• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.16-36
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-climacterium effects of Jibaekjihwang-tang (JBJHT), especially on estrogenic, anti-obesity, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective against fatty liver and anti-osteoporotic effects by Ovariectomy (OVX) mice. Methods: In order to evaluate anti-climacterium effects of JBJHT, we used bilateral OVX female ddY mice. In this study, six groups were used; sham control, OVX control, estradiol, JBJHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg treated groups. Since 28 days after OVX surgery, JBJHT extracts were orally treated, and $17{\beta}$-estradiol $0.03{\mu}g/head$ were subcutaneously injected for 84 days, once a day. And then, we observed anti-climacterium effects classified into five categories; estrogenic, anti-obesity, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective against fatty liver and anti-osteoporotic effects. The results were compared with $17{\beta}$-estradiol $0.03{\mu}g/head$/day subcutaneous treated OVX mice. Results: OVX control mice showed noticeable hypertrophic changes of adipocytes in abdominal fat pads, fatty liver, uterine atrophic changes, decreases of bone strength were also observed in OVX control. However, these estrogen-deficient climacterium symptoms were significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by JBJHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg treatment. Moreover, JBJHT 500 mg/kg showed comparable inhibitory effects as compared to those of estradiol $0.03{\mu}g/head$/day subcutaneous treatment. Conclusions: The results suggest that oral administration of JBJHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg has clear dose-dependent anti-climacterium effects in OVX mice.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 2002

Purpose : Corticosteroid has been used as the mainstay therapy of childhood NS. But SIO is one of the serious complications of long-term steroid therapy, especially in growing children. Recently calcium, calcitonin, PTH, vitamin D and bisphosphonate has been used to treat or prevent SIO in adult, which is rare in children with NS. We studied the effect of $1{\alpha}-(OH)D_3$ and Pamidronate on SIO using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Patients and methods : We studied thirty patients who admitted in the Dept. of Pediatrics of Kyung Hee Medical Hospital with NS. All patients was received longterm steroid therapy. There was no history of bone, liver, or endocrine disease. The samples, serum protein, albumin, BUN, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, and BMD were obtained before and the six months after the dose of $1{\alpha}-(OH)D_3$ and Pamidronate, respectively Results : The mean age was $6.9{\pm}3.3\;and\;6.5{\pm}2.5$ years old. The mean duration of steroid therapy was $28.8{\pm}1.8\;and\;27.6{\pm}1.0$ months. The changes of serum protein, albumin, BUN, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus level between pre-treatment and post-treatment did not show statistical significance in both $1{\alpha}-(OH)D_3$ and Pamidronate treatment group. However, BMD was increased in both from $0.472{\pm}0.12\;and\;0.457{\pm}0.10\;g/cm^2\;to\;0.533{\pm}0.12$ and $0.529{\pm}0.09\;g/cm^2$ after treatment. (P<0.05) Conclusion : Both $1{\alpha}-(OH)D_3$ and Pamidronate appears to be effective in treating and preventing SIO in children with nephrotic syndrome requiring long-term steroid therapy.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.416-426
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• 2005

Intravenous sedation have many advantages of rapid onset and recovery, ability of control sedation levels and duration through titration. Midazolam is most commonly used intravenous medication for sedation in pediatrics, endoscopy, oncologic procedures and so on. But in dentistry, midazolam intravenous sedation is usually for adult, and there are few reports for children. Todays, children who need sedation become more and older, intravenous sedation technique is going a matter of concern in pediatric dentistry. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy of sedation and clinical success for different initial dosage of midazolam in intravenous sedation for pediatric dental patients. 16 healthy children (male 10, female 6), mean age $54.7{\pm}10.7$ months, who needed at least two separate treatment visits requiring local anesthesia were chosen for this study. Every children were taken 0.3mg/kg, maximum 5mg of midazolam by intramuscular route, and then 30~50% $N_2O-O_2$ for 10 minutes was given. On every visits, one of the following 2 different initial dosage was given by intravenous route : (1) Group I : 0.1mg/kg Midazolam (2) Group II : 0.2mg/kg Midazolam. Additional dosage was half of the first dose. Physiologic parameters (oxygen saturation, heart rate, respiratory rate, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure) was recorded by ten procedure steps. Behavior was videotaped and rated using Ohio State University Behavioral Rating Scale and Automated Counting System by one investigator, blind to administered dosage. After the treatment, operator evaluated the clinical success. Physiologic parameters were stable and within normal range during treatment in both groups. The analyzed sedative effect, in behavioral evaluation, ratio of favorable Quiet was higher in group II, and clinical success rate of group II was better than group I. Induction time was rapid in group II, and recovery time was rapid in group I. And there was no statistically difference between two groups in every results.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.37-53
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• 1998

