• Title/Summary/Keyword: 에너지경제연구원

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A New Understanding on Environmental Problems in China - Dilemma between Economic Development and Environmental Protection - (중국 환경문제에 대한 재인식 -경제발전과 환경보호의 딜레마-)

  • Won, Dong-Wook
    • Journal of Environmental Policy
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.45-70
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    • 2006
  • China has achieved great economic growth above 9% annual since it changed to more of a market economy system by its reform and open-door policy. At the same time, China has experienced severe ecological deterioration, such as air and water pollutions caused by its rapid urbanization and industrialization. China is now confronted with environmental pollution and ecological deterioration at a critical point, at which economic development in China is limited. Moreover, environmental problems in China have become a lit fuse for social fluctuation beyond pollution problems. The root and background of environmental problems in China, firstly, are its government's lack of understanding of these problems and incorrect economic policies affected by political and ideological prejudice. Secondly, the plundering of resources, 'the principle of development first' which didn't consider environmental sustainability is another source of environmental deterioration in China. In addition, a huge population and poverty in China have increased the difficulty in solving its environmental problems, and in fact have accelerated them. The Chinese government has established many environmental laws and institutions, increased environmental investments, and is enlarging the participation of NGOs and the general public in some limited scale to solve its environmental problems. However, it has not obtained effective results because of the lack of environmental investments owing to the government's limit of the development phase, a structural limit of law enforcement and local protectionism, and the limit of political independency in NGOs and the lack of public participation in China. It seems that China remains in the stage of 'economic development first, environmental protection second', contrary to its catch-phrase of 'the harmony between economic development and environmental protection'. China is now confronted with dual pressure both domestically and abroad because of deepening environmental problems. There are growing public's protests and demonstrations in China in response to the spread of damage owing to environmental pollution and ecological deterioration. On the other hand, international society, in particular neighboring countries, regard China as a principal cause of ecological disaster. In the face of this dual pressure, China is presently contemplating a 'recycling economy' that helps sustainable development through the structural reform of industries using too much energy and through more severe law enforcement than now. Therefore, it is desirable to promote regional cooperation more progressively and practically in the direction of building China's ability to solve environmental problems.

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China and Central Asia : Soft Balancing Strategy against the U.S. (중국과 중앙아시아 관계 : 미국에 대한 소프트밸런싱 전략을 중심으로)

  • Kang, Teak Goo;Kim, Yei kyoung
    • Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.121-146
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    • 2012
  • The purpose of this paper is to study on China's emergence and its influence on international society against the U.S. hegemony. Recently, China's influence has proliferated in Central Asia as well as East Asia at a rapid rate. China, through its soft balancing strategy, increased its influence in Central Asia in response to the U.S. power and behavior. This study analyzes the relationship among China and Central Asia with the view of soft balancing theory. In order to determine whether China's strategy on Central Asia is soft balancing, this paper presents three indicators: 1) Second-tier major power is willing to take a strategy that increase diplomatic cost of hegemony or counter the hegemony influence through using regional and global multilateral cooperation. 2) Second-tier major power is willing to not only increase its influence by strengthening regional economic cooperation, but also check the extension of the hegemony economic influence into its boundary. 3) Second-tier major power intends to prevent expanding hegemony military influence into the region through limited military cooperation and increasing military spending, and denying territory. This paper analyze China's multi-polar strategy, economic and energy cooperation with Central Asia countries, and the military and security cooperation with multilateral organizations such as SCO.

Development of Sulfated Oyster Shell-Based Solidifying Agent for Flowable Backfill Material (황산처리 굴패각을 이용한 유동성 뒷채움용 고화재 개발)

