• Title/Summary/Keyword: 안정된 강하

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Acoustic Characterization of Three Seamounts Located in the Northwest of Marshall Islands, Western Pacific (서태평양 마샬제도 북서쪽에 위치한 세 해저산에 대한 음향상 연구)

  • Lee, Tae-Gook;Lee, Kie-Hwa;Moon, Jai-Woon;Jung, Mee-Sook;Kim, Hyun-Sub;Lee, Sang-Mook
    • Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.193-206
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    • 2004
  • Geophysical data including chirp (3 7 kHz) subbottom profile and detailed bathymetry were obtained over three seamounts in the Ogasawara Fracture Zone (OFZ) of the western Pacific, as a part of manganese crust survey onboard R/V Onnuri in 2003. The OFZ is a 150-km-wide, 600-km-long rift zone, which separates the East Mariana and Pigafetta Basin. The OFZ is unique in that it includes many seamounts (e.g., Magellan Seamounts andseamounts on the Dutton Ridge). The sub-seafloor acoustic echoes obtained near the OFZ were classified into following types on the basis of their characteristics: types I-1(pelagic sediment with parallel or subparallel reflectors), I-2 (pelagic sediment with no internal reflectors), and III-1 (reef build-up complex) on summit; types II-1 and III-2 (basement outcrop) on flank rift zone and upper slope, respectively; type III-3 (slump) on the lower slope and embayment between the flank rift zones; types II-2 (debrite) on the base of slope and basin floor; and types II-3 (turbidite or pelagic sediment) and II-4 (turbidite) on the basin floor. The mass-wasting that produced the complex of type II-2 debrite and III-3 slump on the lower slope and basin may have been caused by (1) strong tensional stress in the OFZ which may cause the numerous fissures or basement faults and (2) complex of the faults on the summit and steep upper slope. The variations in the echo type of pelagic sediment in the summit of seamounts may be related with the changes in the depositional and/or erosional environments. Type I-2 pelagic sediment, which is characterized by a thin and intermittent coverage, was probably deposited at a sheltered area when the current was strong, whereas type I-1 pelagic deposit occurred during a stage of progressive sedimentation.

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A New Medium Maturing and High Quality Rice Variety with Lodging and Disease Resistance, 'Jinbo' (중생 고품질 내도복 내병성 벼 품종 '진보')

  • Kim, Jeong-Il;Park, No-Bong;Lee, Ji-Yoon;Park, Dong-Soo;Yeo, Un-Sang;Chang, Jae-Ki;Kang, Jung-Hun;Oh, Byeong-Geun;Kwon, Oh-Deog;Kwak, Do-Yeon;Lee, Jong-Hee;Yi, Gi-Hwan;Kim, Chun-Song;Song, You-Cheon;Cho, Jun-Hyun;Nam, Min-Hee;Choung, Jin-Il;Shin, Mun-Sik;Jeon, Myeong-Gi;Yang, Sae-Jun;Kang, Hang-Weon;Ahn, Jin-Gon;Kim, Jae-Kyu
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.43 no.3
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    • pp.165-171
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    • 2011
  • A new rice variety 'Jinbo' is a japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) with good eating quality, lodging tolerance, and resistance to rice stripe virus (RSV) and bacterial blight disease (BB). It was developed by the rice breeding team of Yeongdeog Substation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2009. This variety was derived from a cross between 'Yeongdeog26' with good grain quality and wind tolerance and 'Koshihikari' with good eating quality in 1998 summer season. A promising line, YR21324-56-1-1, selected by pedigree breeding method, was designated as the name of 'Yeongdeog45' in 2005. After the local adaptability test was carried out at nine locations from 2006 to 2008, 'Yeongdeog45' was released as the name of 'Jinbo' in 2009. 'Jinbo' has short culm length as 74 cm and medium maturating growth duration. This variety is resistant to $K_1$, $K_2$, and $K_3$ races of bacterial blight and stripe virus and moderately resistant to leaf blast disease with durable resistance, and also it has tolerance to unfavorable environments such as cold and dried wind. 'Jinbo' has translucent and clear milled rice kernel without white core and white belly rice, and good eating quality as a result of panel test. The yield potential of 'Jinbo' in milled rice is about 5.65 MT/ha at ordinary fertilizer level in local adaptability test. This cultivar would be adaptable to middle plain, mid-west costal area, east-south coastal area, and south mid-mountainous area.

