• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.180-190
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a supportive program on uncertainty, anxiety, and maternal-fetal attachment in high-risk pregnant women. Methods: The participants were 59 high-risk pregnant women admitted to the maternal-fetal intensive care unit. The control group (n=30) received usual treatment and antenatal care, while the experimental group (n=29) received an additional supportive program. Uncertainty, anxiety, and maternal-fetal attachment were measured in both groups prior to the intervention and at 3 days and 10 days after the intervention (or at discharge). Data were analyzed with the t-test, chi-square test, repeated-measures analysis of covariance, and the Greenhouse-Geisser correction in SPSS version 23.0. Results: A supportive program including information provision, nutritional care, emotional care, and exercise care was developed from the literature. All variables except women's length of stay were found to be homogeneous the between experimental and control groups in the pre-test. Length of stay was calculated as a covariate for testing hypotheses. There was a significant difference in state anxiety over time between the two groups, while there were no differences in uncertainty or maternal-fetal attachment. Conclusion: This supportive program was identified as an effective nursing intervention on state anxiety in high-risk pregnant women during their stay in the maternal-fetal intensive care unit. It is suggested that nurses could apply this program to alleviate high-risk pregnant women's state anxiety, and that this program could be modified to be more effective on uncertainty and maternal-fetal attachment in high-risk pregnant women.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.37-51
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of child abuse, children's peer attachment and self-esteem on children's depression/anxiety. In addition, the mediating role of children's peer attachment and self-esteem between child abuse and children's depression/anxiety was investigated. Methods: Using the data of 396 children in grades 4~6 from the Korean Welfare Panel Study (2015), this study was conducted by applying Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results: The results of this study were as follows. First, child abuse had a direct influence on children's depression/anxiety, and self-esteem. Second, children's self-esteem had a direct influence on depression/anxiety. Third, children's self-esteem had mediating effects on the relationship between child abuse and children's depression/anxiety. Fourth, children's peer relationships had a direct influence on self-esteem. But, children's peer attachment did not have a direct influence on depression/anxiety. The effect of children's peer attachment on their depression/anxiety was partially mediated by children's self-esteem. Conclusion/Implications: In conclusion, child abuse, children's peer attachment and self-esteem have a direct or indirect impact on the depression/anxiety of children.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.276-288
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• 2020

This study analyzed the intervention program of smartphone addiction. The literature used for this research analysis was published from Jan. 2010 to Jul. 2019. The foreign literature was searched for in 'Pubmed and Science Direct', and the domestic literature was found in 'RISS, Keris, and KISS'. A total of 310 studies were found and analyzed on the basis of our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 16 theses were analyzed. Thirteen theses (81%) meet the required evidence level, and three theses (19%) had level III. As a result of analysis on the intervention methods of smartphone addiction, art therapy was found in 6 theses (37.5%), exercise therapy in four theses (25.0%), and cognitive behavior therapy in three theses (18.6%). After the intervention of most of the programs, there were reduced withdrawal symptoms of smartphone addiction, reduced negative feelings like depression, anxiety, and impulsiveness, and increased positive feelings like self-esteem. A smartphone addiction evaluation scale was mostly applied in terms of the evaluated items, along with psychological evaluation. These studies are expected to be effectively used as intervention tools for treating smartphone addiction.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.435-453
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop the Empathy Rating Scale by a third party and examine the validity of the scale. Based on the results of the pilot study, the study 1 focused on developing Empathy Rating Scale by a third party. From the exploratory factor analysis on a total of 15 preliminary items, three fators had been derived: 'Beginning of empathy', 'Process of empathy', 'Result of empathy'. The study 2 identified its validity by confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and discriminant analysis. Those three factors indicated the reasonable fit index by confirmatory factor addition, this scale identified a significant positive relation with authenticity, emotional clarity, and intimacy. On the other hand, it indicated a negative relation with anxiety attachment and rejection attachment. Therefore, the results indicated that this scale on a total of 11 item has a reliable convergent validity. Finally, implication and limitation of this study were discussed in relation with future studies.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.218-224
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• 2005