  • Wang, Xue;Kim, Sung Bae;Kim, Chang-Joon
    • Clean Technology
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.315-322
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    • 2018
  • Industrial use of waste oyster shells is limited because of requiring excessive energy for converting natural oyster shells in the form of calcium carbonate ($CaCO_3$) into calcium oxide (CaO) for this purpose. This study aimed to develop energy-saving process for producing solidifying agent using waste oyster shells for backfill materials. It was suggested that oyster shells were converted to calcium sulfates which were mixed with sodium hydroxide solution and red clay, forming solid specimen. The optimal concentrations of sulfuric acid for sulfation of oyster shell and sodium hydroxide to generate calcium hydroxide ($Ca(OH)_2$), were determined. Unconfined compressive strength of solid specimen increased with increasing the content of solidifying agent while it increased also with increasing ratio of natural oyster shells to coal ash. The result clearly demonstrates that solidifying agent consisting of sulfuric acid-treated oyster shell, coal ash, and sodium hydroxide solution, can be effectively utilized for preparing backfill materials using natural oyster shell and coal ash. Sulfuric acid-treated oyster shell-based solidifying agent has not been previously developed and will contribute to broaden industrial application of waste oyster shells.

Evaluation of Cavity Characterization Using Infrared Thermal Images (적외선 이미지를 이용한 지하공동 평가)

  • Jang, Byeong-Su;Kim, Young-Seok;Kim, Se-Won ;Choi, Hyun-Jun;Yoon, Hyung-Koo
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.39 no.7
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    • pp.69-76
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    • 2023
  • Cavity causes settlement and its remediation after an accident results in significant time and economic losses. This study aims to experimentally evaluate the prospect of using infrared camera to detect and measure underground subsidence. Emissivity is necessary to detect the energy emitted from an object and accurately assess temperature using an infrared camera. The emissivity in laboratory tests is fixed to evaluate a reasonable distance between the infrared camera and the object, and temperature values are assessed at various distances. In field experiments, the cavity of the field experiment is simulated using a PVC pipe with a diameter of 5 cm, artificially buried at depths of 5 and 25 cm from the surface. The infrared camera measurements are taken from 4 PM to 3 PM of the next day (a total of 23 h). The analysis included the time-series temperature distribution and the cooling rate index assessment, which represents the temperature change rate per unit of time. The results showed that various temperature trends are observed depending on the location of the subsidence. This study demonstrates that the infrared camera can be used to assess the condition of the subsurface.

북한 대중국 교역 의존도의 국제 비교

  • Jeong, Su-Jin;Choe, Yeong-Yun
    • KDI북한경제리뷰
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.41-58
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    • 2020
  • 1998~2017년 북한의 교역을 관측한 결과, 북한의 대중 교역 비중은 꾸준히 증가하여 2017년에는 그 비중이 94.8%까지 높아진 것으로 관찰됐다. 즉, 동기간의 북한의 대중국 교역 의존도가 급증한 것을 확인 할 수 있다. 이러한 북한의 대중국 교역 의존도가 북한만의 특이한 교역 구조인지 확인하기 위해 본고는 ① 전세계, ② 아시아, ③ 중국 접경 국가를 비교군으로 설정하여 시계열 및 횡단면 비교를 각각 실시하였다. 먼저 시계열로 비교한 결과 1998~2017년 전 기간 동안 북한은 전세계, 아시아, 중국 접경 국가 보다 대중국 교역의존도가 현저히 높았던 것으로 나타났다. 또한 북한은 대중국 교역의존도 증가 추세 역시 가장 가파른 국가로 확인됐다. 예를 들어, 1998년 북한의 대중국 교역 의존도는 24.8%, 아시아 지역의 대중국 교역 의존도는 6.5%로 북한이 아시아 지역에 비해 약 3.8배 높았으나, 2017년의 경우 북한 94.8%, 아시아 19.4%로 약 4.9배 더 높은 것으로 나타나 지난 20년 동안 북한의 대중국 교역 의존도가 다른 전세계 국가들에 비해 가파르게 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 중국 접경 국가군에 소속된 개별 국가와 비교한 결과, 북한 다음으로 대중국 교역 의존도가 높고, 가파르게 증가한 국가는 몽골과 미얀마인 것으로 관찰된다. 그러나 몽골, 미얀마는 북한에 비해서 대중국 교역 의존도 증가 추세는 상대적으로 완만하다. 다음으로, 본고에서 설정한 최종 관측연도인 2017년 한해에 대해 횡단면 비교를 실시하였다. 횡단면 비교에서는 대중국 교역 의존도를 수출입 의존도로 세분화하여 비교하고, 대중국 GDP 의존도를 추가하여 비교했다. 그 결과 2017년 북한의 대중국 수출입 의존도 모두 전세계, 아시아, 중국 접경 국가들 중 가장 높은 순위를 기록했다. 특이한 점은 북한의 대중국 교역의존도는 수출보다 수입에서 높게 나타난 반면, 북한 다음으로 대중국 교역 의존도가 높은 몽골과 미얀마의 경우 수입보다 수출의 대중국 의존도가 높게 나타났다는 점이다. 대중국 GDP 의존도의 경우 북한은 중국 접경 국가들 중 몽골과 베트남 다음으로 의존도가 높은 국가로 확인된다. 추가적으로 2017년의 북한, 몽골 및 미얀마의 교역 특징을 알아보았다. 먼저 북한, 몽골, 미얀마의 대중 교역 품목을 비교한 결과 이들 3개국 모두 공통적으로 주로 석탄, 천연가스 등의 천연자원을 중국에 수출한다는 특징을 가진다. 그러나 수입의 경우 북한은 대두유와 같은 식량류와 합성 직물, 무선 전화기 등을 주로 수입하는 반면, 몽골과 미얀마는 산업 생산에 필요한 에너지 및 부속품을 주로 수입한다는 차이점이 있었다. 다음으로, 2017년 북한과 몽골, 미얀마가 가장 많이 교역한 중국의 성(省)을 비교해본 결과, 북한은 요녕성, 몽골은 내몽고자치구, 미얀마는 운남성과의 교역이 가장 많았다는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 대중 교역 의존도가 높은 3개 국가들이 중국과 국경을 접한 성(省)과 가장 교역을 많이 한다는 특징을 확인할 수 있었다.

