• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1738-1751
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• 2020

The skin is divided into three parts: the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous fat, and the stratum corneum, which is located at the top of the epidermis, acts as a barrier that prevents drug delivery. Nanoemulsions are known to be effective in transdermal delivery of drugs through intercellular lipids because of their unique small particle size. In this study, phase inversion temperature (PIT) nanoemulsion containing α-bisabolol was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) for effective skin absorption of α-bisabolol. As a preliminary experiment, the 25-2 fractional factorial design method and the 23 full factorial design method were performed. Box-Behnken design was performed based on the results of the factorial design method. The content of surfactant (6.3~12.6%), co-surfactant (5.2~7.8%) and α-bisabolol (0.5~5.0%) were used as factors, and the dependent variable was the particle size of the nanoemulsion. PIT nanoemulsion optimization was performed according to the RSM results, and as a result, the optimal nanoemulsion formulation conditions were predicted to be 10.4% surfactant content, 6.3% co-surfactant content, and 5.0% α-bisabolol content. As a result of the skin absorption test, the final skin absorption rate of the PIT nanoemulsion was 35.11±1.01%, and the final skin absorption rate of the general emulsion as a control was 28.25±1.69%, confirming that the skin absorption rate of the PIT nanoemulsion was better.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1533-1546
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• 2023

Nanoemulsion is an emulsion with a particle size of about 20 ~ 200 nm and has the advantage of having a transparent or translucent appearance and improving the skin permeability of an effective material with a small particle size, so it is applied in various fields. In this study, eight oils with different types of HLB and 16 oils with different types of required HLB were selected to investigate the effect of the required HLB and the type on the formation of nanoemulsion. The surfactants used at this time were Polysorbate 60 (HLB 14.9), Sorbitan state (HLB 4.7), PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil (HLB 14.0), which were mixed with Polysorbate 60 and Sorbitan state, fixed with HLB 14.0, and Polysorbate 60 and PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil, respectively. The formation of nanoemulsion was different depending on the type of oil, and oil with an ester structure showed a relatively excellent nanoemulsion formation ability. In particular, it was confirmed that a stable nanoemulsion was formed without a significant change after Cetyl ethylhexanoin was produced in a small size of 40 nm or less on average. In addition, it was found that using a mixture of Polysorbate 60 and Sorbitan stearate has a superior nanoemulsion formation ability than using PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil or Polysorbate 60 alone.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.846-851
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• 1998

An experimental research on the preparation of zinc oxide fine particles in w/o emulsions was conducted. Precipitation solutions were zinc nitrate aqueous solutions with hexamethylenetetramine(HMTA) as precipitant. The precipitation solutions formed stable w/o emulsions with kerosine in the presence of Span 80. Homogeneous precipitation reaction occurred in the w/o emulsion after the resultant w/o emulsion was heated above the decomposition temperature of HMTA and zinc oxide particles were precipitated. In some case, zinc oxide particles of bi-modal distribution were obtained. However, zinc oxide fine particles of narrow particle size distribution could be obtained, even when the initial zinc concentration of precipitation solution and the conversion to zinc oxide are both higher that those in bulk homogeneous precipitation.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2005

In this study, polyurethane-acryl emulsion resins were synthesized from HDI (hexamethylene diisocyanate), IPDI (isophorone diisocyanate), Polyol, 2-HEMA (2-hydroxy ethylmethacrylate), n-BA (n-butyl acrylate) and MMA (methylmethacrylate). The effects of polyol types on the properties of polyurethane-acryl emulsion resin, such as degree of strength and water resistance and on the manufacturing process were investigated. In addition, the results were compared with those of acrylic emulsion. The test results showed that polyester type polyol demonstrated stronger tensile strength and higher water resistance with time than did acrylic emulsion and polyether type polyol.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2008

Hybrid emulsions consisting of polyurethane and acrylic polymer were prepared by emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers and polyurethane water dispersions (PUD) as an emulsifier. At first, cationic type of PUD was synthesized with IPDI, PTMG1000, MDEA, and acetic acid. Then, acrylic monomers, such as MMA and n-BA, were copolymerized with the PUD without adding further surfactant. The tensile properties and water resistance increased with increasing acrylic monomer ratio. The hybrid emulsions showed better properties than the emulsions simply blended with the PUD and the acrylic emulsions.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.1-4
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• 1996

