• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.97-109
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• 2023

Objective : This study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of play on the relationship between toddlers' sleep habits and problem-solving. Methods : In total, 1,734 participants were selected from the 3rd wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children. A structural equation modeling approach was utilized to examine the relationship among toddlers' play, sleep habits, and problem-solving, as well as to investigate the mediating effect of play. Results : The monthly age of the study participants ranged from 23 to 32 months, with 885 (51.0%) boys and 849 (49.0%) girls. The indirect effects of play on problem-solving skills (β = 0.137, p = .006) were statistically significant, but the direct effects of sleep habits on problem-solving skills (β = -.015, p = .871) and the total effect (β = 0.122, p = .057) were not significant. Conclusion : This study indicated that sleep habits did not have a direct effect on problem-solving ability, but that the indirect effects were significant and fully mediated by play. Incorrect sleep habits can negatively affect lifelong development. Therefore, parents would need to be aware of whether their child is developing good sleep habits during the toddler age.

• Journal of Public Diplomacy
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.53-80
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• 2022

Despite an astronomical budget for public diplomacy, China is experiencing successive failures in public diplomacy. The unfavorable feeling towards China is increasing every year in the world and China needs a new public diplomacy to resolve anti-Chinese sentiment. Here, we found that viewers of Korean-Chinese student YouTuber Deemd formed a friendly image towards China after watching Deemd's China vlog. Therefore, in this study, we tried to examine whether Deemd's vlogs affect the improvement of China's country image theoretically guided by the theory of mere exposure effect. In addition, we examined whether the improvement of a country image causes the 'Halo effect' that leads to an increase in the intention to visit China and purchase intention of Chinese products. It is expected that the results of this study can serve as a new digital media diplomacy solution for countries, including China, that want to capture the hearts of foreign public in the era of a new digital public diplomacy.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2006

Objectives: This study was carried out with 31, 519(16,653 boys, 14,857 girls) of elementary school students to investigate the prevalence of obesity at a district in Gwangju City. It can be applied to develope an educational program of the obesity control as basic data in this local area Methods: The data collected from May, 2004 to July, 2004 were analyzed by SAS PC+ 8.0 program. Children were selected depending on criteria from obesity index (%) by using physical index (height, body weight), and then subjects were classified into one of three groups according to the degree of obesity: mild(20~29.9%), moderate(30~49.9%), and severe($?50%{\cdot}$) obesity. Results: It showed that male elementary school students were higher and heavier than female elementary school students(p< .001) in every grade except the 4th grade(height) and the 6th grade ( body weight). The obesity rates of male students(11.6%) showed higher(p< .001) than those of female students(8.8%). Specially the 4th grade elementary school boys were higher than any other groups in obesity(13.7%). As a whole, the prevalence of obestiy showed mild(5.9%), moderate(3.8%), and severe(0.6%). Male students showed higher rate of obesity than those of female students. The obesity of male students showed higher rate than that of female students except 2-3rd grade elementary school students(p< .001). The obesity of 4~6th grade elementary school students showed higher rate than those of 1~3rd grade students(p< .001). Conclusions: The obesity rates of male students are higher than that of female students, and the obesity rates of 4~6th grade students are higher than those of 1-3rd grade students in the elementary school. Additionally, these results suggest that the program may be needed to prevent obesity of children.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.407-420
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• 1988

The primary objective of this study was to make the prediction percentile tabulation of the sum of mesiodistal widths of the unerupted permanent canines and premolars derived from the sum of mesiodistal widths of the erupted permanent incisors in normal and crowding groups. Crowding group consisted of 85 pairs of dental casts (42 males and 43 females) with more than 4mm of crowding in anteriors. Normal group consisted of 109 pairs of dental casts (65 males and 44 females) with less than 1mm of spacing or crowding in anteriors. The mesiodistal crown diameters of permanent teeth were measured from the dental casts using the sliding calipers (Mitutoyo Co., Japan). From the study, the obtained results were as follows: There were not significant differences between male and female in both groups on the basis of the ratios between the sum of mesiodistal widths of incisors and the sum of mesiodistal widths of canines and premolars. There was not significant difference between two groups on the basis of the ratio between the sum of mesiodistal widths of mandibular incisors and the sum of mesiodistal widths of mandibular canines and premolars and was significant differences between two groups on the basis of the ratio between the sum of mesiodistal widths of mandibular incisors and the sum of mesiodistal widths of maxillary canines and premolars. There was significant difference between two groups on the basis of the ratio between the sum of mesiodistal widths of maxillary incisors and the sum of mesiodistal widths of mandibular canines and premolars. There was significant difference between two groups on the basis of the ratio between the sum of mesiodistal widths of maxillary incisors and the sum of mesiodistal widths of maxillary canines and premolars. The percentile prediction tabulations were made in an attempt to predict the sum of mesiodistal widths of the unerupted permanent canines and premolars derived from the sum of mesiodistal widths of the erupted permanent mandibular incisors in each group. The percentile prediction tabulations were made in an attempt to predict the sum of mesiodistal widths of the unerupted permanent canines and premolars derived from the sum of mesiodistal widths of the erupted permanent maxillary incisors in each group.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.322-331
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• 1995

