• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-29
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• 1969

Experiments on rice concerning it s varieties, fertilization, seedling dates and herbicides have been conducted to determine the most desirable method of direct sowing cultivation on dry paddy field land in the middle part of Korea. The results obtained at the Office of Rural Development of Choongnam Province are as follows:. 1. Sixteen different derivatives from the main varieties of low land rice were cultivated on a dry paddy field by the direct sowing method; at the same time, a few varieties were tried adopting the common transplanting cultivation method. The yield and yield factors from these two groups were examined to give the following results: a) Compared to the common transplanting cultivation, the direct sowing method showed remarkably increased number of panicles while the number of flowers per panicle was shown to be significantly decreased. The maturing ratio was detected to be lowered. The yield horn them differed according to the different varieties : good yield was obtained from Hokwang while Norin ＃25 proved poor when compared with the common transplanting cultivation method. b) Among sixteen varieties tested, Sunsou, Norin ＃25, Jaigou, Hokwang, Palkueng and Gosi showed comparatively high yields, their yield being more than 325 kilograms per 10 Are, but Nampoong, Paldal, Nongkwang, Norin ＃29, Eunbangju ＃101 and Shiro gane showed less yield, their yield being less than 271 kilograms per 10 Are, the relations between the yield and the yield factors can be summarized as follows; Number of varieties and their rice yield. 1) The varieties which were great in the, number of panicles and high in yield=Jaigoun, Hokwang Palkueng and Gosi. 2) The varieties which were low in the number of panicles and high in yield=Sounsou and Norin ＃25. 3) The varieties which were great in the number of panicles and poor in yield=Eunbangju ＃101 and Sirogane. 4) The varieties which were poor in the number of panicles and poor in yield: Nampung, Paldal and Norin ＃29. Number of flowers per panicle and yield. 1) The varieties which were great in the number of flowers per panicle and high in yield: Sounsou, Norin ＃25 and Gosi. 2) The varieties which were poor in the number of flowers per panicle and high in yield ; Jaigoun, Hokwang and Palkueng. 3) The varieties which were great in the number of flowers per panicle and poor in yield: Paldal and Nampung. 4) The varieties which were poor in the number of flowers per panicle and poor in yield: Norin ＃29. Eunbangju ＃101 and Sirogane. Maturing ratio and yield. 1) The varieties which were high in the maturing ratio and high in yield: Jaigoun, Sounsou, Norin ＃25 and Palkueng. 2) The varieties which were low in the maturing ratio and high in yield: Hokwang and Gosi. 3) The varieties which were early maturing rat io and low in yield: Hokwang and Gosi. 4) The varieties which were late maturing ratio and poor in yield: Eunbangju ＃101, Nampungand Sirogane 1, 000 grain weight and yield. 1) The varieties which were heavy in 1, 000 grains weight and high in yield=Norin ＃25 and Hokwang. 2) The varieties which were light in 1, 000 grains weight and high in yield=Sounsou and Jaigoun. 3) The varieties which were heavy in 1, 000 grains weight and poor in yield=Nongkwang and Eunbanju. 4) The varieties which were light in 1, 000 grains weight and poor in yield=Norin ＃29 and Sirogane. 2. The experiment on fertilization showed that the most desirable amount to be given per 10 Are was 10 kilograms of Nitrogen, 5 kilograms of phosphate and 6 kilograms of potassium; and when the Nitrogen given exceeded 8 kilograms, its effect was better when given in amsll consecutive (split) amounts, while the maturing ratio and the number of the flowers per panicle increased when Nitrogen was given in large amount during the later stage of growth of rice. 3. The experiment on the date and amount of seedling showed that the tested variety, Sunsou gave the best results when planted on the days between 25 April and 10 May. Eight liters per 10 Are were preferable if planted early and 12 liters per 10 Are if planted late. The reason why the later planting gave a lower yield was that the number of flowers per panicle was fewer. 4. The experiment on the irrigation for rice with direct sowing cultivation immersed in water showed that it was the most satisfactory when irrigated on 25th June, 55 days after its seedling, its plot giving the best yield. The plots 10th June and 15th July showed just as good results. However, irrigated later, than 15th July it showed lower yields. 