• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.97-114
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• 2013

The 6th Worldwide Air Transport Conference was held in Montreal in March 2013 under the auspices of ICAO. This conference, which has been held every ten years, is dealing with virtually every issue of international air transport, and aiming at updating ICAO policy in order to ensure long-term growth of international civil aviation. Last conference which took place in 2003 focused on the liberalization of air transport, and the 6th conference shifted its focus from whether to push for liberalization, to how to implement it. The main agenda items for the 6th conference was liberalization, safeguards, ownership, fair competition, airports and air navigation facilities, charges, and ICAO policy. The liberalization, and in particular progressive liberalization has been a main theme over the past decades. In the process leading to liberalization, there needs to be the expansion of market access, easing regulation on ownership and control of airlines. Furthermore, the provision of enough infrastructure such as airport and air navigation facilities may be contributing factor to remove impediments to liberalization. However, out of concern as for undermining interests of consumer and the weak, when liberalization is proceeding in a sudden and radical manner, there should be safeguards so as to ensure market participation by developing countries, consumer protection, and economical and transparent decision on taxes and charges. Fair competition which differs from promoting competition in the market, is a policy in order to protect the weak players and consumers from monopoly and oligopoly. The Korean delegation submitted 3 WPs (WP/85, 86 and 87) and 1 IP, and presented WPs, at the conference, which were a lot compared with previous occasions. A paradigm shift was emphasized to expedite the process of liberalization at the 6th conference. The reality is that with many previous recommendations to stress the importance of liberalization, and to urge States to change their attitudes, the pace of the liberalization has been very slow and staggering. The liberalization of air transport will contribute to the growth of air transport and related industry, to create new employment, promoting tourism and regional development, and further to facilitating mutual understanding and exchange, which will also lead to making a barrier-free world. In this context, it is expected that the next conference will also evaluate the on-going process of liberalization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.334-345
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• 2022

The Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on the Management of Disasters and Safety Article 3-2 specifies two 'disaster management supervision agencies' for responding to shipping disasters. These are the Korea Coast Guard, which is an on-scene disaster-responding and coordinating agency, and the Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries, which is a government department, thereby leading to possibilities for confusion. In the case of shipping disasters, where a personnel entitled full power to deal with shipping disasters is designated and his/her powers and duties are clearly made, relationship of leading and supporting agencies is made clear, and command system is simplified, an efficient response to shipping disasters is made possible. In the management of shipping disasters, all the disaster management processes, that is, prevention-preparedness-response-recovery, should be dealt with systematically and consistently. Notably, to swiftly and efficiently cope with a disastrous situation, the decision-making and command system must be simplified. The establishment of a command system and decision-making must be made independently, based on expertise. In the US, irrespective of the type of disasters, the FEMA plays a leading role and the USCG responds a response to maritime disasters by establishing the Incident Command System or Unified Command System that is an incident management system. In the UK, the MCA supervises an event and responds to it, and the SOSREP has full power to work with command and coordination independently. SOSREP, among others, is necessary to prevent an inefficient dealing of a shipping disaster owing to confrontation between participants. With reference to such leading States' practice, the Korean government should make a standardized and simplified response to maritime disasters. This study deals with a new maritime disaster responding system and provides an idea of the revision of the existing legal regime.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.483-488
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• 2023

The status of residual pesticides was investigated in four pepper seed oil samples and 36 pepper-flavored oil samples oil distributed on the market from August to December 2022. A total of 179 pesticides were monitored in 40 samples, and 14 pesticides were detected in 39 of the samples, with a detection range of 0.01-2.16 mg/kg. In chili seed oil, 10 pesticides were detected 27 times with a range of 0.11-2.16 mg/kg, and in pepper-flavored oil, 9 pesticides were detected 94 times with a range of 0.01-0.80 mg/kg. The most frequently detected pesticides were tebuconazole, ethion, and difenoconazole, with ethion being detected in large concentrations in products using Chinese raw materials. Ethion, an unregistered pesticide in the Republic of Korea, has not been detected in the Gyeonggi-do area in the past 10 years. It is thought that the detection of ethion can be utilized as an indicator of products made in China. Peppers are a representative agricultural product for which many pesticides are used, and if the pesticides transferred to pepper seeds are not removed, the probability of detecting various types of pesticides in pepper seed oil is very high. Therefore, continuous research is needed to ensure the safety of pepper seed oil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2017