Introduction: This study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of simultaneous determination of 3 tumor markers {serum carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC Ag) and neuron specific enolase(NSE)} in lung cancer patients. Method: In 113 patients with primary lung cancer(70 with squamous cell carcinoma, 30 with adenocarcinoma, 13 with small cell carcinoma) and 103 patients with benign lung diseases, serum CEA and NSE were measured by enzyme immunoassay, and SCC Ag was measured by microparticle enzyme immunoassay. Results: 1) The mean serum levels of 3 tumor markers were significantly higher in lung cancer groups than benign lung disease groups respectively(p=0.001). 2) In squamous cell carcinoma, the SCC Ag was elevated in 67%, in adenocarcinoma CEA was elevated in 77% and in small cell carcinoma NSE was elevated in 77%, but there were no significant differences according to the stage of each cancer cell types. 3) CEA was the most sensitive marker, but nonspecific to cancer types. SCC Ag was less sensitive than other markers, but more specific toward squamous cell carcinoma, and NSE was more specific to primary lung cancer. 4) As the number of positive tumor markers was increased, the relative possibility of lung cancer was also increased. If two markers were positive, it increased to 77%, and if three markers were positive it increased to 90%. Conclusion: The simultaneous measurement of serum CEA, SCC Ag and NSE would provide additional information for the diagnosis of lung cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 1998

Objectives and Methods：This study investigated clinical characteristics, treatment modality, outcome of 57 children and adolescent inpatients(male 53, female 4) who were diagnosed as pervasive developmental disorder(PDD) by DSM-Ⅳ criteria recent five years. Results：1) The mean age at admission was $96{\pm}28.2$ months, and the mean age at which they first visited treatment facility was $52{\pm}26.6$ months. The mean hospitalization period was $43.7{\pm}31.3$ days. 2) Diagnosis：Twenty-seven(47.4%) of subjects met DSM-Ⅳ criteria for PDD NOS. Fifteen (26.3%) met for autistic disorder, nine(15.8%) met for Asperger's syndrome, and two(3.5%) met for childhood disintegrative disorder. 3) Comorbid diagnosis：The most common comorbid dignosis was attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(23.8%). 4) IQ test：IQ test for twenty-eight subjects was possible. The Average of the subjects was $70{\pm}27.5$. Fifteen(53.6%) of the subjects were approximate or under 70. 5) Neurology Abnormality：EEG findings of eleven(21.2%) subjects were abnormal, brain CT or MRI findings of eight subjects(21.6%) were abnormal. 6) Family Hx：Depressive disorder were found in Eight mothers(14%). Familial loading was found in twenty families(35.1%), and familial loading of PDD was found in three(5.3%). Conclusion：The most important thing for the management of PDD is early detection and early treatment. To do so, multidisciplinary team approach should be emphasized.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1973

This study was projected to get basic data which can provide a basis for future direction in nutritional education, and also to find the way how to improve the nutritional supply by evaluating the current nutritional intake of average high school students through the survey study of their daily packed lunch. Five hundred twenty seven students from two boys high school and two girls high school including one general and one vocational school respectively were chosen as random sampling technique. Four hundred forty nine among the 527 students had brought lunch. The contents of lunch box were weighed and converted into nutritional values according to the food composition table and compared with recommended dietary allowances. The results compared and classified by sex, School and housewives' educational level were as follows: 1. The nutritional supply in the lunch box was 671 Cal of energy and 22.3 gm of protein for male students which were respectively 55.9% and 74.2% of the dietary recommendations. On the other side female student's lunch boxes were found to contain 495 Cal of energy and 21.3gm of protein which are respectively 61.8% and 80% of the dietary prescriptions. Excluding niacin, all vitamins and minerals were found to be short. 2. Calorie intake in the vocational high school was found to be higher than in the general high school but lower in protein intake especially significant difference (P<0.01) in animal protein. 3. From the nutritional point of view the educational backgrouud of the housewives was not found to have any influence in the way of preparing the lunch boxes. 4. Nutrients of lunch box were heavily inclined to grain rather than to side dishes.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Costume Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.46-47
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• 2001