A New Medium Maturing and High Quality Rice Variety with Lodging and Disease Resistance, 'Haeoreumi' (중생 고품질 내도복 내병성 벼 품종 '해오르미')

  • Kim, Jeong-Il;Park, No-Bong;Park, Dong-Soo;Lee, Ji-Yoon;Yeo, Un-Sang;Chang, Jae-Ki;Kang, Jung-Hun;Oh, Byeong-Geun;Kwon, Oh-Deog;Kwak, Do-Yeon;Lee, Jong-Hee;Yi, Gihwan;Kim, Chun-Song;Song, You-Cheon;Cho, Jun-Hyun;Nam, Min-Hee;Choung, Jin-Il;Shin, Mun-Sik;Jeon, Myeong-Gi;Yang, Sae-Jun;Kang, Hang-Weon;Ahn, Jin-Gon;Kim, Jae-Kyu
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.42 no.6
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    • pp.638-644
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    • 2010
  • A new rice variety 'Haeoreumi' is a japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) with lodging tolerance, resistance to rice stripe virus (RSV) and bacterial leaf blight (BLB), and high grain quality. It was developed by the rice breeding team of Yeongdeog Substation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2008. This variety was derived from a cross between 'Milyang165' with good grain quality and lodging resistance, and 'Haepyeongbyeo' with wind tolerance in winter season of 2000/2001. A promising line, YR22375-B-B-1, selected by pedigree breeding method, was designated as the name of 'Yeongdeog46' in 2005. 'Yeongdeog46' was released as the name of 'Haeoreumi' in 2008 after the local adaptability test that was carried out at nine locations from 2006 to 2008. 'Haeoreumi' has 74 cm short culm length as and medium maturating growth duration. This variety showed resistance to $K_1,\;K_2$, and $K_3$ races of bacterial blight, and stripe virus and moderate resistant to leaf blast disease with durable resistance, and also has tolerance to unfavorable environment such as cold, dry and cold salty wind. 'Haeoreumi' has translucent and clear milled rice kernel without white core and white belly rice, and good eating quality as a result of panel test. The yield potential of 'Haeoreumi' in milled rice is about 5.58MT/ha at ordinary fertilizer level of local adaptability test. This cultivar would be adaptable to Middle plain, mid-west costal area, and east-south coastal area.

Problems of Environmental Pollution (환경오염의 세계적인 경향)

