The Journal of the Korea Contents Association (한국콘텐츠학회논문지)

The Korea Contents Association (한국콘텐츠학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Development and Validity of the Empathy Rating Scale by a Third Party

타인평정 공감 척도의 개발 및 타당화 연구

  • 김성지 (가톨릭대학교 심리학과) ;
  • 조성호 (가톨릭대학교 심리학과)
  • Received : 2017.06.30
  • Accepted : 2017.08.09
  • Published : 2017.08.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop the Empathy Rating Scale by a third party and examine the validity of the scale. Based on the results of the pilot study, the study 1 focused on developing Empathy Rating Scale by a third party. From the exploratory factor analysis on a total of 15 preliminary items, three fators had been derived: 'Beginning of empathy', 'Process of empathy', 'Result of empathy'. The study 2 identified its validity by confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and discriminant analysis. Those three factors indicated the reasonable fit index by confirmatory factor addition, this scale identified a significant positive relation with authenticity, emotional clarity, and intimacy. On the other hand, it indicated a negative relation with anxiety attachment and rejection attachment. Therefore, the results indicated that this scale on a total of 11 item has a reliable convergent validity. Finally, implication and limitation of this study were discussed in relation with future studies.

본 연구는 타인평정 공감 척도를 개발하고 타당화하는 데 목적이 있다. 예비연구를 통해 개발된 15개의 예비 문항은 연구 1의 탐색적 요인분석을 통해, '공감의 시작', '공감의 과정', '공감의 결과'라는 세 개의 하위요인으로 유목화되었다. 연구 2에서는 척도의 타당도를 확인하기 위하여 확인적 요인분석, 상관분석 및 판별분석이 시행되었다. 확인적 요인분석 결과 3요인 모형에 양호한 적합도를 나타내었고, 상관분석을 통해 진정성, 정서 명확성, 친밀감과는 정적 상관이, 불안 및 거부 애착과는 부적 상관이 있음을 확인함으로써 수렴 타당도가 검증되었다. 따라서 개발된 타인평정 공감 척도는 11개의 최종 문항과 세 개의 하위요인으로 구성된 척도로 보는 것이 타당한 것으로 확인되었다. 마지막으로 연구 결과에 근거하여 본 척도가 갖는 의의와 연구의 제한점 및 후속 연구의 방향성에 대해 논의하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. J. Decety and J. Grezes, "The power of simulation: imagining one's own and other's behavior," Brain research, Vol.1079, No.1, pp.4-14, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.115
  2. N. Eisenberg, "Emotion, regulation, and moral development," Annual review of psychology, Vol.51, No.1, pp.665-697, 2000a. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665
  3. T. Singer, "The social neuroscience of empathy," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol.1156, pp.81-96, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04418.x
  4. 조성호, "공감의 이해," 가톨릭대학교 학생생활상 담소 학생생활상담, 제22권, pp.5-31, 2004.
  5. S. D. Preston and F. B. M. De Waal, "Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases," Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol.25, No.1, pp.1-20, 2002.
  6. M. Pines and M. Marrone, "Sensitive responsiveness," Marrone(eds.) Attachment theory and the Psychoanalytic process, Whurr Publishers, 2003.
  7. P. Fonagy, M. Steele, H. Steele, T. Leigh, R. Kennedy, G. Mattoon, and M. Target, Attachment theory, NY. Analytic Press, 1995.
  8. C. R. Rogers, "The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change," Journal of counseling psychology, Vol.2, pp.95-103, 1957.
  9. A. F. Carlozzi, K. S. Bull, G. T. Eells, and J. D. Hurlburt, "Empathy as Related to Creativity, Dogmatism, and Expressiveness," The journal of psychology: Interdisciplinary and applied, Vol.129, No.4, pp.365-373, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1995.9914974
  10. S. A. Peabody and C. J. Gelso, "Countertransference and empathy: the complex relationship between two divergent concepts in counseling," Journal of counseling psychology, Vol.29, No.3, pp.240-245, 1982. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.29.3.240
  11. N. Eisenberg and R. Lennon, "Sex differencess in empathy and related capacities," Psychological Bulletin, Vol.94, pp.100-131, 1983. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.100
  12. 김은하, "상담학에서 공감 연구에 대한 고찰: 국내 주요 상담학술지를 중심으로," 상담학연구: 제14권, 제5호, pp.2851-2867, 2013.