5. Compared to the yield of the plot controlled by the common method, the yield from the plots treated with chemical herbicide such as LOROX, TOK, PCP, SWEP, Mo-338 on dry condition soil seemed poorer, but significant difference was not found statistically. On the other hand in the case where chemical herbicides such as TOK, Mo-338, Stam F-34 or ORDRAM were used after irrigation, the yield from the ORDRAM and TOK treated plots did not show significant differences compared to the common hand weed controling method, but those treated with chemicals other than the above showed a lower yield.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.511-522
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• 1984

The Nagdong is one of the biggest rivers in Korea, which is very important water source not only for tap water of Pusan city but also for the industrial water. Therefore, authors tried to check the water quality year by year. In this experiment one hundred and twenty water samples collected from August 1983 to July 1984 were analyzed bacteriologically and physiologically. Fifteen sampling stations were established between near Samrangjin and estuary of the river. To evaluate the water quality, temperature, pH, chloride ion, salinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity, nutrients, total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, viable cell count and bacterial flora were observed. The variation of water temperature was ranged $-1.5{\sim}29.0^{\circ}C$ (Mean value $13.9{\sim}16.5^{\circ}C$), it in spring was higher as $10{\sim}15^{\circ}C$ about $10^{\circ}C$ than in winter and it in autumm was very stabilized as about $20^{\circ}C$ at each station. The pH variation of the samples was ranged $6.68{\sim}9.15$. The range of concentration of chloride ion and salinity varied $7.4{\sim}l,020.5$ mg/l and $1.05{\sim}33.0\%0$, respectively. Especially, salinity of the 3rd water war was the higher than others as $25.76{\sim}31.58\%0$. COD was ranged $1.45{\sim}14.94$ mg/l and the lower part of the Nagdong River was heavily contaminated by domesitc sewage and waste water from the adjacent factor area. The range of electrical conductivity was $1.360{\times}10^2{\sim}5.650{\times}10^4{\mu}{\mho}/cm$ and that was by far higher the estuary than the upper. Concentration of nutrients were $0.008{\sim}0.040$ mg/l (Mean value $0.019{\sim}0.068$ mg/l) for $NO_2-N,\;0.038{\sim}5.253$ mg/l ($0.351{\sim}2.347$ mg/l) for $NO_3-N,\;0.100{\sim}2.685$ mg/l($0.117{\sim}1.380$ mg/l) for $NH_4-N,\;0.003{\sim}0.084$ mg/l($0.014{\sim}0.065$ mg/l) for $PO_4-P$ and $0.154{\sim}6.123$ mg/l ($1.165{\sim}3.972$ mg/l) for $SiO_2-Si$, respectively. Usually nutrients contents of the water in the upper part(included station 1 to 5) were higher than those of the estuarine area. The bacterial density of the samples ranged 7.3 to 460,000/100 ml for total coliforms, 3.6 to 460,000/100 ml for fecal coliform, $0{\sim}46,000/100ml$ for fecal streptococcus and $<30{\sim}1.2{\times}10^5/ml$ for viable cell count. Composition of coliform was $28\%$ Escherichia coli group, $18\%$ Citrobacter freundii group, $31\%$ Enterobacter aerogenes group and $22\%$ others. Predominant species among the 659 strains isolated from the samples were Pseudomonas spp. ($42\%$), Flavobacterium spp. ($20\%$) and Moraxella spp. ($12\%$).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.453-473
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• 1992

Background: National survey was performed to estimate the incidence of sarcoidosis in Korea. The clinical data of confirmed cases were analysed for the practice of primary care physicians and pulmonary specialists. Methods: The period of study was from January 1991 to December 1992. Data were retrospectively collected by correspondence with physicians in departments of internal medicine, dermatology, ophthalmology and neurology of the hospitals having more than 100 beds using returning postcards. In confirmed and suspicious cases of sardoidosis, case record chart for clinical and laboratory findings were obtained in detail. Results: 1) Postcards were sent to 523 departments in 213 hospitals. Internal medicine composed 41%, dermatology 20%, ophthalmology 20% and neurology 19%. 2) Postcards were returned from 241 departments (replying rates was 48%). 3) There were 113 confirmed cases from 50 departments and 10 cases. The cases were composed from internal medicine (81%), dermatology (13%), ophthalmology (3%) and neurology (3%). 