• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2013.10a
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• pp.532-546
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• 2013

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.77-109
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• 2005

On the basis of the Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey for the 1997 through 2003 period, this paper investigates if the income distribution has become more bi-polarized since the recent financial crisis. The polarization measure developed by Esteban and Ray(l994) and Duclos, Esteban, and Ray(2004) indicates that the distribution of total income has become much more bi-polarized than unequalized for the entire sample period. Second, the rapid increase in the bi-polarization measure is attributed to the enhanced within-group homogeneity among the lower-income group as well as the widening gap between the two groups in the mean income level. Third, no such pattern exists in the distribution of labor income. Overall, the findings in the current study would support the hypothesis of a centrifuging society which is characterized by the slow disappearance of the middle class and the formation of two poles and which is observed in the United States and the United Kingdom among others.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.103-138
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is: (1) to compare the awareness of inequality concept between Korea and other countries using the survey, (2) to identify whether several inequality measures, which have diverse concepts, are different in empirical aspect, and (3) to suggest the direction for the income distribution policy in Korea. The results of the survey has shown a surprising fact in that the majority of respondents do not agree with the basic assumptions outlined by Gini coefficient, which is the relative inequality measures that had been generally accepted in the past. These results are very similar to those of other countries. However, the major difference with other countries is that the Koreans feel that absolute income inequality-the income gap between the poor and rich, has increased more than relative income inequality, when all incomes of social members are doubled. From the result it is difficult to say that the bi-polarization index is different from Gini coefficient in statistical aspect although it has different theoretical background. The national development strategy should seek to promote "the pro-poor growth" since the change of inequality affect differently on the change of growth and inequality depending on whether the inequality change is relative or absolute.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.49-69
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• 2014

The theory of creative city can be seen as one that reflects a relationship between recent change of economic environment and socio-spatial reconstruction in the so-called 'cultural turn' to deindustrialization. This paper considers approaching methods to knowledge-based economy or cultural economy as a context of development of theory of creative city, and suggests types of conceptualization of creative city. Then it reviews creative perspectives which can be found in recent domestic and oversea research trends on creative city, especially relating its nature with neoliberalism. Finally this paper discusses critically the concept of creative class as a social constitution of creativity or creative economy, and that of creative city as its spatial constitution. The concept of creative class can be criticized in terms of ambiguity of the concept of class, class-biased and economy-privileged idea, market valorization of culture, individualization against community, normalization of flexible labor market, and uncertainty of economic success of creative city. The concept of creative city can be criticized in terms of limitation of interests to city, ignorance of national and global dimensions, decontextual normative vision, legitimation of neoliberal city, lack of proof of causality between creative class and economic success, polarization of within and between cities.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.45
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• pp.49-76
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• 2009

The purpose of this essay explores a critical review of the critical communication studies and Journalism focused on the neoliberalism in Korea. The majority of social member in Korea does not know the concept of neoliberalism, and just recognize it as a 'global standard.' This essay is analyzing Korean journalism which causes this phenomenon primarily. Nonetheless, the critical communication studies was negligent in criticism on journalism. Any research paper in was not analyzed the connection between neoliberalism and journalism At last this essay proposed that the critical communication studies should establish their identity themselves to critically analyze the journalism trying to protect the neoliberalism in one way, and become more critical to the press itself to raise the relationship with journalism spot.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.62
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• pp.285-311
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• 2020