  • 송인현
    • Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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    • 1972.03a
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    • pp.3.4-5
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    • 1972
  • 생활수준이 낮은 단계에 있어서는 우선 식량에 대한 수요가 강하다. 인간의 욕구가 만족스럽게 먹는다는 것에 대하여 제일 강하게 발동하는 것이다 그러나 점차 과학기술과 산업과 경제가 발전하여 성장과정에 오르게 되고 소득수준도 향상하게 되면 시장기구를 통해서 구입 할 수 있는 개인의 물적 소비재에 대해서는 점차 충족하게 되며 식량이외에도 의복, 전기기구 및 일용생활용품, 자동차 등에 이르기까지 더욱 고차원의 소비재가 보급하게 되는 것이다. 이렇게 되며는 사람의 욕구는 사적 재물이나 물적 수요에서 점진적으로 공공재나 또는 질적 수요(주택, 생활환경 등)의 방향으로 움직이게 되는 것으로써 여기에 환경오염 또는 공해문제에 대하여 의식하게 된다. 그러나 여기에서 더욱이 문제점이 되는 것은 소득 수준의 향상 과정이란 그 자체가 환경오염의 커다란 요인이라는 점이며 자동차의 급격한 보급과 생활의 편의성을 구하여 집중되는 도시인구의 집적, 높은 소득을 보장하기 위한 생산성 높은 중화학공업의 발전 등등은 그 자체가 환경권이란 사람이 요구하는 고차원의 권리를 침해하는 직접적인 요인이 된다는 것이다. 이와 같은 환경오염이나 공해문제에 대한 세계적인 논의는 이미 시작된 지 오래이지만 현재는 우리의 건강보호를 위해서나 생활환경의 보전을 위해서라는 점에서는 그치는 것이 아니고, 더욱 넓혀서 자연의 보호, 자원의 보호라는 견지로 확대되고 있다. 이와 같은 세계적인 확대된 이해와 이에 대한 대책강구의 제안은 1968년 국제연합의 경제사회이사회에서 스웨덴 정부대표에 의하여 제시되었으며 1969년의 우- 탄트 사무총장의 인간환경에 관한 보고서, 1970년 Nixon 미대통령의 연두일반교서 그리고 1972년 5월 6일 스웨덴의 스톡홀롬에서 개최되는 인간환경회의의 주제 등을 통해서 알 수 있고, 종래의 공해나 생활환경의 오염문제라는 좁은 개념에서가 아니고 인간환경전체의 문제로 다루고 있는 것이다. 즉 환경개발(도시, 산업, 지역개발에 수반된 문제), 환경오염(인위적 행위에 의하여 환경의 대인간조건이 악화하는 문제) 자연ㆍ자원의 보호관리(지하, 해양자원, 동식물, 풍경경치의 문제)란 3개 측면에서 다루고 있는 것이다. 환경오염이란 문제를 중 심하여 보면 환경을 구성하는 기본적인 요소로서 대기, 물, 토지 또는 지각. 그리고 공간의 사대요소로 집약하여 생각할 수 있음으로 이 4요소의 오염이 문제가 되는 것이다. 대기의 오염은 환경의 오염중 가장 널리 알려진, 또 가장 오랜 역사를 가진 오염의 문제로써 이에 속하는 오염인자는 분진, 매연, 유해가스(유황산화물, 불화수소, 염화수소, 질소산화물, 일산 화염소 등) 등 대기의 1차 오염과 1차 존재한 물질이 자외선의 작용으로 변화발생 하는 오존, PAN등 광화학물질이 형성되는 2차적인 오염을 들 수 있다. 기외 카도미움, 연등 유해중금속이나 방사선물질이 대기로부터 토지를 오염시켜서 토지에 서식하는 생물의 오염을 야기케 한다는 점등이 명백하여지고 있으며 대기의 오염은 이런 오염물질이 대기중에서 이동하여 강우에 의한 침강물질의 변화를 일으키게 되며 소위 광역오염문제를 발생케하며 동시에 토지의 토질저하등을 가져오게 한다. 물의 오염은 크게 내육수의 오염과 해양의 오염의 양면으로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 하천의 오염을 방지하고 하천을 보호하기 위한 움직임 역시 환경오염의 역사상 오래된 문제이며 시초에는 인분뇨와의 연결에서 오는 세균에 의한 오염이나 양수 기타 일반하수와의 연결에서 오는 오염에 대비하는 것부터 시작하였지만 근래에는 산업공장폐수에 의한 각종 화학적유해물질과 염료 그리고 석유화학의 발달에 의한 폐유등으로 인한 수질오탁문제가 점차 크게 대두되고 있다. 이것은 측 오염이란 시초에 우리에게 주는 불쾌감이 크므로 이것을 피하자는 것부터 시작하여 인간의 건강을 지키고 각종 사용수를 보존하자는 용수보존으로 그리고 이제는 건강과 용수보존뿐만 아니라 이것이 농림 수산물에 대한 큰 피해를 주게됨으로써 오는 자연환경의 생태계보전의 문제로 확대전환하고 있는 것이다. ?