• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.161-172
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• 2018

Multi-anvil press (MAP) is one of the high pressure apparatuses and often generates the pressure-conditions ranging from 5 to 25 GPa and temperature-conditions up to $2,300^{\circ}C$. The MAP is, therefore, suitable to explore the pressure-induced structural changes in diverse earth materials from Earth's mantle and the bottom of the mantle transition zone (~660 km). In this study, we present the experimental results for pressure-load calibration of the 1,100-ton multi-anvil press equipped in the authors' laboratory. The pressure-load calibration experiments were performed for the 14/8 step, 14/8 G2, 14/8 HT, and 18/12 assembly sets. The high pressure experiments using ${\alpha}$-quartz, wollastonitestructure of $CaGeO_3$, and forsterite as starting materials were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The phase transition of each mineral indicates the specific pressure that is loaded to a sample at $1,200^{\circ}C$: a transition of ${\alpha}$-quartz to coesite at 3.1 GPa, that of garnet-structure of $CaGeO_3$ to perovskite-structure at 5.9 GPa, that of coesite to stishovite at 9.2 GPa, and that of forsterite to wadsleyite at 13.6 GPa. While the estimated pressure-load calibration curve is generally consistent with those obtained in other laboratories, the deviation up to 50 tons is observed at high pressure above 10 GPa. This is partly because of the loss of oil pressure at high pressure resulting from the differences in a sample chamber, and the frictional force between pressure medium and second anvil. We also report the ${\sim}200^{\circ}C/mm$ of thermal gradient in the vertical direction of the sample chamber of 14/8 HT assembly. The pressure-load calibration curve and the observed thermal gradient within the sample chamber can be applied to explain the structural changes and the relevant macroscopic properties of diverse crystalline and amorphous earth materials in the mantle.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2015

Conventional hydrophones can only measure acoustic pressure. To measure both acoustic pressure and incident direction, various types of vector hydrophones have been researched. In this paper, we deal with a ring-type multimode vector hydrophone divided into 4 elements and present a direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimation method based on the pressure gradient-acceleration relationship. The performance of the presented method is analyzed by the simulation based on the sensor modeling and is verified by the water tank experiment. The proposed method could work under the multi-frequency condition and may be utilized in many applications due to its low computation complexity.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.28-34
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• 1999

The objective of this study is to present a numerical treatment of the pressure gradient when control volumes are sharing the interface between a homogeneous fluid and a porous medium. Two possible approaches, e.g. linear interpolation and extrapolation, are considered, and they are applied to the case of a steady and two-dimensional curved channel flow which is partially filled with a porous medium. It was found that the linear extrapolation produces a continuous velocity-field at the interface and thus is recommended. On the contrary, the linear interpolation entails a discontinuous velocity field at the interface, thereby warning its use in connection with the Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy flow model.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.668-676
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• 1991

Turbulent flows around tube banks and in the diffuser were studied using a non-orthogonal boundary fitted coordinate system and the modified K-.epsilon. turbulence model. In these cases, many problems emerge which stem from the geometrical complexity of the flow domain and the physical complexity of turbulent flow itself. To treat the complex geometry, governing equations were reformulated in a non-orthogonal coordinate system with Cartesian velocity components and discretised by the finite volume method with a non-staggered variable arrangement. The modified K-.epsilon. model of Hanjalic and Launer was applied to solve above two cases under the condition of strong and mild pressure gradient. The results using the modified K-.epsilon. model results in both test cases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.468-468
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• 2010