Estimating CO2 Emission Reduction of Non-capture CO2 Utilization (NCCU) Technology (NCCU(Non-Capture CO2 Utilization) 기술의 CO2 감축 잠재량 산정)

  • Lee, Ji Hyun;Lee, Dong Woog;Gyu, Jang Se;Kwak, No-Sang;Lee, In Young;Jang, Kyung Ryoung;Choi, Jong-shin;Shim, Jae-Goo
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.53 no.5
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    • pp.590-596
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    • 2015
  • Estimating potential of $CO_2$ emission reduction of non-capture $CO_2$ utilization (NCCU) technology was evaluated. NCCU is sodium bicarbonate production technology through the carbonation reaction of $CO_2$ contained in the flue gas. For the estimating the $CO_2$ emission reduction, process simulation using process simulator (PRO/II) based on a chemical plant which could handle $CO_2$ of 100 tons per day was performed, Also for the estimation of the indirect $CO_2$ reduction, the solvay process which is a conventional technology for the production of sodium carbonate/sodium bicarbonate, was studied. The results of the analysis showed that in case of the solvay process, overall $CO_2$ emission was estimated as 48,862 ton per year based on the energy consumption for the production of $NaHCO_3$ ($7.4GJ/tNaHCO_3$). While for the NCCU technology, the direct $CO_2$ reduction through the $CO_2$ carbonation was estimated as 36,500 ton per year and the indirect $CO_2$ reduction through the lower energy consumption was 46,885 ton per year which lead to 83,385 ton per year in total. From these results, it could be concluded that sodium bicarbonate production technology through the carbonation reaction of $CO_2$ contained in the flue was energy efficient and could be one of the promising technology for the low $CO_2$ emission technology.

Applied Technologies and Effects for the Carbon Zero Office Building (업무용 탄소제로건물의 적용기술 및 효과)