간 특히 해양오염에 대한 문제는 국지적인 것에만 끝이는 것이 아니고 전세계의 해양에 곧 연결되는 것이므로 세계각국의 공통관심사로 등장케 되었으며 이것은 특히 폐유가 유류수송 도중에 해양에 투기되는 유류에 의한 해양의 유막성형에서 오는 기상의 변화와 물피해등이 막심함으로 심각화 되고 있다. 각국이 자국의 해안과 해양을 보호하기 위하여 조치를 서두르고 있는 현시점에서 볼 때에는 이는 국제문제화하고 있으며 세계적인 국제적 협력과 협조의 필요성이 강조되는 좋은 예라 하겠다. 토양의 오염에 있어서는 대기나 수질의 오염이 구국적으로 토양과 관련되고 토양으로 환원되는 것이지만 근래에 많이 보급사용되는 농약과 화학비료의 문제는 토양자체의 오염에만 그치는 것이 아니고 농작물을 식품으로 하여 섭취함으로써 발생되는 인체나 기타생물체의 피해를 고려할 때 더욱 중요한 것이며, 또 토질의 저하를 가져오게 하여 농림생산에 미치는 영향이 적지 않을 것이다. 지반강하는 지각 에 주는 인공적 영향의 대표적인 것으로써 지하수나 지하 천연가스를 채취이용하기 위하여 파들어 감으로써 지반이 침하 하는 것이며 건축물에 대한 영향 특히 풍수해시의 재해를 크게 할 우려가 있는 것이다. 공간에 있어서의 환경오염에는 소음, 진동, 광선, 악취 등이 있다. 이들은 특수한 작업환경의 경우를 제외하고는 건강에 직접적인 큰 피해를 준다고 생각할 수 없으나 소음, 진동, 관선, 악취 등은 일반 일상시민생활에 불쾌나 불안을 줌으로써 안정된 생활을 방해하는 요인이 되는 것이다. 공간의 오염물로써 새로운 주목을 끌게된 것은 도시산업폐기물로써 이들은 대기나 물 또는 토지를 오염시킬 뿐만 아니라 공간을 점령함으로써 도시의 미관이나 기능을 손상케 하는 것이다. 즉 노배폐차의 잔해, 냉장고등고형폐기물등의 재생불가능한 것이나 비니루등 합성물질로 된 용기나 포장 등으로 연소분해 되지 않은 내구소비재가 이에 해당하는 것으로 이는 maker의 양식에 호소하여 그 책임 하에 해결되어야 할 문제로 본다. 이렇듯 환경오염은 각양각색으로 그 오염물질의 주요 발생원인 산업장이나 기타 기관에서의 발생요인을 살펴보며는 다음과 같은 것으로 요약할 수 있다. A. 제도적 요인 1. 관리체재의 미비 2. 관리법규의 미비 3. 책임소재의 불명확 B. 자재적 요인 1. 사용자재의 선택부적 2. 개량대책급 연구의 미흡 C. 기술적 요인 1. 시설의 설계불량, 공정의 결함 2. 시설의 점검, 보전의 불충분 3. 도출물의 취급에 대한 검사부족 4. 발생방지 시설의 미설치, 결함 D. 교육적 요인 1. 오염물질 방제지식의 결여 2. 법규의 오해, 미숙지 E. 경제적 요인 1. 자금부족 2. 융자상의 문제 3. 경제성의 문제 F. 정신적 요인 1. 사회적 도의심의 결여(이기주의) 2. 태만 3. 무지, 무관심 등이다. 따라서 환경오염의 방지란 상기한 문제의 해결에 기대하지 않을 수 없으나 이를 해결하기 위하여는 국내적 국제적 상호협조에 의한 사회각층의 총력적 대책이 시급한 것이다. 이와 같은 환경오염이 단속된다 하며는 미구에 인류의 건강은 물론 그 존립마저 기대하기 어려울 것이며, 현재는 점진적으로 급성피해에 대하여는 그 흥미가 집중되어 그 대비책도 많이 논의되고 있지만 미량의 단속접촉에 의한 만성축적에 관한 문제나 이와 같은 환경오염이 앞으로 태어날 신생률에 대한 영향이나 유전정보에 관한 연구는 장차에 대비하는 문제로써 중요한 것이라 생각된다. 기외에 우려되는 점은 오염방지책을 적극 추진함으로써 올 수 있는 파생적인 문제이다. 즉 오염을 방지하기 위하여 생산기업체가 투자를 하게 되며는 그만큼 생산원가가 상승할 것이며 소비가격도 오를 것이다. 반면 이런 시책에 뒤떨어진 후진국의 값싼 생산국은 자연 수입이 억제 당할 것이며, 이렇게되면 후진국은 무역경쟁에서 큰 상처를 입게될 것이고 뿐만 아니라 선진국에 필요한 오염물질의 발생이 높은 생산기기를 자연후진국에 양도하게 될 것임으로 후진국의 환경오염은 배가할 우려가 있는 것이다. 또 해양오염을 방지할 목적에서와 같이 자국의 해안보호를 위하여 마련된 법의 규제는 타국의 선박운항에 많은 제약을 가하게 될 것이며 이것 역시 시설이 미약한 약소후진국의 선박에 크게 영향을 미치게 될 것임으로 교통, 해운, 무역등을 통한 약소후진국의 경제성장에 제동을 거는 것이 될 것이다. 이렇듯 환경오염의 문제는 환경자체에 대해서만 아니라 부산물적으로 특히 후진국에는 의외 문제를 던져주게 되는 것임으로 환경오염에 대해서는 물론, 전술한 바와 같이 인간환경전체의 문제로써 Nixon 대통령이 말한 결의와 창의와 그리고 자금을 가지고 과감하게 대처해 나가야 할 것이다.