유도 결합 플라즈마에서 기체 유량에 따른 전자 에너지 분포 측정과 그에 따른 플라즈마 밀도와 전자 온도의 변화를 관찰하였다. 기체 압력 제어는 조임 밸브 (Throttle valve) 부근의 압력측정을 통한 조임 밸브 조절 방법을 이용하였으며, 이 방법은 공정 플라즈마에서 널리 쓰이는 압력 조절법이다. 낮은 기체 유량에서 측정된 전자 에너지 분포는 두 개의 온도 그룹을 갖는 bi-Maxwellian 분포를 보였다. 하지만, 기체 유량이 증가함에 따라서 전자 에너지 분포는 Maxwellian 분포로 전이를 하였으며, 플라즈마 밀도의 증가와 전자 온도의 감소를 보였다. 이러한 분포 함수의 변화는 기체 압력이 증가함에 따라 나타나는 전자 가열 모드 전이 현상과 일치하였으며, 이는 압력 조절부와 방전 공간 사이의 압력 구배에 의한 것으로 여겨진다. 이러한 결과는 방전 공간과 압력 조절부에서의 기체 압력 측정을 통하여 검증되었으며, 간단한 유체 모델을 통하여 설명될 수 있다.

• Membrane Journal
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.383-389
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• 2022

Membrane separation process is an important technique utilized for various applications. This separation process proceeds due to a driving force such as concentration gradient, pressure or electrical potential gradient etc. Pervaporation is one of the separation process based on solution-diffusion mechanism. The pressure of the permeate side is reduced by creating vacuum and separation is driven due to pressure difference. Purity of the fuel or chemical like ethanol or isopropyl alcohol are improved by dehydration process through porous zeolite membrane. These membranes have high thermal, chemical, mechanical stability. This review is classified mainly into two different sections: Ethanol and bio-oil dehydration by zeolite membrane.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.423-429
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• 1998

Human pharynx is unique, acting as a complex interchange between the oral cavity and esophagus, and between the nasal cavity and lungs. It is actively involved in the transport of food and liquid, producing the forces that guide that bolus into the upper esophagus and away from the adjacent larynx and lungs. This study intended to develop a biomechanical model of the human pharynx, utilizing Finite Element Method(FEM). Within each model changes in cross sectional intralumenal area were calculated and compared with the area from the computer-generated FE model. Area matching allowed estimation of intraluminal pressure gradients during swallow. The estimated pharyngeal pressure gradient varies from one region to another. The estimated pharyngeal pressure gradients showed different patterns for upper four levels and lower four levels. The contraction velocity for upper four levels is much higher than lower four levels. The higher contraction velocities and pressure gradients in the upper levels are consistent with the bolus velocities required for efficient swallow.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.521-529
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• 2017

Three-dimensional flow characteristics within a high-acceleration first-stage turbine vane passage has been investigated in a newly-built vane cascade for propulsion. The result shows that there is a strong favorable pressure gradient on the vane pressure surface. On its suction surface, however, there exists not only a much stronger favorable pressure gradient than that on the pressure surface upstream of the mid-chord but also a subsequent adverse pressure gradient downstream of it. By employing two different oil-film methods with upstream coating and full-coverage coating, a four-vortex model horseshoe vortex system can be identified ahead of each leading edge in the cascade, and the separation line of inlet boundary layer flow as well as the separation line of re-attached flow is provided as well. In addition, basic flow data such as secondary flow, aerodynamic loss, and flow turning angle downstream of the cascade are obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

A dynamic flow system has been developed which can be used for vacuum gauge calibration by comparison method - a calibration method in which the reading of the gauge under calibration is compared to another calibrated vacuum gauge called the "secondary standard" - and other vacuum-related experiments. The chamber of the calibration system is pumped by a turbomolecular pump (TMP), backed by a scroll pump. As maximum acceptable pressure at the inlet of a TMP is 0.1 Pa, above which the TMP decelerates, the pumping speed decreases and it becomes more difficult to adjust pressure under such circumstances. In the present work, high pressures of up to 133 Pa have been generated in the chamber of the newly developed dynamic flow control system by installing a well-designed conductance-reducer in the by-pass line and, at the same time, operating the TMP in safe mode. In addition, the gas flow and pressure distribution within the chamber have been investigated for the entire pressure range (0.1 Pa ~ 133 Pa) while generating pressure dynamically. Maximum deviations in pressure (1.6 %) were observed at point C on the chamber, which is close to the gas inlet port on the top of the chamber.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2006