Many people are suffering from the economic crisis and poverty that are deepening due to the recent spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. In this situation, this study focuses on the biblical Jubilee in order to seek how "Jubilee justice" can be realized in the modern context. The Law of Jubilee consists of four contents: the liberation of slaves, debt remission, land return and fallow. Ultimately it aims to prevent human slavery and preserve equality. Nevertheless, the thought of Jubilee has been distorted theologically and situationally, and as a result, it has been overlooked in the field of Christian education, and there is a limit in Christian practice for social justice. The thought of Jubilee, however, can be an alternative to overcome various problems of modern society such as the issue of the privatization of Christianity or the deepening of polarization caused by neoliberal globalization and can contribute positively to the practice of social justice. In other words, the thought of Jubilee can act as a biblical initiative in reforming wrong laws and establishing institutions for the poor on the institutional level; on the personal level, it can be a great motive in terms of the change of perception and the practice of the sharing economy. Jubilee education, which aims for Jubilee justice, helps to break the misconceptions and change the existing meaning perspectives on the basis of various interdisciplinary knowledge and supports social behavior for transforming social structure through activation of public opinion and fund raising at the practical level. Therefore, the learners of Christian education can play a public role in transforming the unjust society.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.63
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• pp.377-406
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to present a model for Christian peace education requested in the era of globalization. Globalization increases interdependence and unifies the global economy due to the development of innovative communication and transportation systems. The world is currently experiencing a period of unlimited competition without borders. Globalization has promoted growth and development, but has also caused problems. In the face of this absence of peace, this study was conducted to determine whether a Christian understanding of peace and peace education can serve as a way to overcome the challenges facing modern society and to meet people's desire for peace. It examines the concept of globalization and the situation of the absence of peace due to problems in the era of globalization, and examines the concept of peace and peace education from a Christian perspective. After that, the concept of Christian peace required in the era of globalization and the peace capability to be strengthened in peace education will be presented, and how to proceed. The christian peace education model strengthens students' peace capabilities which can be used to build a peaceful future world. The purpose of christian peace education in the face of globalization is to develop a peaceful relationship with oneself, others, the world, and the environment. The goal of christian peace education is to cultivate peaceful human beings by strengthening their peace capabilities, namely peace sensitivity, nonviolent communication, and peace imagination. This study's significance is that it presented an christian peace christian education model that strengthens learners' peace capabilities through a biblical and theological approach in the face of non-peaceful situations arising as a result of globalization.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.71-86
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• 2012

In the twenty-first century, it tends to deepen rich-poor gap and differences related to geographic location because of characteristic of polarization and diversification. Various social conflict that appear in the twenty-first century preclude independent effort and active of police from responding various public order problem of community The most important thing is widespread participation and cooperation of inhabitant and community in order to cope with various social change like localization, decentralization and democratization. Above all things, as human rights guardian in order to gain nation's trust, the police should induce dynamic change to desirable police which is wanted by nation in the organization. To achieve this, the police must overcome many negative customs and obstacles remaining organization despite endeavor of the police. In this manuscript, for this discussion, we search simply historical process of development, seek conception of the disadvantaged in regard to police duty, analyse the reality of human rights violation of the disadvantaged in execution of police duty through statistics and case study, find the problem and seek proper solution through improvement of the police legislative system.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.30
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• pp.87-121
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• 2010

Soang excavates the idea of equality in our national indigenous thoughts and the theoretical structure of threefold egalitarianism in our traditional Confucianism. He also digests diverse Western thoughts and introduces some of them into his theory. At first sight, his theory looks like an assembly of diverse Western thoughts. However, he always justifies it with our traditions. Even if his theory and political position fails in his time, it gives us valuable instructions. First, if the failure of his political center position means an opening road toward Korean division, his political position must be a future guide for the reunification of Korean peninsula. Second, if the bi-polarization is a serious disease of our society, then his view of egalitarianism must be a efficient guide for curing our society. Third, as European Union shows us, the kingly view of world family is a feasible guide for realizing world peace in future.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.41
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• pp.67-96
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• 2014

Today each country in the world goes beyond the narrow concept of national security that was limited to national defense and ideology and are entering multi-dimensional global system mainly based on economic profits. Nevertheless, conflicts between nations due to religious and ideological reasons have brought unprecedentedly intense disputes Security services for head of states have been an important national mission in every era and society. However, they are becoming a main target for assassination and attacks by terrorists. Attacks on the head of state and other VIPs can cause aftermath ranging from war to conflict situation, political crisis, and economic loss. Therefore this study aims to draw insights by comparing protective security units of Korea, the U.S., and Japan which have different legal basis and sociocultural characteristics. Especially in South Korea, which faces difficult diplomatic stance due to the tension with North Korea and relationship with other countries such as the U.S., China, and Russia as well as polarization between classes, generations, regions, and ideologies, cohesion among members of society has weakened and hatred toward the head of state has been brought, which emphasizes the important of national security services. Therefore the study of protective security units and its operation by comparison between neighboring countries will be able to bring insights on the promotion of the security service.