• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.180-188
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• 2006

This study was carried out to offer the raw data on the method of cultivation and ecological characteristic by systematical analysing habitat environment of Tulipa edulis that was expected as medicinal and ornamental resource. The habitat environment was that the altitude was 245 m, the aspect of south, the size of approximately $49\;m^2$, and there was analyzed that Tulipa edulis grew wild in the dryly sunny spot. The vascular plants were summarized as 62 taxa; 28 families, 59 genera, 50 species, 11 varieties and 1 forms, and the resource plants were classified that there were 23 taxa of ornamental plants(37.1%), 43 taxa of edible plants(69.4%), 34 taxa of medicinal plants(54.8%) and 29 taxa of others(46.8%). In the results of soil factors analysis, there showed that acidity was pH 4.9, organic matter content of 4.9%, available $P_{2}O_{5}$ of 3.6 mg/kg, exchangeable $K^+$ of $0.5\;cmol^{+}/kg$, exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ of $3.0\;cmol^{+}/kg$, exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$ of $0.8\;cmol^{+}/kg$, cation exchange capacity(C.E.C) of $12.3\;cmol^{+}/kg$ and electrical conductivity(EC) of 0.3 dS/m. In the results of correlation analysis between soil factors, exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ and C.E.C were highly correlative. The growth characteristics of Tulipa edulis were surveyed that height was 7.6 cm, leaf width of 0.6 cm, leaf length of 12.7 cm, flower width of 2.8 cm, peduncle of 5.4 cm and chlorophyll of $34.7\;{\mu}g\;mg^{-1}$. In the results of correlation analysis between growth characteristics, height and peduncle were highly correlative. In the results of correlation analysis between soil factors and growth characteristics, exchangeable $K^{+}$ and leaf length were high relativity but they were confirmed negative relation. In the results of growth model analysis, R-square of leaf width and exchangeable $K^{+}$ was some 86.4% and that of chlorophyll and exchangeable $K^{+}$ was some 83.7%.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.617-627
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• 2006

The wild plants of the studied area in the Gosan recreational forest was listed 327 taxa: 99 families, 252 genera, 289 species,1 subspecies, 34 varieties and 3 forms. Based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 2 taxa were recorded in the studied areas; Lilium distichum (Presevation priority order: No. 159), Aristolochia contorta (No. 151) and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 4 taxa were recorded; Cephalotaxus koreana, Carex okamotoi, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Weigela subsessilis. Specific plant species by floral region were total 21 taxa; 2 taxa (Asperula lasiantha, Lonicera subhispida) in class III, 4 taxa (Lilium distichum, Potentilla dickinsii, Caryopteris incana, Ligularia fischeri) in class II, 15 taxa (Hosta capitata, Alnus hirsuta, Ribes mandshuricum, Cayratia japonica, Vaccinium oldhami, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 12 families, 28 genera, 31 species, 1 varieties, 32 taxa and naturalization rate was 9.8%. So, wild plants disturbing ecosystem like Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior have been increasing and it needs continuing control and conservation measures on the plant ecosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.657-661
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• 2001