  13. M. L. Hoffman, Empathy and moral development: implications for caring and justice, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  14. S. D. Hodges and D. M. Wegner, Empathy accuracy, New York, US: Guilford Press, 1997.
  15. M. H. Davis, "A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy," JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, Vol.10, p.85, 1980.
  16. S. Baron-Cohen and S. Wheelwright, "The empathy Quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome of high-functioning autism, and nomal sex differences," Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, Vol.34, pp.164-175, 2004.
  17. G. T. Barrett-Lennard, Dimensions of perceived therapist response related to therapeutic change, Doctoral disseration, University of Chicago, 1959.
  18. W. Ickes, Everyday mind reading: Understanding what other people think and feel, Prometheus Books, 2003.
  19. I. Dziobek, K. Rogers, S. Fleck, M. Bahnemann, H. R. Heekeren, O. T. Wolf, and A. Convit, "Dissociation of cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Asperger syndrome using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET)," Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol.38, No.3, pp.464-473, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0486-x
  20. 이수정, "문제해결과제를 이용한 정서인식능력검사의 개발," 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 제15권, 제3호, pp.65-86, 2001.
  21. R. Elliott, H. Filiporvich, L. Harrigan, J. Gaynor, C. Reimschuessel, and J. K. Zapadka, "Measuring response empathy : The development of multicomponent rating scale," Journal of Counselling Psychology, Vol.129, pp.379-387, 1982.
  22. L. S. Greenberg and R. Elliott, Empathy reconsidered: New directions in psychotherapy, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1997.
  23. R. Elliott, A. Bohart, J. Watson, and L. S. Greenberg, "Empathy," Psychotherapy, Vol.48, No.1, pp.43-49, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022187
  24. E. Blake and T. Gannon, "Social perception deficits, cognitive distortions, and empathy deficits in sex offenders: A brief review," Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, Vol.9, pp.34-55, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838007311104
  25. W. D. Pithers, "Empathy: Definition, enhancement, and relevance to the treatment of sexual abusers," Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol.14, pp.257-284, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626099014003004
  26. M. H. Davis, "Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach," Journal of Personalty and Social Psychology, Vol.44, pp.113-126, 1983a. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
  27. C. A. Williams, "Biopsychosocial elements of empathy: A multidimensional model," Issues in Mental Health Nursing, Vol.11, pp.155-174, 1990. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612849009014551
  28. N. D. Feshbach, "Empathy in children: Some theoretical and empirical considerations," Counseling Psychologist, Vol.5, pp.25-30, 1975. https://doi.org/10.1177/001100007500500207
  29. M. L. Hoffman, "Developmental synthesis of affect and cognition and its implications for altruistic motivation," Developmental Psychology, Vol.11, pp.607-622, 1975. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.11.5.607
  30. M. H. Davis, Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach, Boulder,CO: Westview Press, 1996.
  31. G. T. Barrett-Lennard, "The empathy scale M : Refinement of a nuclear concept," Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol.28, pp.91-100, 1981. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.2.91
  32. G. H. Mead, Mind, Self and Society, Chicago University Press, 1934.
  33. J. H. Flavell, P. I. Botkin, C. L. Fry, J. W. Wright, and P. E. Jarvis, The development of role taking and communication skills in children, New York: Wiley, 1968.
  34. N. D. Feshbach, Progress in experimental personality research(Vol.8) New York : Academic Press, 1978.
  35. J. Piaget, The moral judgement cf the child, London, Kagan Paul Trench, 1932.
  36. R. J. R. Blair, "Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations," Consciousness and Cognition, Vol.14, No.4, pp.698-718, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.004
  37. A. Smith, "Cognitive empathy and emotional empathy in human behavior and evolution," Psychological Record, Vol.56, No.1, pp.3-21, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395534
  38. M. A. Barnett, J. A. Howard, L. M. King, and G. A. Dino, "Helping behavior and the transfer of empathy," The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol.115, No.1, pp.125-132, 1981. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1981.9711995
  39. T. Lipps, "Das Wissen von Fremden Ichen," Psychologischen Untersuchungen, Vol.1, pp.694-722, 1907.
  40. M. L. Hoffman, Moral development and behavior Theory, research and social issues, New York : Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1976.
