• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.128-137
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• 2006

관우(關于) ${\ulcorner}$상한론(傷寒論)${\lrcorner}$ 적발어양화발어음적조문(的發於陽和發於陰的條文), 유허다부동적론쟁이의가적해석야도부일치(有許多不同的論爭而醫家的解釋也都不一致), 특별시관우음양적개념(特別是關于陰陽的槪念), 화발어음증적발열유무(和發於陰證的發熱有無), 치유시기(治愈時期), 의가적설명전각양각색이몰유일관적해석(醫家的說明全各樣各色而沒有一貫的解釋). 소이아주장료이하문제(所以我主張了以下問題), 기내용여하(其內容如下). 기일시발병부위(其一是發病部位), 발어양증시표현위기장성적정황하(發於陽證是表現衛氣壯盛的情況下) 감수외아구이병정위중적상태(感受外雅邱而病情危重的狀態). 발어음증적음지의의시표현인(發於陰證的陰之意義是表現人) 체내부적문제(體內部的問題), 저취시위기허적상태(這就是衛氣虛的狀態). 기이시발어음증적발열유무(其二是發於陰證的發熱有無), 가이추론재발어음증적상태상(可以推論在發於陰證的狀態上), 유용오하(有用誤下)오치(誤治) 적정황(的情況), 기정황취시발열증상(其情況就是發熱症狀), 소이발어음증(所以發於陰證) 초미견발열증(初未見發熱症), 단재병적진행과정상(但在病的進行過程上), 각유발열증상(却有發熱症狀). 기삼시치유시기(其三是治愈時期) 부요론칠일여륙일적시간(不要論七日與六日的時間), 단수요설명발어양적치응시기비발어음적치유시기요장(但需要說明發於陽的治應時期比發於陰的治愈時期要長). 발어양증비발어음증(發於陽證比發於陰證), 기병정위중(其病情危重), 소이수요제거아기병회복위기적시간(所以需要除去雅氣幷恢復衛氣的時間). 총지(總之) 발어양증적치유시기비발어음증적치유시기수요장(發於陽證的治愈時期比發於陰證的治愈時期需要長).

• Journal of Korean Electronics
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.46-53
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• 1981

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1977.06a
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• pp.6.1-6
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• 1977

Among the various audiometric test batteries, pure tone and speech audiometry was carried as routine. During the past 20 years, there have been works on speech word list for Korean language. As a preliminary work for standardization of Korean speech word list, the authors are intended to study on the factors of test methods with these proposal speech word lists. Now, authors has studied as followings methods and materials and the results were obtained as followings. A. Materials and Methods a. Word List 1. Paik Chun Kee (Paik) 2. Soh Jin Myoung (Soh) 3. Cynn Kyu Shik (Cynn) 4. Lee Jong Dam (Lee) 5. Hahm Tae Young (Hahm) b. Test Method 1. ascending 2. descending c. Test Material 1. live voice 2. Recorded male voice 3. Recorded female voice B. Results 1. Score of ascending method was better result than descending method. 2. Speech reception threshold and discrimination score were better in recorded female voice, live voice and recorded male voice in that order. 3. Speech reception thresholds among tested word lists were Hahm, Lee, Soh, Cynn and Paik in that order. 4. Discrimination score was highest with Cynn and Lee, Soh, Hahm, Paik in that order.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.13-20
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• 2008

Although digital hearing aid algorithms have been developed to compensate hearing loss and to help hearing impaired people to communicate with others, digital hearing aid user still complain about difficulty of hearing the speech. The reason could be the quality of speech through digital hearing aid is insufficient to understand the speech caused by feedback, residual noise and etc. And another thing is masking effect among formants that makes sound quality low. In this study, we measured the masking characteristics of normal listeners and hearing impaired listeners having presbyacusis to confirm masking effect in speech itself. The experiment is composed of 5 tests; pure tone test, speech reception threshold (SRT) test, word recognition score (WRS) test, puretone masking test and speech masking test. In speech masking test, there are 25 speeches in each speech set. And log likelihood ratio (LLR) is introduced to evaluate the distortion of each speech objectively. As a result, the speech perception became lower by increasing the quantity of formant enhancement. And each enhanced speech in a speech set has statistically similar LLR, however speech perception is not. It means that acoustic masking effect rather than distortion influences speech perception. In actuality, according to the result of frequency analysis of the speech that people can not answer correctly, level difference between first formant and second formant is about 35dB, and it is similar to result of pure tone masking test(normal hearing subject:36.36dB, hearing impaired subject:32.86dB). Characteristics of masking effect is not similar between normal listeners and hearing impaired listeners. So it is required to check the characteristics of masking effect before wearing a hearing aid and to apply this characteristics to fitting.

