• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2016

Purpose: McArdle disease, glycogen storage disease type V (GSD V), is one of the most common adolescent-onset glycogen storage diseases. It is caused by recessive mutations in PYGM encoding myophosphorylase, which is critical to glycogen metabolism. Since only a few korean patients have been reported, we will observe the clinical and genetic features of three korean patients with McArdle disease. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of three patients with genetically confirmed McArdle disease, including the results of forearm ischemic exercise test, electromyogram, nerve conduction velocity, muscle biopsy, and PYGM analysis in peripheral leukocytes. Results: All three cases were males and their age of symptom onset was 12, 5, 14 years old, respectively. A high basal level of serum creatine kinase was noted in all three patients. They experienced the recurrent episodes of rhabdomyolysis, but second wind phenomenon was not definite. In muscle biopsy, subsarcolemmal space vacuoles including periodic acid schiff stained materials were found in two patients, while no evidence of glycogen storage disease was found in the other. A total of five different mutations, $p.Arg50^*$, p.Trp798Arg, $p.Arg50^*$, p.Glu779del, $p.Asp511Thrfs^*28$ and p.Phe710del, were found in three patients. Avoidance of isometric exercise, aerobic exercise and glucose intake before each exercise were recommended for all patients. Conclusion: The three Korean patients with McArdle disease showed the typical manifestations of the condition. The most mutations were private. Therefore, identification of more cases with long-term follow-up will be required to understand the clinical and genetic features of this disease among Korean population.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.341-348
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• 2014

Wedge filter could use to increase the dose distribution at the hot dose regions. We evaluated dose discrepancy at surface and build region in the infield and outfield that Metal Wedge (MW) and Enhance Dynamic Wedge (EDW) were interact with photon. In this paper, we used Gafchromic EBT3 film that had excellent spatial resolution, composed the water equivalent materials and changed the optical density without development. The set up conditions of linear accelerator were fixed 6 MV photon, 100 cm SSD, $10{\times}10cm^2$ field size and were irradiated 400 cGy at Dmax. The dose distribution and absorbed dose were evaluated when we compared the open field with $15^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ metal wedge and enhanced dynamic wedge. A $15^{\circ}$ metal wedge could increase the surface and build up region dose than using a $15^{\circ}$ enhanced dynamic wedge. A $30^{\circ}$ metal wedge could decrease the surface and build up region dose than using a $30^{\circ}$ enhanced dynamic wedge. A $45^{\circ}$ metal wedge could decrease by large deviation the surface and build up region dose than using a $15^{\circ}$ enhanced dynamic wedge. The dose of penumbra region at outfield were increased on the thick side but were decreased on the thin side. It could be decrease the surface dose and build up region dose, if the metal wedge filters were properly used to make a good dose distribution and not closed the distance of surface.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.431-438
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• 2014

This study was conducted to assess forest biomass resource which is a carbon sink and a renewable resource in Korea. The total forest biomass resource potential was 804 million tons, and conifers, broadleaved forest and mixed forest accounted for 265 million tons, 282 million tons, and 257 million tons, respectively. Proportionately to regional forest stocks, biomass potential of Gangwon-do had most biomass potential, followed by Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongsangnam-do. The woody biomass from the byproduct of sawn timber in commercial harvesting was 707 thousand ton/year, and that from the byproduct of forest tending was 592 thousand ton/year. The amount resulted in about 1,300 thousand ton/year of potential supplies from forest biomass resource into the energy market. It's tonnage of oil equivalent(toe) was 585 thousand ton/year. In this study, we developed a program (BiomassMap V2.0) for forest biomass resource mapping. Used system to develop this program was Microsoft Office Excel, Microsoft Office Access ArcGIS and Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0. Additionally, This program made use of tool such as ESRI MapObjects2.1 in order to take advantage of spatial information. This program shows the map of total biomass stock, annual biomass growth at forest land in Korea, and biomass production from forest tending and commercial harvesting. The information can also be managed by the program. The biomass resource map can be identified by regional and forest type for the purpose of utilization. So, we expect the map and program to be very useful for forest managers in the near future.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.469-477
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• 2008