78 confirmed cases were analysed, which were composed from department of internal medicine (92%), dermatology (5%), and neurology (3%). 4) The time span for analysed cases was 1980 to 1992. one case was analysed in 1980 and the number gradually increased to 18 cases in 1991. 5) The majority of patients (84.4%) were in the age group of 20 to 49 years. 6) The ratio of male to female was 1 : 1.5. 7) The most common chief complains were respiratory symptoms, dermatologic symptoms, generalized discomforts, visual changes, arthralgia, abdominal pains, and swallowing difficulties in order. 16% of the patients were asymptomatic. 8) Mean duration between symptom onset and diagnosis was 2 months. 9) The most common symptoms were respiratory, general, dermatologic, ophthalmologic, neurologic and cardiac origin in order. 10) Hemoglobin, hematocrits and platelet were in normal range. 58% of the patients had lymphopenia measuring less than 30% of white cell count. The ratio of CD4 to CD8 lymphocytes was $1.73{\pm}1.16$ with range of 0.43 to 4.62. ESR was elevated in 43% of the cases. 11) Blood chemistry was normal in most cases. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme (S-ACE) was $66.8{\pm}58.6\;U/L$ with the range of 8.79 to 265 U /L. Proteinuria of more than 150 mg was found in 42. 9% of the patients. 12) Serum IgG was elevated in 43.5%, IgA in 45.5%, IgM in 59.1% and IgE in 46.7%. The levels of complement C3 and C4 were in the normal range. Anti-nuclear antibody was detected in 11% of the cases. Kweim test was performed in 3 cases, and in all cases the result was positive. 13) FVC was decreased in 17.3%, FEV1 in 11.5%, FEV1/FVC in 10%, TLC in 15.2%, and DLco in 64.7%. 14) PaO2 was decreased below 90 mmHg in 48.6% and PaCO2 was increased above 45 mmHg in 5.7%. 15) The percentage of macrophages in BAL fluid was $51.4{\pm}19.2%$, lymphocytes $44.4{\pm}21.1%$, and the ratio of CD4 to CD8 lymphocytes was $3.41{\pm}2.07$. 16) There was no difference in laboratory findings between male and female. 17) Hilar enlargement on chest PA was present in 87.9% (bilaterally in 78.8% and unilaterally in 9.1%). 18) According to Siltzbach's classification, stage 0 was 5%, stage 158.3%, stage 228.3%, and stage 38.3%. 19) Hilart enlargement on chest CT was present in 92.6% (bilaterally 76.4% and unilaterally in 16.2%). 20) HRCT was done in 16 cases. The most common findings were nodules, interlobular thickening, focal patchy infiltrations in order. Two cases was normal finding. 21) Other radiologic examinations showed bone change in one case and splenomegaly in two cases. 22) Gallium scan was done in 12 cases. Radioactivity was increased in hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes in 8 cases and in parenchyme in 2 cases. 23) The pathologic diagnosis was commonly performed by transbrochial lung biopsy (TBLB, 47.3%), skin and mediastinal lymph nodes biopsy (34.5%), peripheral lymph nodes biopsy (23.6%), open lung biopsy (18.2%) and bronchial biopsy in order. 24) The most common findings in pathology were non·caseating granuloma (100%), multi-nucleated giant cell (47.3%), hyalinized acellular scar (34.5%), reticulin fibrin network (20%), inclusion body (10.9%), necrosis (9.1%), and lymphangitic distribution of granuloma (1.8%) in order. Conclusion: Clinical, laboratory, radiologic and pathologic findings were summarized. This collected data will assist in finding a test for detection and staging of sarcoidosis in Korea in near future.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.295-304
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• 2008

Background: Various experimental trials for the development of bioprosthetic devices are actively underway, secondary to the limited supply of autologous and homograft tissue to treat cardiac diseases. In this study, porcine bioprostheses that were treated with glutaraldehyde (GA), ethanol, or sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) were examined with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy for mechanical and physical imperfections before implantation, Material and Method: 1) Porcine pericardium, aortic valve, and pulmonary valve were examined using light microscopy and JEM-100CX II transmission electron microscopy, then compared with human pericardium and commercially produced heterografts. 2) Sections from six treated groups (GA-Ethanol, Ethanol-GA, SDS only, SDS-GA, Ethanol-SDS-GA and SDS-Ethanol-GA) were observed using the same methods. Result: 1) Porcine pericardium was composed of a serosal layer, fibrosa, and epicardial connective tissue. Treatment with GA, ethanol, or SDS had little influence on the collagen skeleton of porcine pericardium, except in the case of SDS pre-treatment. There was no alteration in the collagen skeleton of the porcine pericardium compared to commercially produced heterografts. 