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Sorption Efficiency of the Bamboo Charcoal to Remove the Cesium in the Contaminated Water System (오염수계 내 세슘 제거를 위한 대나무 활성탄의 흡착효율 규명)

  • Ahn, Joungpil;Lee, Minhee
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.51 no.2
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    • pp.87-97
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    • 2018
  • The cesium (Cs) removal from the contaminated water system has been considered to be difficult because the cesium likes to exist as soluble phases such as ion and complexes than the solid in water system. Many researches have focused on developing the breakthrough adsorbent to increase the cesium removal efficiency in water. In this study, the laboratory scale experiments were performed to investigate the feasibility of the adsorption process using the bamboo charcoal for the Cs contaminated water system. The Cs removal efficiency of the bamboo charcoal were measured and the optimal adsorption conditions were determined by the adsorption batch experiments. Total 5 types of commercialized bamboo charcoals in Korea were used to identify their surface properties from SEM-EDS and XRD analyses and 3 types of bamboo charcoals having large specific surface areas were used for the adsorption batch experiment. The batch experiments to calculate the Cs removal efficiency were performed at conditions of various Cs concentration (0.01 - 10 mg/L), pH (3 - 11), temperature ($5-30^{\circ}C$), and adsorption time (10 - 120 min.). Experimental results were fitted to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm curve and their adsorption constants were determined to understand the adsorption properties of bamboo charcoal for Cs contaminated water system. From results of SEM-EDS analyses, the surfaces of bamboo charcoal particles were composed of typical fiber structures having various pores and dense lamella structures in supporting major adsorption spaces for Cs. From results of adsorption batch experiments, the Cs-133 removal efficiency of C type bamboo charcoal was the highest among those of 3 bamboo charcoal types and it was higher than 75 % (maximum of 82 %) even when the initial Cs concentration in water was lower than 1.0 mg/L, suggesting that the adsorption process using the bamboo charcoal has a great potential to remove Cs from the genuine Cs contaminated water, of which Cs concentration is low (< 1.0 mg/L) in general. The high Cs removal efficiency of bamboo charcoal was maintained in a relatively wide range of temperatures and pHs, supporting that the usage of the bamboo charcoal is feasible for various types of water. Experimental results were similar to the Langmuir adsorption model and the maximum amount of Cs adsorption (qm:mg/g) was 63.4 mg/g, which was higher than those of commercialized adsorbents used in previous studies. The surface coverage (${\theta}$) of bamboo charcoal was also maintained in low when the Cs concentration in water was < 1.0 mg/L, investigating that the Cs contaminated water can be remediated up with a small amount of bamboo charcoal.

Physicochemical Properties of Commercial Sweet Potato Starches (시판 고구마전분의 이화학적 특성)