Osteoporosis that is associated with ovarian hormone deficiency following menopause (postmenopausal osteoporosis) is by far the most common cause of age-related bone loss. Isoflavone has been reported as a natural substance that possibly minimizes bone loss in postmenopausal women. This study was conducted to investigate the preventing, treating effects of isoflavone on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. 120 Sprague Dawley rats of 13 week-old were devided into 2 groups, a treatment group and prevention group. Each group was consisted of six subgroups; control (CON), sham operated (SH) or ovariectomized (OVX) and isoflavone supplemented goups: OVX+0.25mg isoflavone/kg diet (OL), OVX+0.8mg isoflavone/kg diet(OM) and OVX+2.5mg isoflavone/kg diet(OH). to study the preventing effects of isoflavone on bone loss, OL, OM and OH groups were fed with isoflavone from 4 days after ovariectomization. Treating effects of isoflavone on bone metabolism were investigated with OL, OM, OH groups supplemented with isoflavone from 8 weeks after ovariectomization. Isoflavone supplementation continued for 8 weeks. At 8 weeks after ovariectomization significant increase in alkaline phosphatase occurred comparing with CON and SH group. By isoflavone supplementation from 4 days after ovariectomy alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline were lowered and bone mineral density, bone strength of the femur and tibia and bone dry weight were slightly enhanced with no significant difference. Isoflavone supplemented group at the level of 0.8mg/kg diet (OM group) had significantly lower serum alkaline phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline, and higher strength of femur than OVX group. Groups with isoflavone supplementation fro 8 weeks after ovariectomy had lower level of serum alkaline phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline than OVX group. Bone mineral density, bone dry weight and bone strength of the femur and tibia were slightly enhanced by isoflavone supplementation. However there was no significanct difference between OVS ad isoflavone supplementation groups. The results suggest that isoflavone might have potential role for preventing postmenopausal bone loss. Isoflavone supplementation at early stage of postemenopause may be beneficial to age-related bone health.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 2016

This study compared the physicochemical characteristics, proximate composition, taste compounds, and antioxidant properties of Sikhye prepared with mulberry fruit concentrate. Analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of Sikhye added with mulberry indicated that sugar content and titratable acidity increased significantly with increasing mulberry concentration, whereas pH decreased significantly. The whiteness index (L) was 36.77~51.40, which significantly decreased with increasing mulberry concentrate. The redness index (a) was -0.90~1.97 and highest in Sikhye sample containing 4% mulberry concentrate. The yellow index (b) was 0.03~1.90 and highest in Sikhye sample containing 1% mulberry concentrate. Analysis of the antioxidant properties of Sikhye added with mulberry indicated that total polyphenol content and flavonoid content increased significantly as the amount of mulberry concentrate increased above 1%. Total anthocyanin color also increased significantly with increasing mulberry concentrate. The mulberry Sikhye sample containing 8% extract showed the strongest antioxidant properties based on DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and FRAP assay. Evaluation of the sensory properties of Sikhye added with mulberry revealed that the most preferred flavor, color, and taste were observed in Sikhye samples containing 2%, 4%, and 8% extract, respectively. However, the highest overall preference was observed in Sikhye sample containing 2% extract, indicating that 2% concentration was most suitable for Sikhye and that flavor and aftertaste were more critical than taste. Analysis of the storage characteristics of Sikhye added with mulberry indicated that total bacteria count increased across all samples with increased storage period. However, total bacteria count in the added mulberry concentration group decreased in comparison to the control group as the amount of added mulberry increased.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.319-329
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• 2017

We investigated the host preference of Ricania app. at different developmental stages to select the effective control methods. Ricania spp. at different developmental stages preferred different host plants. During the nymphal period, individuals moved to the bottom due to environmental factors such as wind and rain, rather than inhabiting trees, and fed on various plants ranging from 1 year-old herbaceous plants to shrubs. Especially, at Palbong Mt. in Gonju, Ricania spp. nymphs preferred Symplocos chinensis f. pilosa, Celastrus orbiculatus, Euonymus alatus, Kalopanax septemlobus, Aralia elata, Styrax japonicas, Rubus parvifolius, Ru. coreanus, Ru. crataegifolius, Quercus acutissima, Cornus officinalis, Lespedeza bicolor, Albizia julibrissin, L. maximowiczii, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Rh. indicum. At Yongbong Mt. in Hongseong, Ricania spp. adults preferred herbaceous plants, such as Helianthus annuus, Solanum nigrum, and Oenothera biennis rather than trees during the pre-oviposition stage. Subsequently, as the oviposition season began, Ricania spp. adults were rarely found in H. annuus, S. nigrum, or O. biennis and appeared to migrate to the perennial trees and shrubs hosts to lay eggs. At Palbong Mt., the main laying hosts of Ricania spp. adults were Weigela subsessilis, Ailanthus altissima, Q. aliena, Boehmeria platanifolia, Diospyros lotus, Ziziphus jujubae var. inermis, St. japonicus, Prunus mume, P. serrulata var. spontanea, Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora, Ru. crataegifolius, Salix koreensis, Ru. yedoense f. poukhanense, and Co. controversa. The degree of egg laying, number of egg masses and adult Ricania spp. were significantly higher in sunlit areas than in shaded areas, in addition, the lower the altitude, the more adults were present. This study contributes toward the development of traps that can attract and control Ricania spp. and reduce the density of Ricania spp. that disturb the ecosystem.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.400-406
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• 2018