Purpose: The goal of this paper is to present the design and performance of a position encoding circuit for $16{\times}16$ array of position sensitive multi-anode photomultiplier tube for small animal PET scanners. This circuit which reduces the number of readout channels from 256 to 4 channels is based on a charge division method utilizing a resistor array. Materials and Methods: The position encoding circuit was simulated with PSpice before fabrication. The position encoding circuit reads out the signals from H9500 flat panel PMTs (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Japan) on which $1.5{\times}1.5{\times}7.0\;mm^3$ $L_{0.9}GSO$ ($Lu_{1.8}Gd_{0.2}SiO_{5}:Ce$) crystals were mounted. For coincidence detection, two different PET modules were used. One PET module consisted of a $29{\times}29\;L_{0.9}GSO$ crystal layer, and the other PET module two $28{\times}28$ and $29{\times}29\;L_{0.9}GSO$ crystal layers which have relative offsets by half a crystal pitch in x- and y-directions. The crystal mapping algorithm was also developed to identify crystals. Results: Each crystal was clearly visible in flood images. The crystal identification capability was enhanced further by changing the values of resistors near the edge of the resistor array. Energy resolutions of individual crystal were about 11.6%(SD 1.6). The flood images were segmented well with the proposed crystal mapping algorithm. Conclusion: The position encoding circuit resulted in a clear separation of crystals and sufficient energy resolutions with H9500 flat-panel PMT and $L_{0.9}GSO$ crystals. This circuit is good enough for use in small animal PET scanners.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.580-587
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• 2017

Woodfiber insulation board can be considered as a one of the key material for low energy consumption, comfortable and safety construction of residential space because of its eco-friendly and high thermal insulation performance. This study was carried out to investigate the formaldehyde (HCHO) total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) emission properties and combustion shapes by flame test of low density fiberboards (LDFs) prepared with different adhesives. HCHO TVOC emission and combustion properties of LDFs prepared by melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF), phenol formaldehyde (PF), emulsified methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (eMDI) and latex resin adhesives were measured by desiccator method, 20 L chamber method, and flame test, respectively. As results, LDFs manufactured by MUF, eMDI and latex resin adhesives satisfied the Super $E_0$ grade of HCHO emission performance except PF resin. Furthermore, TVOC emission of all LDFs were satisfied the Korean indoor air quality standard (below $400{\mu}g/m^2{\cdot}h$). Especially, LDF with eMDI resin adhesive showed the lowest HCHO and TVOC emissivity, that $0.14mg/{\ell}$, $12{\mu}g/m^2{\cdot}h$, respectively. However, eMDI emitted the small amount ($3{\mu}g/m^2{\cdot}h$) of toluene in VOC components. In the flame test, LDF with MUF resin adhesives showed the most favorable shape after flame test compare to LDFs prepared other adhesives. Based on HCHO and TVOC emission, and combustion shapes, MUF resin adhesive may be recommended to prepare LDF for insulation purpose.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.105-120
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• 2005

This study was carried out at Reed Marsh of Sihwa Lake from July 2003 to June 2004. We observed total(sum of maximum population) 5,752 individuals of 70 species including 12 species of ducks, 10 species of egrets, 6 species of wagtails and buntings, 4 species of eagles. The most dominant species was Spotbill Duck(Anas poecilorhyncha - 3,518 individuals, 61.16%), and other species were Mallard(Anas platyrhynchos - 540 individuals, 9.39%), Great Reed-Warbler(Acrocephalus arundinaceus - 217 individuals, 3.77%). Reed Marsh of Sihwa Lake were observed many kinds of protected species such as Great Bittern(Botaurus stellaris), Mandarin Duck(Aix galericulata), Chinese Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter soloensis), Eurasian Sparrow Hawk(Accipiter nisus), Japanese Buzzard(Buteo buteo), Hen Harrier(Circus cyaneus), Eurasian Hobby(Falco subbuteo), and Common Kestrel(Falco tinnunculus). Since the Reed Marsh of Sihwa Lake arrived many individuals of waterbird, crop damage by the waterbird occurred in the surrounding rice fields. It was an area adjacent to the reed marsh of sihwa lake such as Yoopori and Samhwari Bibongmyoun, Yamokri Maesongmyoun Hwaseong City. Bird of crop damage was ducks openly. The most species was Spot-billed Duck. Crop damage types by the Spot-billed Duck were grazing, used the grain up or lower in quality with step on the rice. Crop damage size was about 560bags of rice during the one month on August 2002. In 2003, After carrying out the various crop damage reduction countermeasures, which measured crop damage size in 2002's crop damage area. It happened about 152bags of rice during the two months from on August to September 2003. Migration routes of Spot-billed Duck were that it was migrated from up the sihwa lake to reed marsh. It took a rest at reed marsh and migrated the surrounding rice fields for the feeding action. In 2002, it was migrated direct from up the sihwa lake to in surrounding rice fields. But as environment of reed marsh was improved better than 2002, it was migrated to reed marsh because of reducing the energy attrition rate. Crop damage reduction countermeasures are get on ears to use explosion machine, searchlight, start-gun and patrol at regular intervals. Which was an effect short term. Indirect method is to make a feeding area of substitution at up the sihwa lake and reed marsh of sihwa lake.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2008