Purpose: The Purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between state anxiety and maternal fetal attachment of unmarried mothers in a welfare center. Methods: The subjects were 25 unmarried mothers in a welfare center. The data was collected through personal interviews using a questionnaire. The instruments used for this study were the modified Spielberger's state anxiety inventory and Cranley's Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale. Data was analyzed descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation, t-test and the pearson correlation coefficient with the SPSS computer program. Results: The age of the subjects ranged from 15 to 25, and their average age was 20.0. The mean score of state anxiety was 58.2. There was significant difference in the degree of maternal state anxiety between the group whose pregnancy was known by their family and the group whose pregnancy was hidden. The group whose pregnancy was known showed a low state anxiety score. There was a significant difference in the degree of maternal state anxiety by the gestational period. The group who were in the second and third gestational trimester showed lower state anxiety score than in the first trimester. The mean score of maternal-fetal attachment(MFA) was 64.9. There were significant differences in the degree of maternal fetal attachment, by an ultrasound scan experience. The most frequently practiced attachment item was "I think the fetus is able to feel(mean 3.8)". Unmarried mothers degree of state anxiety showed a negative correlation with the degree of maternal fetal attachment(r=-.25), but there was no significant difference between the two variables. Conclusions: The unmarried mothers made an effort in striving to reduce their high state anxiety and to enhance maternal fetal attachment. They also realize how to take care of their state anxiety.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.561-584
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• 2021

This study was conducted to classify 601 Korean adults into latent classes according to their love types and identify the differences in depression and find variables that affect the latent classes classification. As a result of the latent class analysis, the latent group for love types of Korean adults were classified into the L-H (7.7%) group, which showed the highest level of all three factors of intimacy, passion, and commitment, and the L-MH (33.6%) group, which all three factors were higher than the average, the L-M (39.8%) group with the mean of all three factors, the L-ML (14.6%) group with all three factors lower than the mean, and the L-L (4.3%) group with the lowest all three factors. Also, as a result of ANOVA, the L-MH group was psychologically healthier and more adaptive than the L-ML group. As a result of multinomial logistic analysis, females were more likely to belong to L-M, L-ML and L-L groups than males. In addition, singles were more likely to belong to the L-M and L-ML groups than those who were married. Also, the higher the anxiety attachment level, the higher the likelihood of belonging to the L-M, L-ML, and L-L groups than the L-H and L-MH groups, the L-ML and L-L groups than the L-M groups, and the L-L group rather than the L-ML groups. However, age, neuroticism, and emotional regulation did not affect the classification of latent classes. This study is meaningful in that it identified the various latent classes for the love types of Korean adults more three-dimensionally and suggested the possibility of differential interventions according to the characteristics of each group.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.501-516
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to explore the fundamental nature and meanings of the experiences of university students with regard to their smartphone usage in order to prevent smartphone addiction and provide guidelines to develop effective interventions. Nine university students who were currently enrolled in an university located in a Korean province participated in this study. In-depth interviews were conducted from June of 2012 to July of 2012, and data were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological qualitative method. As a results, five theme and 40 subthemes of experiences of problematic smartphone usage were identified. Those themes include 1) a desperate try to connect with others(exposing oneself without appropriate self-protection, seeking emotional comfort, hurt and mistrust); 2) excessive use of smartphone and loss of self-control(more smartphone usage over computer/over-immersion/excessive usage/habituation, loss of self-control); 3) psychological difficulties(excessive attachment and dependence, separation anxiety, clingingness, reduced patience) ; 4) threats to daily functioning (changes in priorities, regressed independent daily functioning, irregular daily patterns, health problems, interruptions from free messenger, academic difficulties); 5) potential for recovery(conflictual feelings and doubts over smartphone usage, importance of interpersonal(face-to-face) communications, willingness to cut down the use, hope for recovery). This study provided suggestions for the prevention effort against smartphone addiction.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2013

