• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.113-123
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• 2022

The blood and physiological changes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were analyzed when the water temperature was rapidly increased from 20℃ (control) to 26 and 32℃. The water temperature reached 26℃ and 32℃ within 6 hours from the water temperature of 20℃, and the control was maintained at 20℃ for the duration of the experiment. From each experimental group, blood was collected every 3, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the water temperature rise, and the red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, cortisol, glucose, aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) contents were analyzed. In the case of the crucian carp experimental group where the water temperature was raised to 32℃, the concentrations of plasma cortisol, glucose, AST and ALT increased 3 hours after the water temperature rise, and the concentrations did not decrease until 48 hours (P<0.05). Plasma cortisol, glucose, AST, and ALT in both C. carpio and C. auratus in the control group and the experimental group raised to 26℃ increased at 3 hours after the water temperature rise (P<0.05), and decreased to the value before the water temperature rise at 48 hours (P<0.05). The plasma Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^- concentrations of C. carpio and C. auratus in the experimental group where the water temperature was raised to 32℃ were higher than in the 20 and 26℃ experimental groups. The blood reaction of all experimental groups including the control group showed a common trend in both C. carpio and C. auratus increasing up to 12 hours after the water temperature rise and then decreasing at 48 hours after the water temperature rise. The results derived from this study would be useful for investigating the physiological response of fish stress in future. In addition, as fish mortality has recently occurred frequently in rivers and lakes, it is judged that it can be used as basic data.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.175-178
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• 1988

In an attempt to analyze the clonorchicidal activity of linoleic acid and ethyl linoleate in vitro, the wormicidal effects on Clonorchis sinensis were chronologically monitored in dose titration experiments. Encysted metacercariae were killed within a period of 31, $0{\pm}4.0$ min, 149.3k4. 1 min and $207.0{\pm}13.5$ min with 100.0 mg, 0.1 mg and 0.001 mg linoleic acid, respectively. The time required for the linoleic acid to kill adult worms was 167, $0{\pm}0.8$ min with 100.0mg, $253.0{\pm}0.8$ min with 0.1mg, and $277.0{\pm}0.8$ min at 0.001mg titration. Clonorchicidal activity of ethyl linoleate was relatively delayed as death was observed within $263.3{\pm}2.9$ min, $286.0{\pm}0.5$ min, and $318.0{\pm}0.8$ min for 100.0 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml and 0.001 mg/ml concentrations, respectively. The wormicidal effects observed with these pure anti-clonorchal substances were found to be similar to the biological activity of native products derived from the mucus of the fresh water fish.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2002

Two different sizes of olive founder were abruptly (within 30 min) exposed to hyposalinities from 35 to 0 $\textperthousand$ and to 15 $\textperthousand$ in a flow through seawater culture systems with 8 tanks (300 l/tank). Analysis of blood samples showed the following significant increase at 0 $\textperthousand$ S: hematocrit from 16.1 to 23.4% after 3 hr exposure and to 24.6% after 24 hours; plasma cortisol from 1.6 to 22.8 and 9.5 ng/$ml$ at 1 and 24 hi after exposure. At this salinity, survival decreased to 92 and 20 % after 72 and 144 hours of exposure, respectively. Levels of glucose, $Na^{+}and Cl$^{-}$, total protein and AST showed that the fish was under considerable stress. However, the fish showed no significant stress on exposure to 15 $\textperthousand$S.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2009

The proposal of the $CO_2$ ocean sequestration necessitates a thorough understanding of its consequences to aquatic organisms. This paper describes acute toxic responses to high $CO_2$ environment of a cephalopod, Octopus vulgaris. O. vulgaris was chronically cannulated in the abdominal aorta and recovered in a restrained chamber. Acid base variables as well as ion concentrations were estimated in samples of the blood collected from recovered O. vulgaris. 100% mortality occurred within 72h during exposure to 3%-$CO_2$ environment. Hemolymph pH significantly decreased after 30 min during exposure to 1%-$CO_2$ environment without any compensation thereafter. $[HCO_3^-]$ significantly increased from 2.2 mM at 0h to 7.8 mM at 8h, but gradually decreased thereafter. Hemolymph ions $([Cl^-],\;[Na^+],\;[K^+])$ showed no significant changes. O. vulgaris may be more sensitive than teleost, yellowtail, flounder and dogfish.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2011

The metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) were isolated in the whole body muscle of wild freshwater fish, spotted barbel gudgeon (Squalidus multimaculatus Rosoya et Jeon) from the local river in Yeongdeok, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. The infected fish with bumpy body surface by "yellow grub" showed erratic swimming behavior and some fish were died. The isolated excysted metacercariae were tongue shaped and 2.85~5.89 mm ${\times}$ 0.8~1.99 mm in size. 1~98 metacercariae were isolated in individual fish and mean infection intensity was 25. All examined adult spotted barbel gudgeon sizing 7 cm in body length were infected. This is the first report of disease outbreak and mortality caused by C. complanatum infection in wild freshwater fish in Korea.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary 1% garlic extract on nonspecific immune responses and fish diseases (Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus, Vibrio anguillarum, Streptococcus iniae and Edwardsiella tarda) resistance in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish were fed a commercial diets supplemented with 1% garlic extract for 4 weeks. After the 4 weeks feeding experiment, the artificial infection was made by V. anguillarum, S. iniae, E. tarda and VHSV. And the cumulative mortality was monitored for 2 weeks after artificial infection. The cumulative mortalities decreased in all experiments except for group of E. tarda compared to control group. We observed significantly higher levels of the hematocrit, glucose, total protein, lysozyme activity and the macrophage activity in the experimental group compared to the control group. In the experiments of drug sensitivity and MIC using the three bacteria (V. anguillarum, S. iniae and E. tarda), 1% garlic extract was more effective than the previously reported fermented garlic powder. These results suggested that garlic extract can increase the disease resistance of olive flounder against V. anguillarum, S. iniae and VHSV and the ability of nonspecific immune responses.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2017

We evaluated the anti-parasitic efficacy of hydrogen peroxide against a scuticociliate Miamiensis avidus in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. In vitro tests showed that hydrogen peroxide above 50 mg/l is effective for killing M. avidus. In vivo effects were assessed in olive flounder after immersion infection with $2.8{\times}10^3M.\;avidus/ml$ for 2 days, and in naturally infected fish obtained from Jeju area farms. Bathing treatment with 100 and 200 mg/l hydrogen peroxide showed markedly higher survival rates of olive flounder than control groups (p<0.05). The number of live M. avidus in fish tissues were reduced for 3 days in naturally-infected fish after a single bath. In conclusion, hydrogen peroxide can be a good therapeutant particularly in the early stage of M. avidus infection.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 1998

For rapid detection of iridovirus infection, a PCR-based diagnostic method was developed. The genomic DNA from mortality-associated iridovirus was cloned into pUC19 vector. The nucleotide sequences of these clones were compared with sequences of other genes from EMBL/GenBank databank. Based on the nucleotide sequences, PCR primers were prepared and used for PCR. The DNA amplification did not occur from the normal fish cells. In contrast, DNA was amplified from the iridovirus-infected fish cells and purified iridovirus. These results suggest that mortality-associated iridovirus can be detected from virus-infected cells within short time and this PCR-based diagnostic system provides a simple and accurate method for detecting the presence of iridovirus infection.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.194-204
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• 2018

In order to minimize the damage on the red sea bream Pagrus major by a harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, we investigated the effect of feeding, starvation and stocking density on the survival rate, growth, growth restoration and physiological response of P. major exposure to C. polykrikoides. The experimental groups were divided into three groups such as F-HD (feeding and high density with $6.4kg/m^3$), S-HD (starvation and high density with $6.4kg/m^3$) and S-LD (starvation and low density with $3.2kg/m^3$) according to stocking density and starvation in marine cage ($11m{\times}11m{\times}5m$). The F-HD was fed throughout the experiment for 9 weeks, whereas S-HD and S-LD were not fed for 5 weeks and then refeeding for 4 weeks. Survival rate was the lowest in F-HD (85.5%) and S-LD was the highest (97.3%). The growth rates of S-HD and S-LD were significantly lower than F-HD during starvation period for 4 weeks, but rapidly recovered after feeding. The nutritional status such as ALB, TP, TCH, TG were similar to tendency of growth data. Ht, Hb, AST, ALT and GLU levels were significantly higher in the F-HD than in the starvation groups at the same time (in 3 week) during starvation period. But starvation groups did not differ during starvation period. As a result, F-HD is more sensitive to stress than S-HD and S-LD. Thus, during C. polykrikoides bloom period, starvation and stocking density control can help survival and growth restoration of the red sea bream.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.559-565
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• 2014

The fish and attached fish eggs by artificial floating island in lake Soyang was investigation from May to June 2013. The observed fish at the floating island during the survey period were Zacco platypus (5.2 %), Siniperca scherzeri (1.0 %), Lepomis macrochirus (90.8 %) and Micropterus salmoides (3.0 %) at the Cheongpyeong-ri, Cyprinus carpio (0.4 %), Z. platypus (54.6 %), L. macrochirus (20.3 %) and M. salmoides (24.7 %) at the Ungjin-ri. The collected species at the neighboring facility were 22 species belonging the seven families. Among them, exotic species such as Carassius cuvieri, L. macrochirus and M. salmoides. Also, Z. platypus (30.4 %), L. macrochirus (18.9 %), Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis (15.4 %) and Hemibarbus labeo (9.3 %) were numberous. Attached fish eggs number were 708,800 (800 per $m^2$) at the Cheongpyeong-ri and 974,500 (1,100 per $m^2$) at the Ungjin-ri. The fish eggs number were 504,920 of the Carassius auratus (212,640 at the Cheongpyeong-ri, 292,280 at the Ungjin-ri) and 1,178,380 of the C. carpio (496,160 at the Cheongpyeong-ri, 682,220 at the Ungjin-ri). The hatched eggs number were 350,505 of the C. auratus(102,067 at the Cheongpyeong-ri, 248,438 at the Ungjin-ri) and 811,222 of the C. carpio (238,157 at the Cheongpyeong-ri, 573,065 at the Ungjin-ri).