The sprig of Jinryungtang Gagambang has been used for curing as a traditional medicine without any experimental evidence to support the rational basis for their clinical use. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the possible therapeutic or antitumoral effects of Jinryungtang Gagambang extract against cancer, and to study some mechanisms responsible for its effect. The cytotoxic and antitumor effects were evaluated on human cell liens (A549, hep3B, Caki-1, Sarcoma 180) after exposure to Jinryungtang Gagambang extract using in ILS, colony forming efficency and SRB assay which were regarded as a valuable method for cytotoxic and antitumor effects of unknown compound on tumor cell lines. The results obtained in this studies were as follows. 1. As a result of exposure to Jinryungtang Gagambang extract, the proliferation of A549, hep3B, Caki-1, good correlations were shown from the results of SRB assay and those of clogenetic assay. 2. The oral administration of Jinryungtang Gagambang extract showed significant effects of increase of MST(mean survival time) and ILS(increased life span) depending on the increasing concentration. 3. Against squamous cell carcinoma induced by MCA, Jinryungtang Gagambang decreased not only the frequency of tumor production but also the number and weight of tumors per tumor bearing mice(TBM). Jinryungtang Gagambang also significantly suppressed the development of 3LL cell-implanted tumors by frequency and their size, and some developed tumors were regressed by the continuous treatment of Jinryungtang Gagambang extract into TBM. 4. Jinryungtang Gagambang extract also increased NK cell activities. According to the above results, it could be suggested that Jinryungtang Gagambang extract has prominent antiutmor effect.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.987-990
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• 2006

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) infusion is an effective therapy for acute Kawasaki disease (KD). Nonetheless, approximately 10 percent to 20 percent of patients have persistent or recrudescent fever despite IVIG treatment, leading to a higher risk for coronary artery aneurysms (CAA). This unresponsiveness may pose a challenge to the clinicians. Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ levels are elevated in the acute phase of the disease, especially in patients who develop CAA. We report a 10-month-old male with KD who failed to respond to multiple doses of IVIG and methylprednisolone and who then was treated with infliximab (5 mg/kg single dose). After infliximab treatment, he became afebrile with normalization of inflammatory markers and no further progression of CAA.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.177-183
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• 2009

A rapid and sensitive reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of piroxicam in the rabbit plasma. After a treatment of plasma sample by liquid-liquid extraction, the drug was analyzed on an HPLC system with ultraviolet detection at 330 nm. HPLC was carried out using reversed-phase isocratic elution with a C18 column, a mobile phase of a mixture of acetonitril, doubly deionized water and acetic acid 43.74:56.00:0.26 v/v%) at a flow rate of 1.1 mL/min. The chromatograms showed good resolution and sensitivity and no interference of plasma. The calibration curve for the drug in plasma sample was linear over the concentration range of 0.01-2.0 ${\mu}$g/mL. The intra- and inter-day assay accuracies of this method ranged from 86.82% to 108.33% of normal values and the precision did not exceed 13% of relative standard deviation. The plasma concentration of piroxicam decreased to below the quantifiable limit at 12 hr after the i.v. bolus administration to rabbits following dose of 0.375 mg/kg yielding a apparen t plasma half life of 1.38 hr. The transdermal route prolongs plasma levels of piroxicam. The bioavailability, calculated from the dose-adjusted ratio of the $AUC_{transdermal}$ to the $AUC_{i.v.}$, was 7.44%. The plasma concentration of piroxicam was detected by 48 hr after the transdermal administration of patch at a dose of 32 mg/kg. This method was suitable for cutaneous absorption studies of piroxicam in the rabbit after transdermal administration of different types of dosages of the drug.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2007