We have investigated the characteristics of $Al_{0.55}Ga_{0.45}N$/GaN heterostructures with and without low-temperature (LT) AlN interlayer grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The structural and optical properties were systematically studied by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OMS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and photoluminescence (PL). The Al content (x) of 55% and the structural properties of $Al_xGa_{1-x}N$/GaN heterostructures were investigated by using RBS and XRD, respectively. We carried out OMS and SEM experiments and obtained a decrease of the crack network in $Al_{0.55}Ga_{0.45}N$ layer with LT-AlN interlayer. A two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG)-related PL peak located at ${\sim}3.437eV$ was observed at 10 K for $Al_{0.55}Ga_{0.45}N$/GaN with LT-AlN interlayer. The 2DEG-related emission intensity gradually decreased with increasing temperature and disappeared at temperatures around 100 K. In addition, with increasing the excitation power above 3.0 mW, two 2DEG-related PL peaks were observed at ${\sim}3.411$ and ${\sim}3.437eV$. The observed lower-energy and higher-energy side 2DEG peaks were attributed to the transitions from the sub-band level and the Fermi energy level of 2DEG at the AlGaN/LT-AlN/GaN heterointerface, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.310-310
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• 2014

ZnO박막은 넓은 밴드갭 (3.37 eV), 높은 여기 결합 에너지 (60 meV)를 가지는 육방정계 우르자이트(hexagonal wurtzite) 결정구조를 가지는 II-VI족 화합물 반도체로, 가시광선 영역에서의 높은 광학적 투과도 특성과 자외선 파장에서 발광이 가능한 장점을 가진다. 최근, ZnO박막 성장 기술이 상당히 발전하였지만, 아직까지도 p-형 ZnO박막 성장 기술은 충분히 발전하지 못하여 ZnO의 동종접합 LED는 아직 상용화되지 않고 있는 실정이다. 따라서, 많은 연구 그룹에서 p-GaN, p-SiC, p-diamond, p-Si 등과 같은 p-type 물질 위에 n-type ZnO를 성장시킨 이종접합 다이오드가 연구되고 있다. 특히, p-GaN의 경우 ZnO와의 격자 불일치 정도가 1.8 % 정도로 작다는 장점이 있어 많은 연구가 이루어 지고 있다. 일반적으로 c-축을 기반으로 한 극성ZnO 발광다이오드에서는 자발 분극과 압전 분극 현상에 의해 밴드 휨 현상이 발생하고, 이로 인해 전자와 정공의 공간적 분리가 발생하게 되어 발광 재결합 효율이 제한되고 있다는 문제가 발생한다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 극성 (0001) 및 비극성 (10-10) n-ZnO/p-GaN 발광다이오드의 성장 및 발광 소자의 전기 및 광학적 특성에 대한 비교 연구를 진행하였다. 금속유기 화학증착법을 이용하여 c-면과 m-면 위에 각각 극성 (0001) 및 반극성 (11-22) GaN박막을 $2.0{\mu}m$ 성장시킨 후 Mg 도핑을 한 p-GaN을 $0.4{\mu}m$ 성장시켜 각각 극성 (0001) 및 반극성 (11-22) p-GaN템플릿을 준비하였다. 이후, N2분위기 $700^{\circ}C$에서 3분동안 열처리를 통하여 Mg 도펀트를 활성화시킨 후 원자층 증착법을 이용하여 동시에 극성 및 반극성 p-GaN의 위에 n-ZnO를 $0.11{\mu}m$ 성장시켜 이종접합구조의 발광소자를 형성하였다. 이때, 극성 (0001) p-GaN 위에는 극성의 n-ZnO 박막이 성장되는 반면, 반극성 (11-22) p-GaN 위에는 비극성 (10-10) n-ZnO 박막이 성장됨을 HR-XRD로 확인하였다. 극성 (0001) n-ZnO/p-GaN이종접합 발광다이오드의 전계 발광 스펙트럼에서는 430 nm 와 550 nm의 두 피크가 동시에 관찰되었다. 430 nm 대역의 파장은 p-GaN의 깊은 준위에서 발광하는 것으로 판단되며, 550 nm 피크 영역은 ZnO의 깊은 준위에서 발광되는 것으로 판단된다. 특히, 10 mA 이하의 저전류 주입시 550 nm의 피크는 430 nm 영역보다 더 큰 발광세기를 나타내고 있다. 하지만, 10 mA 이상의 전류주입 하에서는 550 nm의 영역보다 430 nm의 발광세기가 더욱 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이것은 ZnO의 밴드갭이 3.37 eV로 GaN의 밴드갭인 3.4 eV다 작기 때문에 우선적으로 ZnO의 깊은 준위에서 발광하는 550 nm가 더욱 우세하지만, 지속적으로 전류주입 증가에 따른 캐리어 증가시 n-ZnO에서 p-GaN로 전자가 넘어가며 p-GaN의 깊은 준위인 430 nm에서의 피크가 우세해지는 것으로 판단된다. 반면에, 비극성 (10-10) n-ZnO/반극성 (11-22) p-GaN 구조의 이종접합 발광다이오드로 전계 발광 스펙트럼에서는 극성 (0001) n-ZnO/p-GaN에 비하여 매우 낮은 전계 발광 세기를 나타내고 있다. 이는, 극성 n-ZnO/p-GaN에 비하여 비극성 n-ZnO/반극성 p-GaN의 결정성이 상대적으로 낮기 때문으로 판단된다. 또한, 20 mA 영역에서도 510 nm의 깊은 준위와 430 nm의 발광이 관찰되었다. 동일한 20 mA하에서 두 피크의 발광세기를 비교하면 430 nm의 영역은 극성 n-ZnO/p-GaN에 비하여 매우 낮은 값을 나타내고 있다. 