유화제의 물리화학적인 성질을 이용하여 O/W와 W/O에멀젼을 제조하는 방법(예:PIT method, D-phase method)은 이제까지 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔으며, colloid mill, homogenizer, ultrasonic emulsifier와 같은 유화장치도 지속적으로 개발 및 개선되고 있다. 하지만 이들 방법은 공정의 정확한 조절이 어려우며, 제조된 에멀젼의 입자크기 분포가 다분산적(polydispersed)이라는 단점을 가지고 있다. 이를 극복하기 위한 방법으로 1980년대 중반에 일본에서 처음으로 개발된 막유화법이 있다. 이 기술은 pouous glass membrane 가운데 기공크기(pore size)가 균일한 SPG(Shirasu Porous Glass)막을 사용하여 균일한 입자분포를 가지는 에멀젼을 제조하는 것이다. 한편 막유화에 사용되는 막이 갖추어야 할 조건은 다음과 같다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2002.05b
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• pp.135-136
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• 2002

수지 및 실란트의 제조 과정에서 불양의 원인이 되는 수분을 흡습하기 위하기 위하여 첨가하는 ？ CaO는 분진 공해가 발생하며 제품의 불량의 원인이 된다. 이러한 단점을 개선하기 위하여 CaO의 함량이 80% 이상인 에멀젼의 제조할 때 용매는 DOP, 분산제는 습윤성과 분산성이 우수한 카프복실산 에스테르 종류의 계면활성제를 사용하였고, 이어서 분자량이 큰 응집 방지제를 첨가하여 습기 제거제 에멀젼을 완성하였다. 이후에 온도에 따라서 변화하는 점도를 일정하게 유지하기 위하여 POENPE를 첨가하므로서 계절에 상관없이 사용이 가능하도록 하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.313-315
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• 2005

비이온성 계면활성제의 화학적 구조에 따른 리모넨의 유화분산시 입경변화와 세정성을 비교검토한 결과 리모넨과 계면활성제의 사용비가 30:1의 소량을 사용하여도 충분한 세정성을 보였으며, 에스테르 구조를 가진 계면활성제가 유화능력이 우수하여 에멀젼 입경이 작고 접착력은 크며, 접촉각이 작아 가장 우수한 세정성을 나타내었다. 그리고 에테르 구조의 계면활성제간 비교로부터 방향족 고리 구조보다 지방족 사슬구조가 에멀젼의 입경이 작고 세정성이 우수하였다. 에멀젼의 안전성은 에스테르계가 가장 우수하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.274-280
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• 2001

우리나라에서 전통적으로 건설$\cdot$토목 현장에서 암절취 목적으로 주로 사용되고 있는 젤라틴다이나마이트 폭약의 경우 폭속이 비교적 높고 강력한 폭발위력으로 인해 암반의 강도가 높은 현장에 주로 사용해 왔다. 그러나 최근에는 폭약의 안전도 감소와 원가절감을 위해서 현재 사용중인 폭약 중 가격이 가장 저렴한 안포폭약을 개선하고 에멀젼폭약의 특징을 살린 벌크 에멀젼폭약의 공급을 눈앞에 두고 있다.(중략)

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.119-126
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• 1999

본 연구는 polysulfone 막을 표면처리 하여 오일 폐수를 한외여과 처리하였고 이때 fouling의 감소효과를 실험하였다. 고분자나 계면활성제를 polysulfone막에 흡착시켜 표면처리를 하였다. 다양하게 표면처리된 막으로 dodecane(0.1 v%)/물 에멀젼과 dodecane-계면활성제/물 에멀젼을 회분식 실험방법으로 수행하였다. SDS로 개질한 막으로 dodecane-계면활성제/물 에멀젼을 환외여과 처리하였을 때 fouling이 가장 작게 나타났고, 재사용에 좋은 방법으로 나타났다.