본 연구의 목적은 청년기 여성의 국내 및 외국 의 류상표선태과 가정의 가치지향성 및 물리적 가정환 경과의 관계를 조사하며. 상표선택에 따른 상표결정 동기의 차이를 파악하고 의복구매 후 만족도에 영향을 주는 특성을 조사하는 데 있다. 연구방법은 질문지법을 사용하였으며, 조사대상은 서울시내 여고생과 여자대학생 408명이었다(여고생 224명, 여대생 184명). 가정환경변인 측정도구는 정원식의 '가정환경진단검사'중에서 가정의 가치지향 성을 사용하였으며. 사회상승주의, 물질주의, 전통주 의에 관한 내용을 포함하였다. 상표선택은 최근에 구 입한 캐주얼웨어의 상표에 대한 내용과 구입희망 상 표를 조사하였으며, 상표결정동기는 5점 척도의 10 문항을 사용하였다. 가정의 물리적 환경은 부모의 학력, 사회계층, 주거공간을 조사하였으며, 인구통계적인 변인으로 학년, 연령, 용돈을 조사하였다. 조사기 간은 2000년 4월이었다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여고생 및 여대생이 구입한 의류상표는 국 내상표가 24.0%. 외국 상표가 37.5%. 상표명을 기억 하지 않는 상표무관심 집단이 38.5%였다. 구입희망 상표는 외국상표가 48.8%. 국내상표가 26.0%. 무관 심집단이 25.2%로서 구입한 상표보다 구입희망상표 의 경우 외국상표가 더 높은 비율을 나타냈다. 둘째, 가정의 가치지향성은 국내 및 외국의류상표 구입집단에 따라 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 가정 의 가치지향성 중에서 사회상승주의는 구입희망 집 단에 따라 유의한 차이가 있어, 외국상표 구입희망 집단은 가정의 사회상승주의가 높았고, 상표무관심 집단은 사회상승주의가 낮았다. 따라서 사회적 지위 상승을 추구하는 가치관을 지닌 가정의 청소년들은 부모의 가치관에 영향을 받아 외국상표 의류를 희망 하여 의복을 통해 신분상승을 추구하려는 정도가 높은 것으로 해석된다. 셋째, 국내 및 외국 의류상표 구입집단운 부모의 학력, 가정의 사회계층 및 주거공간과 유의 한 관계가 있었다. 아버지와 어머니의 학력이 대졸 이상의 경우 는 외국상표를 더 많이 구입하였고, 부모띄 학력이 고졸인 청소년은 상표 무관심집단이 많았다. 또 상류 층은 외국상표 및 국내상표를 구매한 비율씨 비슷하 게 높았으나 하류층은 상표 무관심집단이 더 많은 편이었다. 구입회망상표와 사회계층 및 주거공간과 는 유의한 관계가 없었다. 따라서 청년기 여성은 가정의 사회계층과 관계없이 외국상표의 구입을 희망 하는 정도가 높다고 할 수 있다. 넷째, 외국상표 구입 집단은 국내상표 구입 집단 보다 상표를 미리 결정하는 경우가 더 많았고. 백화 점에서 구입하는 정도가 더 높았다. 또한 여대생은 의류상표선택과 용돈이 유의한 관계가 없었으나 여고생은 유의한 관계가 있었다. 다섯째. 외국상표 구입집단은 국내상표 구입집단 보다 주위 사람의 상표와 상표의 명성이 더 높은 구입동기로 작용하였으나. 품질, 유행, 할인가, 디자인, 가격, 착용감은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 여섯째, 상표결정동기 중 할인가 구매는 가정의 사회상승주의 및 물질지향주의와 유의한 정적 관계 가 있었고, 적절한 가격도 물질지향주의와 정적 관계 를 나타냈다. 가정의 전통주의는 의복의 디자인과 부 정적인 관계, 상점의 위치와는 정적관계가 있었다. 따라서 전통주의적인 가치관을 지닌 가정의 자녀는 편리한 상점의 위치가 상표결정동기로 작용하는 데 영향을 주는 특성임을 알 수 있다. 일곱째, 의복만족에 동시에 영향을 주는 요인은 디자인, 면안성, 타인의 착용( - ). 상표의 명성, 외국 상표선택, 의복품질로 나타났으며. 6개 변인을 통한 설명력은 24.4%였다. 즉 상표를 결정할 때 디자인, 편안성, 상표의 명성, 의복품질을 고려하며. 주위사람들이 착용한 상표를 고려하지 않을수록 만족도가 높았으며, 외국상표를 선택한 집단일수록 만족도가 높았다. 종합적으로 볼 때 가정의 사회상승주의가 높은 청년기 여성은 외국상표 구입을 희망하는 비율이 높고 부모의 사회경제적 지위가 높을수록 외국상표 구입 빈도가 높았으며. 외국상표를 구입한 여성은 의복구 매 후 만족도가 높았다. 또한 청소년들이 외국 의류 상표를 구매하는 데에는 상표의 명성과 타인의 옷차 림이 영향을 주었으나, 타인의 착용에 영향을 받는 정도가 높을수록 의복 구매 후 만족도는 낮아진다고 할 수 있다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 1997

