• Title/Summary/Keyword: 암모늄

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Recovery of Ammonium Perchlorate from Solid Rocket Motor Demilitarization (고체 추진기관 비군사화를 통한 암모늄퍼클로레이트의 회수)

  • Choi, Jae-Seo;Han, Sang-Keun;Choi, Sung-Han
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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    • 2011.11a
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    • pp.460-463
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    • 2011
  • Different kinds of solid rocket motors manufactured for various aim have their own shelf life. So they must be done away if not used. In general, ammonium perchlorate(AP) has used in the process of solid rocket motors, which is environmental pollutant. Out-burning and out-detonation were usual in the past, but they polluted the surrounding environment and raised safety issues. As an alternative to resolve these, water-washout process to separate the propellant from rocket motors and an eco-friendly way for recovering AP are studied in this paper.

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Ion Exchange of Gold(III) from Ammonium Chloride Solution by Anionic Resins (염화암모늄용액에서 음이온 교환수지에 의한 금(III)의 이온교환)

  • Ahn, Hyeong Hun;Lee, Man Seung
    • Resources Recycling
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.48-54
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    • 2018
  • Batch ion exchange experiments of Au(III) were performed from ammonium chloride solution by employing strong anionic exchange resins (Amberlite IRA 402 and AG 1-X8). Au(III) was well loaded into the two resins and the loading behavior of Au(III) into AG 1-X8 was superior to that into Amberlite IRA 402. The loading of Au(III) into AG 1-X8 followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the experimentally determined loading capacity was 355 mg/g. Au(III) was successfully eluted by $HClO_4$ from the loaded AG 1-X8 and the elution percentage of Au(III) increased with the concentration of $HClO_4$.

Removal Properties of Aqueous Ammonium ion with Surface Modified Magnetic Zeolite Adsorbents (자성으로 표면개질된 제올라이트 흡착제를 이용한 수중 암모늄 이온 제거 특성)

  • Jung, Yong-Jun
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.152-156
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    • 2019
  • The removal property of magnetic zeolite for the adsorption of aqueous ammonium ion was examined in this work. The surface modified magnetic zeolite was produced by hydrothermal synthesis. The complex of zeolite and $Fe_3O_4$ was established by the observation of SEM and XRD analysis and less than 12.6% of $Fe_3O_4$ content in magnetic zeolite was observed in the form of $Fe_3O_4$ particles. The optimum pH of adsorption was shown around 8 and the maximum adsorption linearly decreased with the increase of $Fe_3O_4$ content. The adsorption isotherm for aqueous ammonium ion was approximated by Langmuir equation. The developed surface modified magnetic zeolite adsorbent was recommended to control the nitrogen pollution for wetland environment system.

Study on Coagulant Application for Calcium Ammonium Nitrate Extraction of Denitrification Scrubber Waste Cleaning Solution (탈질 스크러버 폐 세정액에 포함된 질안석회 추출을 위한 응집제 적용 연구)

  • Lee, Hyun Suk;Song, Woon Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.289-295
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    • 2017
  • The International Maritime Organization (IMO) in accordance with the regulations with respect to the combustion gases, such as NOx, SOx generated by the marine engine. The combustion gases must be equipped with a device to reduce emissions from all ships passing through the Baltic SECAs. In Korea, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the development of a device for NOx, SOx reduction. Scrubber is used in the ammonia water and the Urea solution in the waste water. The waste water containing ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, react of the NOx and SOx gas. In this study, the recovery of by-product, which contains the waste water was used as an organic solvent extraction method of salting out. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, the recovery process. A qualitative analysis of the collected by-product FT-IR analysis. Through the elemental analysis and SEM-EDS, characteristic evaluation was performed with an impurity.