2) Porcine aortic valve was composed of lamina fibrosa, lamina spongiosa, and lamina ventricularis. Treatment with GA, ethanol, or SDS had little influence on these three layers and the collagen skeleton of porcine aortic valve, except in the case of SDS pre-treatment. There were no alterations in the three layers or the collagen. skeleton of porcine aortic valve compared to commercially produced heterografts. Conclusion: There was little physical and mechanical damage incurred in porcine bioprosthesis structures during various glutaraldehyde fixation processes combined with anti-calcification or decellularization treatments. However, SDS treatment preceding GA fixation changed the collagen fibers into a slightly condensed form, which degraded during transmission electron micrograph. The optimal methods and conditions for sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) treatment need to be modified.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.219-228
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• 2018

This study was conducted twice to investigate egg purchase behavior and perception on animal welfare of Korean consumers. This study included women, who were the main decision makers and caretakers in the household, and men with one-person household. This survey was conducted with by the Computer Assisted Web Interview and Gang Survey methods. On the key considerations factor, the highest response rate was considered to be 'price', and the response rate of considering 'packing date' increased in the second survey. At a reasonable price based on 10 eggs, the response rate was the highest at 53.8% and 42.9% in both the first and second surveys and the appropriate price averages were 2,482 won and 2,132 won, respectively. The highest rate of purchase of egg consumers from 'Large Mart' followed by 'Medium sized supermarket' and 'Chain supermarket'. As for the awareness about animal welfare, the recognition ratio (73.5%) was higher in the result of the second survey than the first. The cognitive period of animal welfare was 59.0% before the insecticide egg crisis and 41.0% thereafter. Regarding whether or not they have ever seen an animal welfare certification mark and an animal welfare animal farm certification mark, 59.6% of respondents said that they saw it for the first time and 37.6% answered that they knew the animal welfare certification mark. On the animal welfare system, the 'free-range' response rate was the highest at 85.8%. The 'free-range' fit response decreased by 34.2%p, while the 'barn' and 'European type' fit response increased by 13.2%p and 24.1%p, respectively. The number of 'I have never seen' and 'I have ever eaten' responses to the recognition and eating experience of animal welfare certified eggs decreased while the number of those who answered 'Have ever seen' and 'Have eaten' increased. The answer of purchasing animal welfare certified eggs at department stores, organic farming cooperatives, and internet shopping malls was higher than that of buying conventional eggs. Of the total respondents, 92.0% were willing to purchase an animal welfare egg before the price was offered, but after offering the prices of animal welfare eggs, the intention to purchase was 62.7%, which was about 30%p lower than before. The reason for purchasing an animal welfare certified egg was the highest score of 71.0% for 'I think it is likely to be high in food safety', and 38.1% for 'I think the price is high' for lack of intention to purchase. In the sensory evaluation of animal welfare eggs, egg color and skin texture of conventional eggs were significantly higher than those of certified welfare eggs (P<0.05), and boiled eggs showed that egg whites of animal welfare certified eggs were more (P<0.05). As a result, the results of this study will contribute to the activation of the animal welfare certification system for laying hens by providing basic data on consumer awareness to animal welfare certified farmers.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.3 s.31
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• pp.296-308
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• 1990