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCC), a flavonoid, is the main component of green tea extracts. EGCG has been reported to be an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrom P450 3A(CYP3A4). This study investigated the effect of long-term administration of EGCG on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil were determined after oral administration of verapamil (9 mg/kg) in rats pretreated with EGCG (7.5 mg/hg) for 3 and 9 days. Compared to oral control group, the presence of EGCG significantly (p<0.01) increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of verapamil by 102% (coad), 83.2% (3 days) and 52.3% (9 days), and the peak concentration $(C_{max})$ by 134% (coad), 120% (3 days) and 66.1% (9 days). The absolute bioavailability (A.B.%) of verapamil was significantly (p<0.01) higher by 8.4% (coad), 7.7% (3 days), 6.4% (9 days) compared to control (4.2%), and presence of EGCG was no significant change in the terminal half-life $(t_{1/2})$ and the time to reach the peak concentration $(T_{max})$ of verapamil. Our results indicate that EGCG significantly enhanced oral bioavailability of verapamil in rats, implying that presence of EGCG could be effective to inhibit the CYP3A4-mediated metabolism and P-gp efflux of verapamil in the intestine. Drug interactions should be considered in the clinical setting when verapamil is coadministrated with EGCG or EGCG-containing dietary.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.5708-5715
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• 2014

The effects of korean red ginseng (KRG) extracts on orifacial pain control in terms of the systemic inflammatory response and pharmacological effects as health supplements were investigated. The experimental group were divided into three groups, the control group (n=6), formalin (5%, $50{\mu}{\ell}$) injection group (n=6), and formalin (5%, $50{\mu}{\ell}$) injection added KRG administrated group (4.5 ml/kg, n=6). The KRG administrated group prior to the formalin injection significantly attenuated the behavioral response compared to that of the control group. Pain reduction was suppressed mainly from 15 min to 30 min. The KRG administrated rats showed significantly reduced p38 MAPK, iNOS and Nrf2 expression in the brain and medulla oblongata according to Western blot analysis. These findings suggest that KRE may have a useful effect on orificial pain control functions by preventing the p38 MAPK pathway.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2004

Molecular Nuclear Neuro-Imaging in "CNS" drug discovery and development tan be divided into four categories that are clearly inter-related.(1) Neuroreceptor mapping to examine the involvement of specific neurotransmitter system in CNS diseases, drug occupancy characteristics and perhaps examine mechanisms of action;(2) Structural and spectroscopic imaging to examine morphological changes and their consequences;(3) Metabolic mapping to provide evidence of central activity and "CNS fingerprinting" the neuroanatomy of drug effects;(4) Functional mapping to examing disease-drug interactions. In addition, targeted delivery of therapeutic agents could be achieved by modifying stem cells to release specific drugs at the site of transplantation('stem cell pharmacology'). Future exploitation of stem cell biology, including enhanced release of therapeutic factors through genetic stem cell engineering, might thus constitute promising pharmaceutical approaches to treating diseases of the nervous system. With continued improvements in instrumentation, identification of better imaging probes by innovative chemistry, molecular nuclear neuro-imaging promise to play increasingly important roles in disease diagnosis and therapy.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2000

Various release test methods have been applied for the evaluation of nicotine release in vitro from commercial patches. However, whether and how the release data reflect the permeation of nicotine across the skin, is not fully elucidated. To predict in vivo bioavailability from in vitro release tests, correlation between in vitro release and in vitro skin permeation was assessed in the present study. Release of nicotine from three commercial patches was measured for 24 hours under nine experimental conditions which were classified depending on the apparatus (i.e., paddle over disk, cylinder and reciprocating holder) and dissolution media (i.e., phosphate buffer pH 7.4, water and the 1 % phosphoric acid pH 1.5). In vitro permeation of nicotine from the patches across the human cadaver skin was also measured using a diffusion cell. The release of nicotine was better explained by the Higuchi's equation rather than by the first order rate equation. Correlation between the release rate and the in vitro skin permeation differed among the patches. However, in general, the cylinder method, in which water is used as a dissolution medium, showed the highest correlation among the nine release test conditions.