• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.218-231
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• 2005

This paper reviews the engineering approach needed to support humans during their long-term missions in space. This approach includes closed plant production systems under microgravity or low pressure, mass recycling, air revitalization, water purification, waste management, elimination of trace contaminants, lighting, and nutrient delivery systems in controlled ecological life support system (CELSS). Requirements of crops f3r space use are high production, edibility, digestibility, many culinary uses, capability of automation, short stems, and high transpiration. Low pressure on Mars is considered to be a major obstacle for the design of greenhouses fer crop production. However interest in Mars inflatable greenhouse applicable to planetary surface has increased. Structure, internal pressure, material, method of lighting, and shielding are principal design parameters for the inflatable greenhouse. The inflatable greenhouse operating at low pressure can reduce the structural mass and atmosphere leakage rate. Plants growing at reduced pressure show an increasing transpiration rates and a high water loss. Vapor pressure increases as moisture is added to the air through transpiration or evaporation from leaks in the hydroponic system. Fluctuations in vapor pressure will significantly influence total pressure in a closed system. Thus hydroponic systems should be as tight as possible to reduce the quantity of water that evaporates from leaks. And the environmental control system to maintain high relative humidity at low pressure should be developed. The essence of technologies associated with CELSS can support human lift even at extremely harsh conditions such as in deserts, polar regions, and under the ocean on Earth as well as in space.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.325-330
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate optimal processing conditions, cooking characteristics, antioxidant activity and packaging method of rice coated with bamboo extract. In sensory evaluation of cooked rice, rice coated with bamboo ethanol extract was higher smell and taste than the other extraction methods, but texture showed no difference. As coating concentration increasing, L, a and b values of coated rice were increased. But L value of coated rice after cooking was decreased. On sensory evaluation of cooked rice, smell and taste were best in 10$\%$ coated with bamboo ethanol extract. Mineral contents of coated rice with bamboo extract were higher than those of uncoated. Water absorption and volume expansion of coated rice were lower than uncoated rice but showed higher toyo value. Hardness, gumminess and chewiness values of cooked rice with coated rice were higher than uncoated rice. Antioxidant activity of coated rice was higher than uncoated rice about twice times. Toyo values and alkali digestive values of coated rice were highest in paper package than the other packaging conditions. The total bacterial counts of rice coated with bamboo extract after cooking was lower than uncoated rice during storage at 25 and 6O$^{\circ}C$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.626-629
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• 2012

In this paper, Actual refrigeration system and the data were analyzed in order to provide basic design data of Refrigeration system using the characteristic curve of the refrigerant. On the basis of the characteristic curve of the refrigerant developed simulation program and data of refrigeration system equipment data consisting of compressor, condenser, Receiver content, expansion valve, evaporator, liquid separator, leading to changes in temperature and Moliere were analyzed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2003.02a
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• pp.406-411
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• 2003

에탄올과 같은 저온 상변화물질의 팽창과 응축과정에서 발생하는 압력과 진공상태를 이용하여 물을 양수하는 물펌프는 태양열과 같이 에너지강도는 약하지만 그 자원이 무한하고 청정한 에너지원을 이용하기에 매우 이상적인 장치이다. 이와 관련한 국내 연구로서는 김 등(2002)에 의한 펜탄의 증기압을 이용한 물펌프장치의 에너지변환실험과 작동사이클 과정에서의 열역학적인 해석을 통한 성능분석이 있다. 장치의 설계와 관련하여 Kwant 등(1981)은 작동물질의 응축액을 가열부측으로 되돌리기 위한 방법으로 응축부와 물탱크, 공기탱크를 분리하여 설계한 바 있고, 온도변화에 따른 탱크효율에 대해 분석하였다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.79-89
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• 2000