The relationship between copper and mercury contents in the scalp hair and chronic schizophrenia was investigated. The samples of scalp hair were collected from 80 male chronic schizophrenic patients at the age from 20 to 29, who were hospitalized in the National Psychiatric Hospital in Seoul. As the control group, 69 males were collected from general population. Hair samples were taken from the napes and the Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI) was performed also. The copper and mercury contents were determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Significantly higher T-score of MMPI was seen in patients group for Hypochondriasis Scale (Hs), Depression Scale (D), Psychopathic Deviate Scale (Pd), Paranoia Scale (Pa), Psychasthenia Scale (Pt), Schizophrenia Scale (Sc) subscales than control group, and the frequency distribution by T-score was also significantly different between the patient and the control group for above scales. The content of copper in the hair of patient group was significantly lower than the control group. In the case of mercury, the mean value of patient group was significantly higher than control group. Between the value of copper and mercury, statistically significant negative correlation (r=-0.25) was found. When grouped by the T-score of MMPI, there was no difference of copper contents between T-score subgroup at all MMPI scale. But the mercury contents showed significant difference between T-score subgroup at Pt, Sc scale. When compared between the group of above 70 T-score and the group of less than 70, the mercury contents of Pa, Pt, Sc scale of above 70 T-score group were significantly higher than the group of less than 70. In other scales, the mercury content of the above 70 group were higher than the group of less than 70 except Mf scale, although there were no statistscally significances. In D, Pa, Sc scales, as the T-score of MMPI increased, the contents of mercury also increased. When divided into the patient group and the control group, the copper contents of the patient groups were significantly lower than the control group at each T-score scale in most MMPI scales. In the case of mercury, the value of patient group were significantly higher than the control group in the less than 44 scale of D, in the $60{\sim}69$ scale of Pd, in the $45{\sim}59$ scale of Mf, in the $60{\sim}69$ scale of Ma, in the less than 44 of Si. These results suggest that the effects of the deficiency of copper or high intake of mecury on schizophrenia and personality may be of possible value. Thus further studies are necessary to determine whether schizophrenia and personality formation would be attributed to copper deficiency or mercury intake.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the general characteristics such as volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, sperm abnormality on whole semen, removed seminal plasma(RSP) semen and fractional semen of small dogs, and the effect of temperature and preservatio time and cryopreservation on motility of whole and removed seminal plasma semen. Multiple ejaculates were collected from small dogs by the digital manipulation of penis. 1. Average sperm concentration, sperm motility and abnormal sperm rates of whole semen and RSP semen were 5.07$\pm$2.32$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 95.42$\pm$2.65%, 4.42$\pm$0.157% and 4.69$\pm$3.27~4.25$\pm$3.65$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 91.17$\pm$3.85~88.52$\pm$3.85%, 6.57$\pm$0.43~5.54$\pm$0.52%, respectively. 2. Average semen volume per ejaculate, sperm concentration, sperm motility and abnormal sperm rate of 1st fractional semen were 0.92$\pm$0.7$m\ell$, 4.57$\pm$0.78$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 10.72$\pm$3.21% and 5.50$\pm$0.70%. Average semen volume per ejaculate, sperm concentration, sperm motility and abnormal sperm rate of 2nd fractional semen were 2. 14$\pm$0.19$m\ell$, 2.01$\pm$0.12$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 95.44$\pm$4.21% and 4.31$\pm$0.53%. Average semen volume per ejaculate, sperm concentration, sperm motility and abnormal sperm rate of 3rd fractional semen were 2.66$\pm$0.23$m\ell$, 2.35$\pm$0.21$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 90.71$\pm$2.63%, 6.33$\pm$0.91%, respectively. 3. Motility of whole semen and RSP semen were higher at 2$0^{\circ}C$ than at 4$^{\circ}C$ or 37$^{\circ}C$. When preservation temperature was 2$0^{\circ}C$, sperm motility were 98.32% at 1 hr, 92.15% at 5 hrs, 90.23% at 10 hrs 82.08% at 15 hrs 70.07% at 20 hrs 60.02% at 20 hrs 37.19% at 40 hrs respectively. 4. Average sperm motility of frozen 2nd fraction semen and RSP semen were 33.3$\pm$8.7, 54.7$\pm$9.5%, respectively. Sperm motility was significantly higher in frozen 2nd fraction semen and RSP semen compared with control group.