  • Baek, Man-Hee;Cha, Dong-Su;Park, Hyun-Jin;Lim, Seung-Taik
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.755-762
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    • 2000
  • Physicochemical properties of commercial sweet potato starches manufactured by 7 different companies were investigated in comparison with corn and potato starches. Crude ash and protein content varied from 0.36 to 1.02%, and from 0.04 to 0.14% based on dry weight, respectively. The protein contents were relatively smaller than that of corn or potato starch. But whiteness of the sweet potato starches was less than that of corn or potato starch. Mean diameter of the sweet potato starch granules varied from 14.23 to $21.08\;{\mu}m$ depending on the company and all sweet potato starches showed bimodal size distributions. Pasting viscosity measured by Rapid Viscoanalyzer(RVA) also showed variations among the starches of different companies. The starch from D company in Korea had the lowest pasting temperature$(74.00^{\circ}C)$ whereas the starch from a phillippine company(P) did the highest one$(80.35^{\circ}C)$. The peak viscosity of sweet potato starches was higher than that of corn starch but lower than that of potato starch. The D company starch also showed the highest peak viscosity(2283 cp) among the starches tested. Paste breakdown by hot shearing ranged from 524 cp (S company) to 1279 cp (HL company). Textural properties of the starch gels appeared significantly different among the starches of different manufacturers. The greatest hardness of the gel was $137.90\;g_{f}$ at 1 day storage whereas the lowest value was $31.53\;g_{f}$. Except the starches from 2 companies (P and S), the sweet potato starches formed very soft and weak gels. P or S company starches formed the gels similar to potato starch. Syneresis by freeze-thawing treatments appeared less for sweet potato starch gels than that for corn starch gels, but greater than that for potato starch gel. The overall properties of the sweet potato starches varied by the manufacturing companies, and ranged between those of corn and potato starches.

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Evaluation of Long-term Data Obtained from Seawater Intrusion Monitoring Network using Variation Type Analysis (변동유형 분석법을 이용한 해수침투 관측망 자료 평가)

  • Song, Sung-Ho;Lee, Jin-Yong;Yi, Myeong-Jae
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.478-490
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    • 2007
  • With groundwater data of seawater intrusion monitoring network in coastal areas of Korea's main land, we analyzed types of seawater intrusion through the coastal aquifer. The data including groundwater level, temperature and electrical conductivity obtained from 45 monitoring wells at 25 watershed regions were evaluated. Based on statistical analysis, correlation analysis and variation type analysis, groundwater levels were mainly affected by rainfall and artificial pumping. About 78% of the monitoring wells showed average temperature higher than $15^{\circ}C$ and about 58% of them showed minimum variations less than $0.2^{\circ}C$. Electrical conductivities showed a large magnitude of variation and irregular characteristics compared with groundwater levels and temperatures. Average electrical conductivities lower than $2,000\;{\mu}S/cm$ were observed at 28 monitoring wells while those of higher than $10,000\;{\mu}S/cm$ were done at 9 monitoring wells. From the cross-correlation analysis, groundwater levels were mostly affected by precipitation while temperature and electrical conductivity showed very low correlation. Meanwhile tidal variations strongly affected the groundwater levels comparing to precipitation. We classified the long-term monitoring data according to variation types such as constant process, linear trend, cyclic variation, impulse, step function and ramp. Impulse type was dominant for variations of groundwater level, which was largely affected by rainfall or artificial pumping, the constant process was dominant for temperature. Compared with groundwater level and temperature, electrical conductivities showed various types like linear trend, step function and ramp. According to the discrepancy of variation characteristics for monitoring data at each well in the same region, periodical analysis of monitoring data is essentially required.

Menu Development and Application for Rural Elderly of Gangwon and Chungnam Areas at Agricultural Off-season (강원, 충남지역의 농한기 농촌 노인의 급식식단 개발과 적용)

  • Kim, Hae-Young;Kim, Gil-Hoon;Kim, Haeng-Ran;Kim, Yang-Sook
    • The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.423-435
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    • 2009
  • Meal menus were developed and applied for rural elderly of Gangwon and Chungnam areas at agricultural off-season. Amounts of the major nutrients of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and calorie considered in the menu based on the dietary reference intakes(DRI) of the elderly aged over 65 years were 97.5g, 22.5g, 13.3g, and 600kcal, respectively. In Chungnam, softness and overall acceptance of rice in menu 4, consisted of cereals and rice, kimchi stew with tuna, pan-fried bulgogi mushroom, seasoned dropwort carrot, kimchi, and banana, scored the highest values of 8.5 out of 9.0point hedonic scale (p<0.05). In Gangwon, soup and side dish of menu 3 (rice, frozen pollack pot stew, meatball fried in egg, seasoned sea lettuce, and banana) scored significantly the highest of all (p<0.05). Overall acceptance of all the menus were high over 7.8 without significance in Chungnam. Overall acceptance of the menu 3 scored significantly the highest with value of 8.5 and menu 4 (rice, spicy chicken soup, seasoned bean sprouts, broiled brown seaweed trunk, kimchi, tomato) had significantly the lowest value with value of 7.8 in Gangwon(p<0.05). The total leftover volume of menu 4 was significantly the highest with score of 56g and the menu 4 showed the highest unit cost of 2,900won in Chungnam. However, the total leftover volume of all menus did not show significance ranging from 9g to 19g in Gangwon.