장류 중 비교적 늦게 우리식생활에 도입된 고추장은 고추의 도입시기인 임진란 이후 장류의 기본인 메주와 어울려 채소류 중심의 우리 식생활에 도입되었을 것이며 지금은 우리의 모든 요리에 광범위하게 이용되고 있는 향신 조미료의 하나로 세계에 그 유례를 찾아볼 수 없다. 고추장은 크게 나눠 전통고추장과 개량식으로 구분하는 바 가장 큰 차이점은 전자는 자연 발효한 고추장 메주를 사용하는 반면 후자는 순수 황국균에 의한 koji를 이용하면서 최종 제품에 가열과정이 없는 것이다. 우리나라 고추장 수요량은 약16만 톤 정도며 매출액은 약 1,165억 원으로 추산되는데 그중 60％가 공장산으로 고추장의 제조가 급격히 주부의 손을 떠나고 있다. 전통고추장의 비중은 전체 고추장에서 미미하나 아직도 상당수의 소비자에게서 선호되고 있으며 중소형 혹은 가내 규모로 농민의 소득증대에 기여하고 있다. 전통고추장의 문제는 자연발효에 의한 품질균일화 미흡과 품질개선 노력이 부족한 점과 유통 중 변색 및 가스생성에 의한 팽창과 내용물 유출인바 이번 연구를 통하여 변색의 주원인은 빛(U.V.)과 열 임을 밝혔고 주로 효모에 의해서 발생되는 가스 및 내용물의 유출문제는 천연 항균성 물질을 함유한 양고추냉이와 겨자를 첨가하는 경우 성공적으로 방지할 수 있었으며 품질도 오히려 개선되는 결과를 얻었다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.106-106
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• 2013

산불은 소중한 산림을 파괴 시키고 자연생태에 막대한 영향을 미치기도 하지만 인근 주택가에 이차적인 피해를 주기도 한다. 도시팽창으로 인해 산과 주택의 거리가 가까워지고 있는 상황과 사람들의 부주의로 인한 잦은 산불로 인해 그 피해는 더욱 심각해지고 있다. 그러나 산림 인근에 있는 주택들은 대부분 농가에 노인들이 거주하고 있기 때문에 화재에 대해 대비책이 필요한 상황이다. 산불로 인한 인근 주택화재피해의 원인을 조사해보면 대 부분 산림과 주택의 거리가 좁아 불길로 인한 직접적인 피해와 비화로 인한 피해로 압축되고 있다. 이러한 피해를 예방하기 위해서는 우선 입산자와 산림인근 거주자에 대한 적극적인 산불방지 홍보가 우선시 되어야 할 것이며 이차적으로 주거지역과 산림과의 적적한 이격거리 확보와 인접되는 나무의 수종을 인화성이 약한 활엽수로 대체하는 등의 예방을 우선시 하여야겠다. 산불은 대부분 실화로 인해 발생하는 경우가 대부분이지만 대상이 불분명하고 실화자를 찾더라도 그 피해액을 산정하여 보상을 청구하기에는 사실상 불가능하다. 이에 정부 및 지자체에는 산불로 인한 인근 주거지에 대해 보험 및 예비비를 통하여 만약의 경우를 대비하여 대비책을 마련해 놔야 할 것이다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.137-138
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• 2015

Ni-W 합금도금은 내마모성, 내산성 및 내열성 등의 여러 특성을 가지며 높은 피막경도도 안정하게 얻어지기 때문에 경질 Cr 도금의 대체도금으로서 유리 성형용 금형, 롤러 표면재료, 자동차 접동부품 등 다양한 공업 분야와 제품에 적용되고 있다. Ni-W 합금도금은 도금액 및 전해조건에 따라서 도금 피막에 균열이 생기는 경우가 있다. 도금 피막의 균열 발생요인으로서 도금재료의 환경온도에 의한 열응력, 도금 피막과 기재와의 팽창 수축 차이에 의한 영향을 생각할 수 있다. 도금 내부응력의 발생이유로서 공석한 수소의 이탈설, 결정합체설, 이외에 과잉 에너지설 및 결자결함설도 제안되고 있다.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.503-510
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• 2010

Different amounts of black garlic extract(0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12%(W/W)) were added to white pan bread, and the quality characteristics were evaluated. The pH and density of dough was decreased with increasing concentration of black garlic extract. There was no marked difference in the fermentation power of the dough expansion among the samples. The pH of bread decreased, and there were no significant differences in baking loss rate, dough yield or bread specific volume as the concentration of black garlic extract was increased. Regarding crust and crumb color values, lightness gradually diminished with increased amounts of black garlic extract in bread, whereas redness and yellowness increased. For measurement of texture, the highest hardness and gumminess of bread were observed in the 1% added group, and there was no remarkable difference between the 3% added group and control. Sensory evolution was the highest when 6% black garlic extract was added, but there were no significant differences in terms of color or overall acceptability. The results imply that addition of black garlic extract to white pan bread created a healthy and functional bread.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 1998

