• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
• /
• no.68
• /
• pp.145-171
• /
• 2017

This study aims to clarify the meaning of the Anapji which was one of the scenic places of historical interest during Silla Dynasty and of the Anapbupyeong(雁鴨浮萍) which was one of the greatest seven miracles (Dong-do-chil-gue(東都七怪) through appearance of the Anapji in poems. Anapji lies its original meanings on Anhaji(安夏池) and then it was shortened to Anji(雁池), apji(鴨池) while Dongho(東湖) has also been called since it is located in the South of Gyeongju. As of July 2011, the Ministry of Culture officially renamed Anapji and Imhaejeon Hall Site(臨海殿址) as the palace of Crown Prince-Gyonegju Donggung(慶州 東宮) and Wolji(月池) (Historical Site No. 18) and Wolji became the current name. While pond was made during Munmu of Silla, the name Anapji did not exist. Kim Si-Seup (1465~1471) in the early Chosun period referred to the pond as Anhaji(安夏池) and its name started being called as Anapji in the Geography of Korea (Sinjeung dongguk yeoji seungnam,(新增東國輿地勝覽)(Jungjong 25, 1530). Though modern scholar states that it was being called Anapji since there are always many ducks and wild geese in the pond, they fails to present the literature evidences. The author found the line in the poem -Anapji composed by writer Kim Chul Woo, which means that a wild duck and water bird get in and off the pond on their own and the record saying which means Dong-ho(東湖) from the phrase of Dongho-saw-sar-gi(東湖書社記) of Lee Su In(李樹仁)(1739-1822)-Confucian Scholar of Gyeongju was created due to the fact that many wild geese and ducks are flying over. Based on the facts foresaid, the literature evidences for the name of Anapji are presented in the paper. Anapji is a combined word between the Anapbupyeong(雁鴨浮萍) which is a flooding weed and Dong-do-chil-gue(東都七怪). Dong-do-chil-gue is an ancient form of Modern Eight Scenic Views. Eight Scenic Views -Gyeongju Parlgyong is just well-known as scenic places without grotesque elements Dong-do-chil-gue had before. However, the author also found the passage of Ilseongnok: Records of Daily Reflections saying that Anapji has a clod that is as wide as rock(盤石) and the clod also has moneywort on, which are undulating in the wind and clarified how the Anapbupyeong became one of the one of the greatest-seven miracles Dong-do-chil-gue and why the Anapbupyeong frequently appears in the poems of many writers.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2000

백내장 수술 추 염증치료를 위해 일반적으로 부작용이 많은 국소 점안 스테로이드를 사용해왔다. 최근 NSAID계열의 점안액이 항염증 치료약물로 개발되면서 선택적인 약물치료가 가능하게 되었으나 단일치료약물로 사용하는 경우는 드물다. 본 연구는 NSAID계 diclofenac 점안액의 백내장 수술 후 염증치료 효과를 스테로이드체 dexamethasone 점안액과 비교하여 단일 치료약물로서 사용할 수 있는 지 연구하고자하였다. 백내장 수술을 받은 환자로서 안압이 22 mmHg 이상 당뇨환자, 수술대상 눈에 이미 질환 및 수술 경력이 있는 자를 제외하였다. 백내장 수술 후 항염종 약물로서 diclofenac 또는 dexamethasone을 28일 동안 투여하고 항염증효과의 평가를 위하여 세극등 검사로저 전방내 염증세포와 결막, 각막등의 전안부 관찰을 수술 전, 수술 후 1, 3, 7, 14, 28일에 시행하였고, 시력검사는 수술 추 7, 28일에 시행하였다. 안전성의 평가는 안압검사와 세극등 검사상 관찰된 이상소견으로 평가하였다. 총 73명의 연구대상 중 dexameasone군은 41명, diclofenac군은 32명이며 두 군간에 나이, 백내장의 심한 정도, 안구질환 등에 있어 유의한 차이가 없었다 전방내 항염증세포수의 감소에서 두 군간에 유의할 만한 차이가 없었고, 수술 후 최대 교정 시력에서도 동일한 효과를 보였다. 안전성에서 안압의 상승이 두군간에 통계적인 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 dexamethasone군에서 1명의 환자가 45 mmHg 이상 증가하여 약물치료가 필요하였으나 diclofenac군에서는 안압이 상승한 환자가 없었다. 결론적으로 효능 및 안전성에서 두 약물간에 통제적, 임상적으로 유의한 차이가 없었으며 diclofenac 점안액은 백내장 수술 후 항염증치료제로서 충분한 효과가 있으며 안압상승, 감염 등 부작용이 우려되는 dexamethasone점안액의 대체약물로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 평가된다.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.447-454
• /
• 2012