In this experiment the effect of supplemental lighting on the growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. 'Fresh') plants during low radiation period of winter season were investigated in glasshouses using common high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps and newly developed plasma lighting system (PLS) lamps. Plants grown without supplemental lighting were considered as a control. Supplemental lighting was provided from November 20th, 2015 to March 15th, 2016 to ensure 14-hour photoperiod (natural+supplemental light), also lamps were operated automatically when the outside sun radiation levels were less than $100W{\cdot}m^{-2}$. Spectral analysis showed that HPS lamp had a discrete spectrum, lacked of the radiation in the 400-550 nm wave band (blue-green light), but had a high output in the orange-red region (550-650 nm). A higher red light output resulted in an increased red to far-red (R/FR) ratio in HPS lamp. PLS had a continuous spectrum and had a peak radiation in green region (490-550 nm). HPS has 12.6% lower output in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) but 12.6% higher output in near infra-red (NIR) spectral regions compared to PLS. Both HPS and PLS lamps emitted very low levels of ultra-violet radiation (300-400 nm). Supplemental lighting both from HPS and PLS lamps increased plant height, leaf number, internode number and dry weight of cucumber plants compared to control. Photosynthetic activity of cucumber plants grown under two supplemental lighting systems was comparable. Number of fruits per cucumber plant (fruit weight per plant) in control, PLS, and HPS plots were 21.2 (2.9 kg), 38.7 (5.5 kg), and 40.4 (5.6 kg), respectively, thereby increasing yield by 1.8-1.9 times in comparison with control. An analysis of the economic feasibility of supplemental lighting in cucumber cultivation showed that considering lamp installation and electricity costs the income from supplemental lighting increased by 37% and 62% for PLS and HPS lamps, respectively.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.299-307
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• 2000