This is an effort to confirm changes biological monitoring according to changes in levels of exposure to styrene for industrial workers. This study was conducted on 108 workers, including male of 64 and female 44 who were working at factories of FRP, dipping, and coating. An improved passive monitor method(organic vapor monitor; OVM) was employed to determine levels of exposure. The biological monitoring include blood styrene concentration, urinary mandelic acid(MA), and urinary phenylglyoxylic acid(PGA). Biological monitoring were made through the Collection of blood and urine. The mean value of exposure to styrene was 21.0ppm, which is measured by organic vapor monitor, one of improved passive monitors. The highest exposure level was observed among workers in boat factories, laminating procedure workers, processing workers, respectively(p<0.01). For exposure level, 11% of subjects under study showed over 50ppm which is time weighted average(TWA). The correlation coefficient between biological specimens and the exposure level was 0.62 for blood styrene concentration, 0.58 for MA corrected by creatinine, and 0.70 for PGA corrected by creatinine, respectively(p<0.01). The regression analyses found exposure level relative importance in explaining variance in biological monitoring. In additional to that, gender was a significant factor in explaining variance of MA and MA+PGA. Almost half of variance(49%) in blood styrene concentration was explained by predictors, including exposure level, age, gender, duration, and drinking volume during the last week(p<0.01). The very high correlation(higher than 0.95 was found when a comparison was made among three types of corrected methods, including uncorrected specific gravity and creatinine. In conclusion, these findings suggest OVM to represent levels of exposure to styrene for industrial workers. A discussion was made on possible use of specific gravity sample for biological monitoring. Exposure level may be predicted on MA, PGA in urine, which could be applied to represent biological monitoring.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.570-578
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• 2003

Background : Ambient particles during Asian dust events are usually sized less than $10{\mu}m$, known to be associated with the adverse effects on the general populations. But, there has been no considerable evidence linking these particles to the adverse effects on airways. The objectives of this study was to investigate the possible adverse effects of Asian dust events on respiratory function and symptoms in subjects with bronchial asthma. Patients and Methods : From march to June 2002, Asthmatic patients who were diagnosed with bronchial challenge test or bronchodilator response were enrolled. We divided them into three groups; mild, moderate, and severe, according to the severity. Subjects with other organ insufficiency such as heart, kidney, liver, and malignancy were excluded. All patients completed twice daily diaries and recorded peak flow rate, respiratory symptom, and daily activity. Daily and hourly mean pollutant levels of particulate matter < $10{\mu}m$ in diameter($PM_{10}$), nitrogen dioxide($NO_2$), sulphur dioxide($SO_2$), ozone($O_3$) and carbon monoxide(CO) were measured at the 10 different monitoring sites. Results : Dust events occured 14 times during the study period. Daily averages of 4 air pollutant were measured with an increased level of $PM_{10}$, decreased level of $NO_2$ and $SO_2$, and no change in CO during dust days compared to those during control days. An increase in $PM_{10}$ concentration was associated with an increase of subjects with PEF variability of >20% (p<0.05), night time symptom(p<0.05), and a decrease in mean PEF (p<0.05), which were calculated by the longitudinal data analysis. Otherwise, there was no association between $PM_{10}$ level and bronchodialtor inhaler, and daytime respiratory symptoms. Conclusion : This study shows evidence that ambient air pollution, especially $PM_{10}$, during Asian dust events, could be one of the many aggravating factors at least in patients with airway diseases. This data can be used as a primary source to set up a new policy on air environmental control and to evaluate the safety of air pollution index. We also expect that this research will help identify precise components of dust, which are more linked to the adverse effects.