• Electric Engineers Magazine
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• v.175 no.3
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• pp.63-63
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• 1997

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.38.2-39
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• 1981

Speech reception threshold is a base for word discrimination testing, but it also serves as a check for the reliability of pure tone audiogram. In order to investigate the correlation between SRT and PTA these tests were carried out in patients with conductive hearing loss and normal hearing, using Grason-Stadler 1702 Audiometer. The results were as follows; 1) The difference between the scores of SRT and PTA's was 2.4 dB with a range of -3.3 dB∼+8.3 dB in conductive hearing loss, and was 1.9 dB with a range of -6.7 dB∼+5 dB in normal hearing group. 2) The difference between the scores of SRT and each speech frequency of PTA was 6 dB at 500 Hz, 3 dB at 1,000 Hz and 8.8 dB at 2,000 Hz in conductive hearing loss, and 3 dB at 500Hz, 2 dB at 1,000Hz, and 5dB at 2,000Hz in normal hearing group.

• Venture DIGEST
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• no.1 s.126
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• pp.56-57
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• 2009

회사를 경영하다보면 급하게 자금이 필요한 경우가 매우 흔하게 발생하지만, 그때마다 번거롭게 거래은행을 찾아가 대출을 받기도 쉽지 않은데다 거래회사의 자금사정이 나빠져 들어와야 할 돈이 제때에 들어오지 않는다면 무척 곤혹스러운 상황이 된다. 이럴 때 경영자에게 빛과 소금 같은 것이 '융통어음'이다. 융통어음이란 과연 무엇이고, 어떻게 써야 효과가 있을까?

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.300-307
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• 1996

한글은 세계 여느 문자처럼 자연 발생적으로 생긴 문자체계가 아니라 수천년간 인류의 어음에 대한 사유와 고도의 어음기술이 집약된 문자관에 의해 연역적 방법으로 창제된 문자체계이므로 다른 문자와는 차별적인 연구방법이 요구된다. 세종조에 편찬되었던 ${\ll}훈민정음{\gg}{;\}.{\;}{\ll}홍무정운역훈{\gg}{;\}.{\;}{\ll}동국정운{\gg}$는 제작 동기와 목적이 달라서 각각 상이한 어음체계를 가지고 있는데, 각 어음체계가 필요로 하는 글자꼴을 한글은 27개(자음16개, 모음11개)의 기본글자꼴에 발음부위 및 발음방법을 상형한 새로운 글자꼴을 제공하여 각각의 문자체계를 구성하였다. 유교적 언어관의 토양에서 세상 모든 음의 생성원리에 의해 창제된 한글은 바로 세상의 모든 음을 표기할 수 있는 문자체계인 것이다. 이러한 한글음성문자는 오늘날 이질어음체계의 외국어를 표음하는 데에도 예외 없이 적용될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 글자꼴의 유연성.응용면에서 국제음성문자(I.P.A)보다 월등히 과학적이고 완정한 음성문자로서 기능할 수 있다.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 2014

The aims of this study was to investigate influences of speech discrimination score(SDS) depending on inter-syllable pause duration in participant with child of cochlear implantation(CI). 12 child of CI-user participated. The word for SDS was used self-made meaningless three-syllable. The pause duration of inter-syllable was adjusted to 250, 500, 1,000 millisecond(ms). Discrimination score of closed-set speech was obtained at most comfortable loudness(MCL). SDS were improved in CI group for 62.08, 63.75, 69.58 %, but there were no significant changes in child of CI group(p = .4635). SDS was improved depending on inter-syllable pause duration in child of CI.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.947-960
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• 2023

In Korea, traditional paper promissory notes are currently undergoing a transformation, being gradually replaced by electronic notes. This transformation is being steered under the Korea Financial Telecommunications Institute, a trusted authority. However, existing electronic systems have security vulnerabilities, including the risk of hacking and internal errors within the institute. To this end, we have defined a novel anonymous electronic promissory note system based on blockchain. We have constructed a concrete protocol and conducted security analysis of our protocol. Note that, in our protocol, every note information is committed so that the note remains undisclosed until the point of payment. Once the note information becomes public on the blockchain, it enables the detection of illicit activities, such as money laundering and tax evasion. Furthermore, our protocol incorporates a feature of split endorsement, which is a crucial functionality permitted by the Korean electronic note system. Consequently, our proposed protocol is suitable for practical applications in financial transactions.