생물학적 동등성 시험은 동일 성분을 동량 함유한 제제가 유사조건에서 투여되었을 경우 그 유효성분이 전신순환혈이나 작용부위에서 유용하게 되는 속도 및 양에 큰 차이가 없음을 입증하는 시험이다. 즉 이미 제조허가 되어 시판중인 의약품과 동일한 품목의 제조허가를 받기 위한 경우이거나 생체이용률이 동일함을 증명하기 위해 실시하는 시험이다. 우리 나라에서는 1989년 1월 1일 이후 허가된 전문의약품으로서 신약과 동일한 의약품, 패취제제, 제제개선을 통해 흡수율을 높이는 경우에 생물학적 동등성 시험을 하도록 의무화하고 있다. 미국 FDA는 1975년 6월 생체이용률, 생물학적 동등성에 관한 규제안을 발표하였고, 우리 나라에서도 1988년 10월에 생물학적 동등성 시험 기준을 제정하였다. 유럽에서는 1991년 12월 CPMP(Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products)에 의해 최초로 "생체이용률 및 생물학적 동등성에 대한 가이드라인"이 채택되었다. 그후 전문가 회의를 거쳐 규정 전반에 관한 것과 일반적 항목에 대한 검토가 이루어져 최종 개정된 가이드라인이 만들어졌다. 현재 in vivo 생체 이용률을 비교하는 생물학적 동등성 시험의 중요성이 증대되고 있고, 국제적으로도 각 국가별 생물학적 동등성 시험의 평가방법이나 기준설정에 대한 연구가 다양하게 이루어지고 있다. 또한 ICH에서도 생물학적 동등성 시험의 국제적 조화를 위한 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 우리 나라의 현행 생물학적 동등성 기준은 1998년 개정된 것을 사용하고 있으나 국제적 발전 추세에 맞추어 기준의 제고를 모색하고 있다. 그 일환으로 유럽의 "의약품의 생체이용률 및 생물학적 동등성 시험 가이드라인"을 소개하고자 한다., globunlin II의 두 component로 분리(分離)되었고 oryzenin은 시료(試料) 육우(陸羽) 132호(號), 등판(藤坂) 5호(號), 관산(關山) 재건(再建)에서는 oryzenin I, oryzenin II, oryzenin III의 3 component를 분리(分離)하였고 팔달(八達), 진흥(振興), 서광(瑞光), 은방주(銀坊主), 다마금(多摩錦), Pin Galw56의 6시료(試料)에서는 oryzenin II, oryzenin III의 2 component만 분리(分離)하였다. 3. 각(各) fraction을 여지전기영동(濾紙電氣泳動)하여 각(各) component의 농도곡선(濃度曲線)에 의해 함량(含量)을 구(求)한 결과(結果) albumin 0.26%, globulin I, 0.35%, globulin II, 0.32%, prolamin, 0.41%, oryzenin I, 0.30%, oryzenin II, 2.23%, oryzenin III, 2.66%이었다.미국의 경우 3일 이내 전화나 FAX로 보고하고, 10일이내 문서로써 보고하도록 되어 있다. 이러한 임상적 안전성 자료 관리에 대한 신속 보고 정의 및 기준에 대해서는 ICH에서도 논의가 되어 Step 4까지 다다르고 있으므로 앞으로 각 국에서의 적용만 남아있는 상태이고 보면 신약의 개발과 더불어 임상시험에서의 부작용등의 안전성 자료 관리에 대한 중요성은 더욱 강조될 것이다.공하는 음식의 섭취정도에도 영향을 주고 있으므로 학생들에게 학부모와 전담교사 및 학교영양사는 학생들에게 이상적인 아침식사에 대한 교육은 물론이고 아침식사를 실천할 수 있도록 다양한 방안에 대해 함께 연구해야 하겠다. 정부차원에서 학교급식에 아침식사 프로그램을 도입할

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2002

This experiment was carried out to obtain some information about overwintering, physiological and ecological characteristics of apple snails. Another purpose of this experiment was to characterize an appetite for rice plants by apple snails and to elucidate their choice of fresh green ones (vegetables, some other crops, weeds in rice fields). The freshwater snails were found with higher population at sites abundant organic compounds such as plant debris and at regions with high temperature. They also prefer calcium-rich water. This is a naturally occurring process. Apple snails were exceptionally veil-adapted to the south regions of Korea, especially Janghang, Jangseong and Haenam, even if the temperature of winter season is cold below 0$^{\circ}C$. Apple snails were not very selective in their food choice and eat almost everything available in their environment. A snail have something called a radula in its mouth for grinding up its food. A apple snail also chews on fruits and young succulent plant barks. In case of reproduction. apple snails deposit about 157$\sim$784 (average of 321 eggs) milky white to pale orange colored eggs above the waterline. In approximately every 22.4 seconds a new egg appears. The total time needed to deposit a egg mass varies from 58 minutes$\sim$4 hours 13 minutes. Apple snails reproduct actively from May to June and from September to October. An appetite of apple snails for rice plants was the different depending on their size and glowing stage for rice plants. Apple snails had a great appetite of rice plants as well as dropwort, tomato, cabbage, radish, aquatic plants etc. They preferred to eat young rice plants and drastically quit eating rice plants of over 40 cm in height. Thus considering the food preference of apple snail for various plants including rice, they were thought to be a potentially strong predator in fields, especially, at regions with warmer winter.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.183-189
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• 2000