  • Lee, Jae-Bum;Hong, Sung-Chul;Beak, Name-Choon;Choi, Jin-Young;Hong, You-Deog;Lee, Suk-Jo;Lee, Dong-won
    • Journal of Climate Change Research
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    • v.2 no.4
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    • pp.283-295
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    • 2011
  • Many actions against climate change have been taken to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions at home and abroad. As of 2007, the GHGs emitted from buildings accounted for about 23 % of Korea's total GHGs emission, which is the second largest GHG reduction potential following industry. In this study, we introduced Carbon Zero Building (CZB), which was constructed by the National Institute of Environmental Research to cut down GHGs from buildings in Korea, and evaluated the main applied technologies, the amount of energy load and reduced energy, and economic values for CZB to provide data that could be a basis in the future construction of this kind of carbon-neutral buildings. A total of 66 technologies were applied for this building in order to achieve carbon zero emissions. Applied technologies include 30 energy consumption reduction technologies, 18 energy efficiency technologies, and 5 eco-friendly technologies. Out of total annual energy load ($123.8kWh/m^2$), about 40% of energy load ($49kWh/m^2$) was reduced by using passive technologies such as super insulation and use of high efficiency equipments and the other 60% ($74.8kWh/m^2$) was reduced by using active technologies such as solar voltaic, solar thermal, and geothermal energy. The construction cost of CZB was 1.4 times higher than ordinary buildings. However, if active technologies are excluded, the construction cost is similar to that of ordinary buildings. It was estimated that we could save annually about 102 million won directly from energy saving and about 2.2 million won indirectly from additional saving by the reduction in GHGs and atmospheric pollutants. In terms of carbon, we could reduce 100 ton of $CO_2$ emissions per year. In our Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis, the Break Even Point (BEP) for the additional construction cost was estimated to be around 20.6 years.

Analysis of Determinants of Carbon Emissions Considering the Electricity Trade Situation of Connected Countries and the Introduction of the Carbon Emission Trading System in Europe (유럽 내 탄소배출권거래제 도입에 따른 연결계통국가들의 전력교역 상황을 고려한 탄소배출량 결정요인분석)

  • Yoon, Kyungsoo;Hong, Won Jun
    • Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.165-204
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    • 2022
  • This study organized data from 2000 to 2014 for 20 grid-connected countries in Europe and analyzed the determinants of carbon emissions through the panel GLS method considering the problem of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. At the same time, the effect of introducing ETS was considered by dividing the sample period as of 2005 when the European emission trading system was introduced. Carbon emissions from individual countries were used as dependent variables, and proportion of generation by each source, power self-sufficiency ratio of neighboring countries, power production from resource-holding countries, concentration of power sources, total energy consumption per capita in the industrial sector, tax of electricity, net electricity export per capita, and size of national territory per capita. According to the estimation results, the proportion of nuclear power and renewable energy generation, concentration of power sources, and size of the national territory area per capita had a negative (-) effect on carbon emissions both before and after 2005. On the other hand, the proportion of coal power generation, the power supply and demand rate of neighboring countries, the power production of resource-holding countries, and the total energy consumption per capita in the industrial sector were found to have a positive (+) effect on carbon emissions. In addition, the proportion of gas generation had a negative (-) effect on carbon emissions, and tax of electricity were found to have a positive (+) effect. However, all of these were only significant before 2005. It was found that net electricity export per capita had a negative (-) effect on carbon emissions only after 2005. The results of this study suggest macroscopic strategies to reduce carbon emissions to green growth, suggesting mid- to long-term power mix optimization measures considering the electricity trade market and their role.

The Relationship Between DEA Model-based Eco-Efficiency and Economic Performance (DEA 모형 기반의 에코효율성과 경제적 성과의 연관성)