A high degree of precision and accuracy in Gamma Knife Radiosurgery(GKRS) is a fundamental requirement for therapeutical success. Elaborate radiation delivery and dose gradients with the steep fall-off of radiation are clinically applied thus necessitating a dedicated Quality Assurance(QA) program in order to guarantee dosimetric and geometric accuracy and reduce all the risk factors that can occur in GKRS. In this study, as a part of QA we verified the accuracy of single-shot dose profiles used in the algorithm of Gamma Knife Perfexion(PFX) treatment planning system employing Variable Ellipsoid Modeling Technique(VEMT). We evaluated the dose distributions of single-shots in a spherical ABC phantom with diameter 160 mm on Gamma Knife PFX. The single-shots were directed to the center of ABC phantom. Collimating configurations of 4, 8, and 16 mm sizes along x, y, and z axes were studied. Gamma Knife PFX treatment planning system being used in GKRS is called Leksell GammaPlan(LGP) ver 10.1.1. From the verification like this, the accuracy of GKRS will be doubled. Then the clinical application must be finally performed based on precision and accuracy of GKRS. Specifically the width at the 50% isodose level, that is, Full-Width-of-Half-Maximum(FWHM) was verified under such conditions that a patient's head is simulated as a sphere with diameter 160mm. All the data about dose profiles along x, y, and z axes predicted through VEMT were excellently consistent with dose profiles from LGP within specifications(${\leq}1mm$ at 50% isodose level) except for a little difference of FWHM and PENUMBRA(isodose level: 20%~80%) along z axis for 4 mm and 8mm collimating configurations. The maximum discrepancy of FWHM was less than 2.3% at all collimating configurations. The maximum discrepancy of PENUMBRA was given for the 8 mm collimator along z axis. The difference of FWHM and PENUMBRA in the dose distributions obtained with VEMT and LGP is too small to give the clinical significance in GKRS. The results of this study are considered as a reference for medical physicists involved in GKRS in the whole world. Therefore we can work to confirm the validity of dose distributions for all collimating configurations determined through the regular preventative maintenance program using the independent verification method VEMT for the results of LGP and clinically assure the perfect treatment for patients of GKRS. Thus the use of VEMT is expected that it will be a part of QA that can verify and operate the system safely.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.85-124
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• 2016

The Human gene testing act (GenDG) in Germany starts from the characteristic features of gene testing, i.e. dualisting structure consisted of anlaysis on the one side and the interpretation on the other side. The linguistic distincion of 'testing', 'anlaysis' and 'judgment' in the act is a fine example. Another important basis of the regulation is the ideological purpose of the law, that is information autonomy. The normative texts as such and the founding principle are the basis of the classification of testing types. Especially in the case of gene testing for medical purpose is classified into testing for diagnostic purpose and predictive purpose. However, those two types are not always clearly differentiated because the predictive value of testing is common in both types. In the legal regulation of gene testing it is therefore important to manage the uncertainty and subjectivity which are inherent in the gene-analysis and the judgment. In GenDG the system ensuring the quality of analysis is set up and GEKO(Commity for gene tisting) based on the section 23 of GenDG concretes the criterium of validity through guidelines. It is also very important in the case of gene testing for medical purpose to set up the system for ensurement of procedural rationality of the interpretation. The interpretation of the results of analysis has a wide spectrum because of the consistent development of technology on the one side and different understandings of different subjects who performs gene testings. Therefore the process should include the communication process for patients in oder that he or she could understand the meaning of gene testing and make plans of life. In GenDG the process of genetic counselling and GEKO concretes the regulation very precisely. The regulation as such in GenDG seems to be very suggestive to Korean legal polic concerning the gene testing.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 2004

It was 1988 when people pay attention to an importance of the facilities for the handicapped, with Seoul Paralympics. In early 1990s, regular efforts were made to improve a physical environment for the handicapped, which results in reforming the Welfare Law for the Handicapped all over the surface. However, keeping pace with the expansion of the western universal design concept, it is required to evaluate a new concept in which way the facilities for the handicapped must be installed. That is, any physical environment, which regards the handicapped as an independent subject, tend to isolate them from normal people rather than satisfy their needs. making the handicapped feel more discriminated. All the facilities for the handicapped has to reflect a general idea that the facilities are opened for all the people including the handicapped. Being recently reformed and enacted in order to reflect this essential point, 'the raw of contributing to the convenience of the handicapped, aged men, pregnant women and nursing mother(1998)' even covers the aged men, pregnant women and nursing mother, not to mention of the handicapped. In addition, the law states clearly that all the handicapped can share all the facilities with the normal people, inducing the handicapped to more actively participate in society. Consequently, the handicapped are acquiring their rights by directly demanding for correction of varied discrimination. Though even more facilities have been provided, most of them are deficient in the quality, setting limits to the handicapped person's living field as well as social activities. Especially, most public buildings in our country rarely provide the adequate facilities for the handicapped, aged men, pregnant women and nursing mother. Therefore, this study is focused on developing the list of actual condition research that can effectively detect the inadequacy of facilities in public buildings. Then it will find the aspects to be improved in a systematic and scientific way to propose a practical method to improve the facilities in public buildings.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.51-64
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• 1991