Improvement of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Disease Vaccine Productivity by Ammonium Ion Removal in a Carberry Type Bioreactor (Carberry Type 생물반응기에서 암모늄 이온 제거에 의한 돼지유행성설사병 바이러스 백신 생산성 증대)

  • Lee, Chang-Jin;Jeong, Yeon-Ho
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.49 no.5
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    • pp.588-593
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    • 2011
  • The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV) production yield in spinner flask cultures using Vero cells immobilized on microcarriers was improved by the selective adsorption of ammonium ions in a Carberry type bioreactor which was equipped with Phillipsite-Gismondine synthetic zeolite. Though the apparent cell growth seemed to be lower than that of control due to the aggregation of microcarriers between impeller shaft and the adsorbent, zeolite was found to not to be toxic to Vero cell, considering estimated glucose and lactate changes. Zeolite was observed to remove ammonium ions effectively in both steps of cell growth and virus production. In virus production, the virus titer with zeolite was two times higher than that without zeolite. Consequently, zeolite was found to be an ideal adsorbent for higher production of virus vaccine with the effective removal of ammonium ions.

Effect of quaternary ammonium compounds on microbial contamination levels in dental clinics (치과 진료실의 미생물 오염도에 대한 4차 암모늄 화합물의 효과)

  • Baik, Sae Yun;Park, YounJung;Choi, Seung Ho;Kim, Hee Jae;Kim, Seong Taek
    • Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.55-60
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    • 2020
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the change of microbial contamination levels in the different areas and at the different time points after application of a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) that has mechanical antimicrobial effect. The microbial contamination levels were measured in three different areas; unit chair handle, spit sink area and hand piece holder at different time points using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) monitoring system and ATP surface test kit. Hand piece holder showed the highest level of microbial contamination. In most of the clinics, QAC significantly reduced the levels of microbial contamination, and maintained antimicrobial activity for 4 to 6 months. QAC may be used effectively in dental clinics due to the duration of antimicrobial effect and the minimal exposure of chemicals and further studies are needed with large sample size.

Development of an Immobilized Adsorbent for in situ Removal of Ammonium Ion from Mammalian Cell Culture Media and its Application to a Mammalian Cell Bioreactor: I. Development of Immobilized Adsorbent System (동물세포 배양액으로부터 암모늄 이온의 동시제거를 위한 고정화 흡착제의 개발과 동물세포 배양 시스템에의 응용: I. 고정화 흡착시스템 개발)

  • 박병곤;민용원;전계택;김익환;정연호
    • KSBB Journal
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.404-410
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    • 1998
  • Three types of adsorbents were developed by immobilizing synthetic zeolite, Philipsite-Gismonine, in alginate, cellulose acetate and dialysis membrane for the in situ removal of ammonium ion which inhibits growth and productivity of animal cells such as CHO cells producing tPA. Ammonium ion removal efficiency and cell growth promoting effect with various immobilized adsorbents were evaluated and the membrane type was selected as an optimal immobilized adsorbent. The experiments were then simulated by adding 8mM ammonium chloride and immobilized adsorbent in order to validate the removal effect under high density cell cultures. The results showed increase in maximum cell density by three times, in cell viability, and in tPA productivity by 40%. And it was found that the promoting effects were more significant in case of high ammonium ion concentration system. It was also found that the optimum addition time for immobilized adsorbents was 48 hr in the absence of ammonium chloride addition and 72 hr in the presence of ammonium chloride addition.

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Long Organic Cation-modified Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency and Stability (알킬 사슬이 긴 유기 양이온이 도입된 고효율/고안정성 페로브스카이트 태양전지)

  • Jung, Minsu
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.78-82
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    • 2022
  • Inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite solar cells have demonstrated considerable improvements, reaching 25.5% of certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) in 2020 from 3.8% in 2009 comparable to silicon photovoltacis. However, there remains important concern on the stability of perovskite solar cells under environmental conditions that should be solved prior to commercialization. In order to overcome the problem, we have introduced a small amount of octylammonium iodide with longer alkyl chain than volatile methylammonium iodide into MAPbI3 perovskites. The presence of octylammonium into perovskites were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy. Moreover, octylammonium-modified perovskite solar cells showed a PCE of 16.6% and enhanced moisture stability with an increased contact angle of 72.2° from 57.0°. This work demonstrated the importance of perovskite compositional engineering for improving efficiency and stability.