  • Kim, Myoung-Jong
    • Journal of Environmental Policy
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.3-49
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    • 2014
  • Growing interest of stakeholders on corporate responsibilities for environment and tightening environmental regulations are highlighting the importance of environmental management more than ever. However, companies' awareness of the importance of environment is still falling behind, and related academic works have not shown consistent conclusions on the relationship between environmental performance and economic performance. One of the reasons is different ways of measuring these two performances. The evaluation scope of economic performance is relatively narrow and the performance can be measured by a unified unit such as price, while the scope of environmental performance is diverse and a wide range of units are used for measuring environmental performances instead of using a single unified unit. Therefore, the results of works can be different depending on the performance indicators selected. In order to resolve this problem, generalized and standardized performance indicators should be developed. In particular, the performance indicators should be able to cover the concepts of both environmental and economic performances because the recent idea of environmental management has expanded to encompass the concept of sustainability. Another reason is that most of the current researches tend to focus on the motive of environmental investments and environmental performance, and do not offer a guideline for an effective implementation strategy for environmental management. For example, a process improvement strategy or a market discrimination strategy can be deployed through comparing the environment competitiveness among the companies in the same or similar industries, so that a virtuous cyclical relationship between environmental and economic performances can be secured. A novel method for measuring eco-efficiency by utilizing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which is able to combine multiple environmental and economic performances, is proposed in this report. Based on the eco-efficiencies, the environmental competitiveness is analyzed and the optimal combination of inputs and outputs are recommended for improving the eco-efficiencies of inefficient firms. Furthermore, the panel analysis is applied to the causal relationship between eco-efficiency and economic performance, and the pooled regression model is used to investigate the relationship between eco-efficiency and economic performance. The four-year eco-efficiencies between 2010 and 2013 of 23 companies are obtained from the DEA analysis; a comparison of efficiencies among 23 companies is carried out in terms of technical efficiency(TE), pure technical efficiency(PTE) and scale efficiency(SE), and then a set of recommendations for optimal combination of inputs and outputs are suggested for the inefficient companies. Furthermore, the experimental results with the panel analysis have demonstrated the causality from eco-efficiency to economic performance. The results of the pooled regression have shown that eco-efficiency positively affect financial perform ances(ROA and ROS) of the companies, as well as firm values(Tobin Q, stock price, and stock returns). This report proposes a novel approach for generating standardized performance indicators obtained from multiple environmental and economic performances, so that it is able to enhance the generality of relevant researches and provide a deep insight into the sustainability of environmental management. Furthermore, using efficiency indicators obtained from the DEA model, the cause of change in eco-efficiency can be investigated and an effective strategy for environmental management can be suggested. Finally, this report can be a motive for environmental management by providing empirical evidence that environmental investments can improve economic performance.

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전기요금(電氣料金) 변동(變動)의 국민경제적(國民經濟的) 효과(效果) 분석(分析)

  • Han, Jin-Hui;Yu, Si-Yong
    • KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.195-246
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    • 1997
  • 우리나라에서 전기요금은 공공요금으로서 정부의 정책의지에 의하여 크게 영향을 받아왔다. 또한 전기요금수준 조정시 규제당국의 주된 관심은 요금인상이 국민경제에 미치는 영향, 특히 물가 및 무역수지에 미치는 영향에 있었다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 상황에서 전기요금변동의 국민경제적 영향에 대한 신뢰할 수 있는 분석결과는 올바른 정책수립에 필수적이라고 할 수 있다. 본고는 계산가능한 일반균형모형(Computable General Equilibrium model)을 이용하여 1993년도의 산업연관표를 토대로 전기요금의 인상이 물가, 수출입 등 거시변수에 미치는 효과 및 산업부문별 효과를 살펴본 것이다. 전기요금인상이 물가에 미치는 영향은 간단히 '전기요금인상률${\times}$물가가중치'라는 공식으로 계산해볼 수 있다. 이에 따르면 전기의 소비자물가 가중치가 14/1,000이므로 전기요금인상률이 4%일 때 소비자물가상승률은 약 0.056%가 된다. 그러나 전기가 타산업의 중간투입물로 사용되므로 전기요금인상은 타산업 산출물의 가격상승을 유발하고 다시 투입-산출관계에 의하여 추가적인 물가상승을 불러일으키게 된다. 이러한 일반균형적 효과를 모두 고려하여, 본 연구에서 계산한 소비자물가상승률은 0.083%로서 위 수치의 약 1.5배이다. 또한 본고에서는 전기요금인상에 따라 수출과 수입 모두 감소하되, 수출감소율이 수입감소율보다 크게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 전기요금인상에 따라 전기수요가 감소하여 에너지수입이 감소하고, 그로 인해 무역수지가 개선되리라는 일부의 주장과는 매우 대조적이다. 산업별로는 전기요금인상에 따라 서비스업의 가격상승이 두드러지는 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 서비스업부문의 국내재와 수입재간의 대체가능성이 타부문에 비하여 크게 낮은 데 기인한 것으로 보인다. 본고의 결과를 전기요금이 인상되어서는 안 된다고 해석하는 것은 오류일 수 있다. 전기요금인상의 타당성은 전력산업에 대한 종합적인 미시적 분석에 기초하여야 한다.

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