The effects of prostaglandins in hatching and implantation have been studied but the results were various, and those are not well known by the embryonic stage. The present study examined the effects of prostaglandin $E_2$(PG $E_2$) and prostaglandin $F_2$$_{\alpha}$ (PG $F_2$$_{\alpha}$) on the expansion and hatching of mouse embryos by embryonic stage. Also we tried to measure the concentration of prostaglandins of morula, expanded, and hatching embryos. In early morula stage embryos, high concentration of PG $E_2$(>100$\mu$M) showed cytotoxicity but PG $F_2$$_{\alpha}$ did not. The hatching was inhibited all groups but not gave negative effects on expansion. In 84 hr and 96 hr stage embryos, the hatching rate was decreased at all treatment groups but not inhibited the expansion. When combine prostaglandin with indomethacin, the hatching rate was increased significantly compared to the prostaglandin-treated groups, and as lower and lower the PG $E_2$ concentration, the hatching rate increased to the control level. The embryonic synthesis of PG $E_2$ increased dramatically but that of PG $F_2$$_{\alpha}$ increased gradually. PG $E_2$ showed cytotoxicity at early stage embryos much than late stage embryos, but PG $F_2$$_{\alpha}$ did not. Hatching was inhibited by the high PG $F_2$$_{\alpha}$ concentration. It is suggested that the inhibition of hatching might be at resulted from cytotoxicity of PG $E_2$ on embryo. However, it is thought that the mechanisms of inhibition of hatching are different between PG $E_2$ and PG $F_2$$_{\alpha}$. In conclusion, it can be suggested that PG $E_2$ and PG $F_2$$_{\alpha}$ concerned with the expansion and hatching, and their effects on hatching were different by the embryonic stage.$/ concerned with the expansion and hatching, and their effects on hatching were different by the embryonic stage.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.347-353
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• 1997

This study was to test whether in vitro/in vivo survival of vitrified mouse blastocysts was influenced by culture conditions and ET method. Mouse blastocysts were obtained from in vitro fertilization and cultured for 4 days in M16 medium, and they were vitrified in EFS40 which contained 40% ethlyene glycol, 18% Ficoll and 0.5 mol sucrose in PBS. In experiment I, in vitro and in vivo survival rate of these embryos were evaluated in different culture condition after thawing. When thawed embryos were cultured in M16 medium as a control, m-CR1 medium contained 20 amino acids (2% BME amino acis and 1% MEM non-essential amino acids solution) and 4 mg/ml BSA and cumulus monolayer cell co-cultured condition in mCR1 medium (10% FBS), their in vitro survival at 24 hr after thawing was not affected by culture condition (75.6, 83.1, 82.4%). However, in vivo survival rates of implantation in m-CR1 medium (80.4%) were significantly higher than those of M16 medium (51.2%), co-culture (57.1%) condition, although there was no difference in live fetuses rates on day 15 gestation (39.0, 49.0, 38.1%). In experiment II, the in vivo development potential of embryos by ET methods was examined. When blastocysts were transferred to the day 2, 3 pseudopregnant recipient without culture soon after thawing, no pregnant recipient was obtained on the day 2 pseudopregnancy, and 50% of pregnancy rates and 15.4% of live fetus rates were obtained on the day 3 pseudopregnant recipients. These results were significantly lower than those of transferred group (day 3 pseudopregnant recipients) after culture for 16 hr post thawing (73.5, 57.1%) (p<0.05). In experiment III, to elevate usability of delayed embryos in vitro/in vivo survival of vitrified embryos (day 4 early, day 5 early and expanding blastocyst) were examined. in vivo survival rates (live fetus, total implantation) were higher in day 4 early blastocysts (33.3, 66.7%) than in day 5 expanding blastocysts (29.0, 38.7%), although the highest in vitro survival rates were obtained in the day 5 expanding brastocysts (78.3%). Therefore, these results suggest that the in vitro/in vivo survival rates of vitrified embryos could be improve by the culture condition and ET method and that the in vivo development rates of delayed embryos were decreased with longer culture duration in vitro. It means that more effective cryopreservation was obtained in day 4 early blastocysts than in day 5 expanding blastocysts.