Effect of Temperature and FA Concentration on the Conversion of Ammonium to Nitrite (온도와 FA 농도가 암모늄 이온의 아질산 전환에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Jung Hoon;Song, Young Chae;Park, Hung Suck
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.26 no.4B
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    • pp.427-432
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    • 2006
  • The effects of free ammonia (FA) concentration and temperature on nitrite accumulation were studied. To estimate the most effective ammonium oxidation and nitrite build-up condition, nitrification tests were conducted in batch conditions at various FA concentrations, and at different ammonium concentration and temperature. The activation energies of ammonium oxidizer were 81.7 KJ/mol below $20^{\circ}C$, and 32.5 KJ/mol over $20^{\circ}C$, while that of nitrite oxidizer was 35.5 KJ/mol irrespective of temperature variations. The results of nitrification tests conducted at different FA concentrations and temperatures showed that temperature strongly affects nitrite accumulation, while effects due to FA concentrations were found negligible.

Studies on Press Drying of Fire-Retardant Treated Plywood (내화처리합판(耐火處理合板)의 열판건조(熱板乾燥)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Jong Man
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.56 no.1
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    • pp.1-25
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    • 1982
  • Plywood used for construction as a decorative inner material is inflammable and can cause fire accidents. causing destruction of human life and property. To diminish the fire disaster, fire retardant plywood is indeed required. In the methods of manufacturing the fire retardant plywood, a soaking method is occasionally used. However after soaking plywood into fire retardant chemical solutions redrying of soaked plywood is of the utmost importance. In this study 3.5mm and 5.0mm thickness plywoods were selected for fire retardant treatment. Treating solutions were prepared for 20% dilute solutions of ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, borax-boric acid minalith, and water solution, 1-, 3-, 6-, and 9 hour-soaking treatments in borax-boric acid and minalith, and 6- and 9 hours in the other chemicals were applied and after the treatment hot drying was applied to treated plywoods at $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$ and $150^{\circ}C$ of press temperature. Drying rates, drying curves, water absorption rates of fire retardant chemicals, weight per volume and fire retardant degree of plywood were investigated. The results may be summarized as follows: 1) In the 9 hours-soaking treatment of fire retardants by hot and cold bath method, the chemical retentions of 3.5mm thickness plywood could be attained within the range ($1.125-2.25kg/(30cm)^3$) of minimum retention specification as follows: $1.353kg/(30cm)^3$ in monoammonium phosphate, $1.331kg/(30cm)^3$ in diammonium phosphate, $1.263kg/(30cm)^3$ in ammonium sulfate, $1.226kg/(30cm)^3$ in borax-boric acid. But the chemical retention, $0.906kg/(30cm)^3$, in minalith could not be attained within the range of minimum retention specification. And also in case of 5.0mm thickness plywood, chemical retentions, as $1.356kg/(30cm)^3$ and $1.166kg/(30cm)^3$ respectively, of ammonium sulfate and diammonium phosphate could be attained within the range minimum retention specification, but the other fire retardant chemicals could not. 2) In the 6- and - hours-soaking treatments of 3.5mm and 5.0mm thickness plywood, the drying curve sloped of chemical treated plywood was smaller than that of water treated. The drying rate related to thickness of treated plywood, was about three times as fast in 3.5mm thickness plywood compared with 5.0mm thickness plywood. 3) In the treatment at $120^{\circ}C$ of hot platen temperature, the drying rates of chemical-treated plywood showed the highest quantity in diammonium phosphate of 3.5mm and 5.0mm thickness plywood. But the drying rate of water treated plywood was highest during the 6- and 9 hours-soaking treatments. 4) The drying rate remarkably increased with proportion to increase of the platen temperature, and the values were respectively 1.23%/min., 6.54%/min., 25.75%/min. in hot platen temperature of $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ in 3.5mm thickness plywood and 0.55%.min., 2.49%/min., 8.19%/min. in hot platen temperature of $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ in 5.0mm thickness plywood. 5) In the fire retardant degree of chemical treated plywood, the loss in weight was the smallest in diammonium phosphate, next was in monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, and the greatest was in borax-boric acid and minalith. And the fire-retardant effect in burning time, flame-exhausted time and carbonized area were greatest in diammouniun phosphate, next were in monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, and the weakest were in borax-boric acid and minalith.

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