  41. R. L. Reniers, R. Corcoran, R. Drake, N. M. Snryane and B. A. Vollm, "The QCAE: A questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy," Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol.93, No.1, pp.84-95, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.528484
  42. A. P. Goldstein and C. J. Michaels, Empathy : Development, training, and consequences, Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum, 1985.
  43. C. B. Truax and R. R. Carkhuff, Toward effective counseling and psychotherapy, Chicago: Aldine publishing company, 1967.
  44. C. R. Rogers, "Empathic: An unappreciated way of being," The Counseling Psychologist, Vol.5, pp.2-10, 1975. https://doi.org/10.1177/001100007500500201
  45. R. F. Hasse and D. T. Tepper, "Nonverbal components of empathic communication," Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol.19, pp.417-424, 1972. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033188
  46. S. Baron-Cohen, "The extreme-male brain theory of autism," Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol.6, pp.248-254, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01904-6
  47. A. B. Bakker, H. J. Sixma, and W. Bosveld, "Burnout contagion among general practitioners," Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, Vol.20, No.1, pp.82-98, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.20.1.82.22251
  48. A. Mehrabian and N. Epstein, "A measurement of emotional empathy," Journal of Personality, Vol.40, pp.525-543, 1972. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x
  49. J. L. Herman, P. R. Aschbachcr, and L. Winters, A Practical guide to alternative assessment. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curricuium Development, 1992.
  50. 박진희, 가족기능평가를 위한 임상평정척도 개발연구, 서울여자대학교 박사학위논문, 2013.
  51. J. L. Fleiss, The design and analysis of clinical experiments, New York, NY: John Willy & Sons Inc, 1986.
  52. 탁진국, 심리검사: 개발과 평가방법의 이해, 서울: 학지사, 1996.
  53. 송보라, 이기학, "한국형 진로신념척도(K-CBI) 개발과 타당화 연구," 진로교육연구, 제23권, 제2호, pp.1-22, 2010.
  54. A. Anastasi, Psychological Testing, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1988.
  55. 김계수, 구조방정식 모형 분석, 서울: 한나래 아카데미, 2010.
  56. 홍세희, "특별기고: 구조 방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거," 한국심리학회지: 임상, 제19권, 제1호, pp.161-177, 2000.
  57. 홍정순, 진정성 척도개발 및 상담자의 진정성과 작업동맹간의 관계모형 검증, 가톨릭대학교, 박사학위논문, 2015.
  58. R. J. Sternberg, "A triangular theory of love," Psychological Review, Vol.93, No.2, pp.119-135, 1986. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119
  59. C. D. Batson, "How social an animal?: The human capacity for caring," American Psychologist, Vol.45, pp.336-346, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.3.336
  60. 권석만, 젊은이를 위한 인간관계의 심리학, 서울: 학지사, 1997.
  61. 최지영, 성인기 미혼남녀의 자아분화, 자기개방이 이성간 친밀감에 미치는 영향, 상명대학교, 석사학위논문, 2006.
  62. P. Salovey, J. D. Mayer, S. L. Goleman, C. Turney, and P. Palfai, Emotion, Disclosure, and Health, Wasington, DC.: APA, 1995.
  63. 이수정, 이훈구, "Trait Meta-Mood Scale의 타당화에 관한 연구: 정서지능의 하위요인에 대한 탐색," 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 제11권, 제1호, pp.95-116, 1997.
  64. P. Salovey and J. D. Mayer, "Emotional intelligence," Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, Vol.9, pp.185-211, 1990. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
  65. 장정주, "정서자각과 정서표현이 정서조절과 공감에 미치는 영향," 정서.행동장애연구, 제28권, 제1호, pp.147-170, 2012.
  66. C. Hazan and P. Shaver, "Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process," Journal of Personality and Social Personality, Vol.52, No.3, pp.511-524, 1987. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
  67. K. Bartholomew and L. M. Horowits, "Attachment styles among young adult: A test of a four category model," Journal of Personality and social Psychology, Vol.61, pp.226-224, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
  68. N. L. Collins and S. J. Read, "Adult attachment, working models and relationship quality in dating couples," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.58, pp.644-633, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.644
  69. D. Griffin and K. Bartholomew, "Models of the self and Other: Fundamental Dimensions," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.67, No.3, pp.430-445, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.430
  70. 장휘숙, "성인애착의 3범주 모델과 4범주 모델의 비교," 한국심리학회지: 발달, 제10권, 제2호, pp.123-138, 1997.