyses of abnormal area.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.67-90
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to develop and apply the practical problem-based teaching·learning process plan for 'interacting with neighbors' of home economics subject. The plan consisting of 3 lessons has been developed and implemented according to the ADDIE model. Various activity materials (7 student's activity sheets, 3 reading texts, 1 homework sheet, 3 sets of ppt, 6 videos, and 3 teacher's reading texts) as well as questionnaire were developed for the 3-session lessons. The plans were implemented by the researcher to 204 freshmen, 8 classes, of C middle school in Seoul during september, 2017. The result, of students' lower level of actual participation in interacting with neighbors comparing to their interests in, supported the need of this study. Students were satisfied with the whole 3-lessons in the aspects such as beneficial usage of the contents in their daily life and in building the sense of community, as well as adequacy of materials and activities. Students also reported that they would highly aware to the importance of interacting with neighbors and to practice the contents learned from the lessons in daily life at community. They had an opportunity to reflect one's own attitude to neighbors and recommended to teach it to other schools, too. It can be concluded that the teaching·learning process plan for 'interacting with neighbors' would raise students' housing values living together and attain the overall objective and achievement standards of 2015 home economics middle school curriculum.