이는 반극성 (11-22) p-GaN의 경우 극성 (0001) p-GaN에 비하여 우수한 p-형 특성에 기인한 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of climate on indoor environment of a swine house with natural. This study was tested in the beef swine stall at Young-in, Kyung-ki do. The test was experimented for the effect of interior environment by the outdoor environment and the interior-pan. The results are as follows. 1. In test 1 ($T_{out}$ : $25.7^{\circ}C$, without fan), an indoor air flow pattern was showed that entered from sidewall winch-curtain to went out of a indoor by the ridge winch-curtain. And the velocity of a section of the center was measured two times as large as the velocity of the floor. It is the acceleration of the velocity by thermal buoyancy. And, the entered air was rapidly dissipated by flow energy. So that in the swain livestock with sidewall winch-curtain is effected by thermal buoyancy. And the air temperature of the indoor was distributed more higher as compared with the outdoor temperature. This result is caused by the sensible heat from swine and the ventilation is restricted. 2. In test 2 (($T_{out}$ : $25.7^{\circ}C$, with fan), the velocity of a section of the center was measured more higher as compared with the test 1. And the variance of air velocity was distributed higher as compared with the test 1. This result is showed dead region of air flow with a fan operation. And, the variance of gas density was distributed lower as compared with the test 1.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2007

The use of information on natural resources is indispensable to most agricultural activities to avoid disasters, to improve input efficiency, and to increase lam income. Most information is prepared and managed at a spatial scale called the "Hydrologic Unit" (HU), which means watershed or small river basin, because virtually every environmental problem can be handled best within a single HU. South Korea consists of 840 such watersheds and, while other watershed-specific information is routinely managed by government organizations, there are none responsible for agricultural weather and climate. A joint research team of Kyung Hee University and the Agriculture, forestry and Fisheries Information Service has begun a 4-year project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and forestry to establish a watershed-specific agricultural weather information service based on "high definition" digital climate maps (HD-DCMs) utilizing the state of the art geospatial climatological technology. For example, a daily minimum temperature model simulating the thermodynamic nature of cold air with the aid of raster GIS and microwave temperature profiling will quantify effects of cold air drainage on local temperature. By using these techniques and 30-year (1971-2000) synoptic observations, gridded climate data including temperature, solar irradiance, and precipitation will be prepared for each watershed at a 30m spacing. Together with the climatological normals, there will be 3-hourly near-real time meterological mapping using the Korea Meteorological Administration's digital forecasting products which are prepared at a 5 km by 5 km resolution. Resulting HD-DCM database and operational technology will be transferred to local governments, and they will be responsible for routine operations and applications in their region. This paper describes the project in detail and demonstrates some of the interim results.