Objectives: This research was done to identify relationships among job stress, fatigue, job satisfaction, and commitment to organization in customized home health care nurses. Methods: Research participants were 130 nurses who worked in the customized home health care of 20 county in Gyeongnam province. Data collection for this descriptive correlational study was done at August 2010 using self report questionnaires, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and we analyzed a four step approach in which several regression analyses were conducted and significance of the coefficients is examined at each step. Results: The results from step 1 showed that, the effect of each job stress was significantly related to job satisfaction. In step 2, the direct effect of commitment to organization on job satisfactions were all significant too. Step 3 analysis showed that the total effect of each job stress on commitment to organization symptoms was significant. Step 4 showed the results of controlling for mediating factor (job satisfaction): job demand and insecurity were significantly associated with commitment to organization(p<0.001), the finding supports that others were fully mediated by each job satisfaction, and, the job demand and insecurity were partially mediated by job satisfaction. Conclusion: Results of this research indicated that job stress in customized home health care nurses was the principal variable affecting job satisfaction and commitment to organization. Appropriate stress management strategies based on assessment of job demand and job security for these nurses lead to development of improved commitment to organization.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.41-68
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• 2009

Grandparent-grandchildren family adolescents(GGFAs) need to be well discussed because they tend to be more influenced by the negative surroundings than ordinary family adolescents. Over the past few years, several studies have been made on the correlation between the risk factor, the protective factor and the school resilience of GGFAs, but these studies have the limit to explain the only correlation between the one factor and the school resilience. So the purpose of this study was to examine not only the direct effect between the risk factor and the protective factor, but also the parametric path and effect that the one factor has influence on the correlation between the another factor and the school resilience of GGFAs. We investigated the 328 GGFAs in Korea, and the analytic method used was the Structural Equation Modeling(SEM). The followings are the results of this paper. It was found that the model adaptability had a considerable validity by inspecting the SEM, which showed not only the direct effect between the risk factor, protective factor and the school resilience of GGFAs, but also the mediation effect by the protective factor. The risk factors - the indifference of teacher, the negative attachment relationship, melancholy, uneasiness etc - had a negative influence on the school resilience of GGFAs. The protective factors - the supporss etteacher, self-esteem etc - had a positive influence on the school resilience of GGFAs. The protective factors were found to reduce the negative influence on the school resilience of GGFAs.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.599-610
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• 2016

This paper reports the results of a systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis research to compare the effect of Kangaroo care, targeting mothers and premature infants. A randomized clinical trial study was performed until February 2015. The domestic literature contained the non-randomized clinical trial research without restriction according to the level of the study design. A search of the Ovid-Medline, CINAHL, PubMed and KoreaMed, the National Library of KOREA, the National Assembly Library, NDSL, KISS and RISS. Through the KMbase we searched and combined the main term ((kangaroo OR KC OR skin-to-skin) AND (care OR contact)) AND (infant OR preterm OR Low Birth Weight OR LBW), ((kangaroo OR kangaroo OR kangaroo) AND (care OR nursing care OR management OR skin contact)) was made; these were all combined with a keywords search through the selection process. They were excluded in the final 25 studies (n=3051). A methodology checklist for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) designed by SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) was utilized to assess the risk of bias. The overall risk of bias was regarded as low. In 16 studies that were evaluated as a grade of "++", 9 studies were evaluated as a grade of "+". As a result of meta-analysis, kangaroo care regarding the effects of premature mortality, severe infection/sepsis had an insignificant effect. Hyperthermia incidence, growth and development (height and weight), mother-infant attachment, hypothermia incidence, length of hospital days, breast feeding rate, sleeping, anxiety, confidence, and gratification of mothering role were considered significant. In satisfaction of the role performance, depression and stress presented contradictory research results for individual studies showing overall significant difference. This study has some limitations due to the few RCTs comparing kangaroo care in the country. Therefore, further RCTs comparing kangaroo care should be conducted.