The reliable estimation of pile bearing capacity is essential for the improvement of the re- liability and the cost-effectiveness of the design. There have been numerous pile bearing capacity prediction methods proposed up to now, however, execpt for the estimation made from the result of the pile loading test, not one method is appropriate for the reliable prediction. Due to the considerable time and expenses required to carry out the pile loading test, the test has seldom been utilized. The development of Simple Pile Loading Test(SPLT) which utilizes the pile skin friction as the required reaction force to cause the pile tip settlement, provides a solution to perform more pile loading tests and consequently a more economical pile design is possible. The separate measurement of skin friction and tip resistance during the course of performing SPLT provides a better understanding of the pile behavior than the result of the conventional pile loading test where only the total resistance is measured. On the other hand, there are some points to be clarified in order to apply the test results of SPLT to practical problem. They are the direction of the applied load to mobilize the skin friction and the use of reduced sized sliding core. In this research, both the SPLT and the conventional pile loading test on 406mm diameter steel pipe pile have been performed. From the result, it would be safe to use the measured SPLT skin friction value directly in the design, since the value is somewhat lower than the value measured in the conventional test. It is further assumed that the tip resistance value of the reduced sized sliding core should properly be analysed by taking the incluonce of scale effect into consideration.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.348-359
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• 2007

The conventional mobile VPN services assumed the mobile communications occur between the MN in foreign networks and the CN in the home network. However, if a MN wants to communicate with another MN in a foreign network, it could degrade the performance of the mobile VPN service because of the triangular routing problem. In this paper, we propose a route optimization mechanism based on the mobile VPN using an x-HA allocated by diameter MIP in order to support the efficient communication between the mobile VPN users in foreign networks. The i-HA maintains the VPN-TIA as well as the x-HoA as the CoAs to solve the security problem and to provide an efficient route optimization simultaneously. Moreover, we proposed revised IPSec tunnel configuration to reduce the IPSec tunnel overheads at a MN when the MN communicates with several MNs in the foreign networks at the same time. The VPN server, a security management entity in the home network, notifies an additional IPSec tunnel establishment between the x-HAs where the communication peers are registered. The simulation result showed that the proposed scheme decreases the end-to-end packet delay time and improves the throughput after the handoff compared to the existing mechanism.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2011

Purpose : In this study, we tried to know that how the occupational therapists applied the core principles of Ayres's sensory integration(ASI) intervention for clients by using the method of self-assessment. Methods : The study period was from May 2010 to June 2010. The subjects were therapists who use a sensory integration intervention. We letted them to do self-assessment about degree of performing the treatment according to the core principles of ASI by using a questionnaire. Total 66 questionnaires were collected. SPSS for Windows version 15.0 was statistically analyzed. Results : There wasn't anybody without considering the 10 core principles of ASI interventions for children. Therapist's answer(more than 90%) was sometimes, often, always except for the guide self-organization in the 10 core principles of ASI intervention. On the basis of total average score of raw score of 10 core principles of ASI intervention, provide sensory opportunities, provide just-right challenges, collaborate on activity choice, maximize child's success, ensure physical safety, and foster therapeutic alliance showed more than 50 points(T value). The guide self-organization, support optimal arousal, create play context, and arrange room to engage child showed less than 50 points T value. Conclusion : The most effective interventions for sensory integration is the treatment based on the core principles of ASI intervention. According to core principle of ASI intervention, checking the quality of care and increasing the quality of care is needed through performing self-assessment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.4956-4962
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• 2012

Among the various parts of automobile, automotive seat is the most fundamental item that ride comfort can be evaluated as the direct contact part with human body. Automotive seat must have the sufficient rigidity and strength at the same time with ride comfort. In this study, cushion frame and back frame at car seat are modelled with 3D. There are structural simulation analyses about 3 kinds of tests on torsion strength, vertical load strength and back frame strength. In the analysis result, the initial total deformation and the permanent total deformation has the maximum values of 5.4821 mm and 0.02539mm respectively at the torsion strength test of cushion frame. Total deformations at front and rear end parts of cushion frame become the values of 2.1159mm and 0.0606mm respectively at the test of vertical load strength of cushion frame. In case of more than this load, the maximum value of total deformation also becomes 3.1739mm. The maximum value of total deformation becomes 0.18634mm at 3 kinds of the strength tests on back frame. By the study result of no excessive deformation and no fracture cushion frame and back frame at automotive seat, the sufficient rigidity and strength to guarantee the safety of passenger can be verified.