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A Study for Seepage Control of Levee with a Pervious Toe Drain (제내 비탈끝 배수공을 이용한 제방의 침투조절에 관한 연구)

  • Kong, Young-San;Kang, Tae-Uk;Lee, Sang-Ho
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.45 no.6
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    • pp.569-581
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    • 2012
  • The levee is the facility which is constructed along with river for the protection of landside and for passage of water when there is a flood. When the seepage is exposed to the atmosphere on the landside surface of levee, it may eventually lead to levee failure. The seepage water may be removed from the landside surface by a properly designed drainage system. The purpose of the study is to show seepage control effect of a pervious toe drain, and to compare two drainage methods of a pervious toe drain. One is the pervious toe drain suggested by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the other is that suggested by Japan Institute of Construction Engineering (JICE). The levee model constructed has the following dimension: the base width is 2.6 m; the crest width is 0.4 m; the side slope 1 : 2. The water depth in the riverside is 0.5 m. The shape of the toe drain by USACE is triangular. The shape of the toe drain by JICE is rectangular. They were installed with the base length of 0.4 m. The levee model without the toe drain showed saturation surface on the land side in the experiment but not with the toe drain. The experiment results was applied to a numerical analysis model using SEEP/W to calibrate and verify. The numerical analysis results for 35 cm and 30 cm drain width showed that the drain by JICE is a little bit safer than the drain by USACE. It is also easier to construct the toe drain by JICE. The results in the study would be applied to plan the seepage control for a levee with pervious toe drain.

Acute Effects of Ethanol on Blood Pressure and Renal Function in Rat (Ethanol 급성투여(急性投與)가 흰쥐의 혈압(血壓)과 신기능(腎機能)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Bae, Gui-Sook;Park, Jae-Sik;Lee, Won-Jung
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.103-109
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    • 1981
  • In order to determine the dose-response relationship of ethanol on blood pressure and renal function, 2 doses of ethanol were intubated into albino rats. For a direct measurement of arterial blood pressure, a polyethylene catheter(PE 10) was implanted in the abdominal aorta, and the other end of the catheter was pulled out of the back of the neck. The experiment was conducted after the rats recovered from the surgery. After emptying their bladders, the rats were placed in a metabolism cage. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured and arterial blood samples were collected through the catheter. Following the collection of the control urine sample, 1 ml of 10 g% (low dose), or 30 g% (high dose) of ethanol/100 g BW was intubated. 1 ml of water/100 g BW was intubated into the control group. MAP and blood samples were taken every hour, and urine samples were collected every 90 min for 3 hours. Blood alcohol concentrations reached a peak at 1 hour (low dose: $105.0{\pm}7.5$, high dose: $214.7{\pm}20.2\;mg%$) and decreased linearly thereafter. Following alcohol ingestion, MAP began to decrease at 15 min and remained at a significantly low level thoughout the 3 hours experimental period(low dose: $112{\pm}2{\rightarrow}102{\pm}4$, high dose: $117{\pm}2{\rightarrow}100{\pm}8\;mmHg$). Urine Flow increased markedly during the first 90 min of ethanol ingestion (low dose: $0.88{\pm}0.20{\rightarrow}1.04{\pm}0.22$, high dose: $0.56{\pm}0.11{\rightarrow}1.35{\pm}0.18\;ml/1.5\;hr$) and decreased during the second 90 min period(low dose: $0.25{\pm}0.06$, high dose: $0.22{\pm}0.06\;ml/1.5\;hr$). Urine flow of the control group decreased gradually during the experiment $(0.88{\pm}0.10{\longrightarrow}0.59{\pm}0.09{\rightarrow}0.45{\pm}0.09\;ml/1.5\;hr)$. These results indicate that the blood-pressure-lowering and diuretic effects of ethanol are dose-related: higher doses of ethanol produce a greater decrease in blood pressure and greater diuresis.

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