This study was carried out to analyze ecophysiological responses for seedling of Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis that are the typical species of deciduous broadleaved forests in Korea. And executed experiments in the climatic control room to provide necessary information to ecological forest management and methods of natural regeneration through the analysis of seedling responses. The details of experimental analysis were growth processes of 4 months after seeding that vary with the condition of three light intensity[relative light intensity(RLI) 8%, 20%, 52%] and three soil moisture[water suction(WS) Ψ=100 hPa, Ψ=280 hPa, Ψ=330 hPa] gradient, growth factors after harvesting and the nutrition condition of leaves. The results of this study are followings: 1) Early growth was prosperous after germination for the species which have more weight of acorn. 2) The formation of lammas shoot was favourable with Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica. And the rate of the occurrence was the highest in the RLI 20%, and it was remarkably reduced in the RLI 8%. 3) As the height growth of seedling of all 3 species were greater in the RLI 20% and 8% than that of the RLI 52%, they showed strong shade tolerance. 4) The increase of light intensity promoted the diameter at root collar growth, and development of main and lateral roots with all 3 species. 5) It showed that the increase of light intensity in the experimental radiation condition raised special leaf area weight(mg/cm$^2$) and leaf area productivity(mg/cm$^2$). Consequently, these resulted in the increase of leaf thickness and total dry biomass per the unit area of leaf. 6) As the increase of light intensity, the minerals contents of leaves such as N, P and K were lowered, and the increase of soil moisture resulted in the increase of P, K, Ca and Mg.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.4 s.261
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• pp.261-268
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• 2006

Background: Current vascular prostheses are still inadequate for reconstruction of small-diameter vessels. Autologous pericardium can be a good alternative for this purpose as it already possesses good blood compatibility and shows a mechanical behavior similar to that of natural arteries. However, the clinical use of autologous pericardial tissue as a small-diameter vascular graft has limitations due to mixed outcomes from uncertain biological behavior and difficulty to gain reliable patency results in animal experiments. To study this issue, we implanted fresh and glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium as small-diameter arterial grafts in dogs, and compared their time-related changes histologically. Material and Method: As a form of 5mm-diameter arterial graft, one pair of autologous pericardial tissue was used for comparison between the glutaraldehyde-treated and the glutaraldehyde-untreated grafts in the bilateral carotid arteries in the same dog. The patency of the grafts were evaluated at regular intervals with Doppler ultrasonography. After the predetermined periods of 3 days, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months, the grafts in each animal were explanted. The retrieved grafts were processed for light and electron microscopic analyses following gross observation. Result: Of 7 animals, 2 were excluded from the study because one died postoperatively due to bleeding and the other was documented as one side of the grafts being obstructed. All 10 grafts in the remaining 5 dogs were patent. Grossly, a variable degree of thromboses were observed in the luminal surfaces of the grafts at 3 days and 2 weeks, despite good patency. Pseudointimal smooth blood-contacting surfaces were developed in the grafts at f month and later. By light microscopy, mesothelial cell layers of the pericardial tissue were absent in all explanted grafts. Newly formed endothelial cell layers on the blood-contacting surface were observed in both the glutaraldehyde-treated and fresh grafts at 3 months and later. The collagen fibers became degraded by fragmentation in the fresh graft at 1 month and In the glutaraldehyde-treated graft at 3 months. At 6 months, the collagen layers were no longer visible in either the glutaraldehyde-treated or fresh grafts. By electron microscopy, a greater amount of coarse fibrin fibers were observed in the fresh grafts than in the glutaraldehyde-treated grafts and, more compact and well-arrayed layers were observed in the glutaraldehyde-treated grafts than in the fresh grafts. Conclusion: The glutaraldehyde-treated small-diameter pericardial arterial grafts showed a better endothelialization of the blood-contacting surface and a slower fragmentation of the collagen layers than the fresh grafts, although it has yet to be proven whether these differences are so significant as to affect the patency results between the groups.