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of propofol and remifentanil combination on hemodynamics and intraocular pressure (IOP), and to compare with those of isoflurane in beagle dogs. Fourteen clinically healthy beagle dogs were divided randomly into 2 groups and each group was consisted with 7 dogs. Anesthetic agents were propofol (0.2 mg/kg/min) plus remifentanil ($0.5{\mu}g/kg/min$, 1% solution in standard saline) in one group (group PRP) and 3% isoflurane in the other group (group ISF). Anesthesia was maintained for 90 min in the both groups. IOP, blood pressure, heart rate and blood gas values (pH, $PaCO_2$, $PaO_2$, $SaO_2$, $tCO_2$, ${HCO_3}^-$) were recorded at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min in the both groups. IOP values in both eyes were significantly decreased in group PRP compared with those in group ISF. but there were no significant differences between two eyes in each group. Systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures were significantly decreased in group PRP within the normal range. There were no differences between groups in all blood gas parameters. In this study, propofol and remifentanil combination could provide stable IOP and blood pressure compared with isoflurane.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.55-62
• /
• 1994

The use of intraoperative application of Mitomycin C at the filtration site has been known to improve the surgical outcome in glaucomatous eyes with high risk for failure of trabeculectomy. The author performed trabeculectomies with intraoperative Mitomycin C on 25 eyes of 20 patients with poor surgical prognosis to study the efficacy and safety of this technique in glaucomatous patients with high risk for failure of trabeculectomy. After the preparation of a scleral flap, 0.2mg/ml solution of Mitomycin C was applied between Tenon's capsule and the sclera for 2 minutes. The exposed area was then irrigated with 200 ml of balanced salt solution. The follow-up period was from 1 to 7 months (mean 3.8 months). The mean preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) was $38.6{\pm}6.6mmHg$. The mean final postoperative IOP was $11.7{\pm}3.8mmHg$. Twenty three (88%) of the 25 eyes were successfully controlled with the IOP of less than or equal to 20 mmHg without glaucoma medication. There were early postoperative complications of hyphema in 5 eyes (20%), shallow anterior chamber in 4 eyes(16%), punctate keratopathy in 3 eyes (12%), aqueous leaking from conjunctival wound in 2 eyes (8%), encapsulated bleb in 1 eye (4%) and choroidal detachment in 1 eye (4%), and 4 eyes had long term hypotony lasting more than 2 months. Although Mitomycin C is simple to use and effective adjunct to trabeculectomy, further study will be needed to determine the mechanism of action, indication, dosage and optimal exposure time of Mitomycin C.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.232-242
• /
• 2007

Background : The safety and efficacy of trabeculectomy with Mitomycin C (MMC) for surgical treatment in aphakic and pseudophaic eyes were retrospectively evaluated. Materials and Methods : The authors reviewed 51 eyes of 45 patients who had been followed up for at least 6 months after trabeculectomy using MMC for aphakic and pseudophakic eyes. The success rate and complications were analyzed. The success criteria included intraocular pressures of 21 mmHg or less with or without glaucoma medications and no loss of light perception. Surgical failure was defined as a postoperative loss of light perception in patients with preoperative vision better than light perception, additional glaucoma surgery, or phthisis bulbi in patients with preoperative vision of no light perception. Results : The average follow up period was 27.7 months and the intraocular pressure was controlled under 21 mmHg in 36 eyes of 51 (70.6%) after the procedure with or without medication for glaucoma. Using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the cumulative success rate at the 3-, 6-, 12-, 24- and 36-month intervals were 98.0%, 94.1%, 91.9%, 83.4% and 75.5%, respectively. The complications observed were hyphema (4 eyes), serous choroidal detachment (4 eyes), hypotony (3 eyes), and endophthalmitis (1 eye). Conclusion : Trabeculectomy using Mitomycin C for the treatment of aphakic and pseudophaic eyes was safe and effective.

• Conservation Science in Museum
• /
• v.8
• /
• pp.49-69
• /
• 2007

This is about the scientific analysis of the 10 items of the gilt-bronze Panbul excavated from Anapji, Gyeongju. First, the composition of the Panbul was confirmed, using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), and the patinas covering the surface of the Panbul were analyzed, using X-ray diffractometer (XRD). And the micro structures and gilt layer of the Panbul were investigated, using microscope and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS), and in order to investigate the internal conditions of the Panbul, X-radiography was conducted. As the result, it is found out that the material of the Panbul excavated from Anapji was the bronze of copper (86~95%) and tin (4~12%), and coated with gold. And cuprite (Cu₂O) was detected from red patina of the gilt-bronze Panbul, and chalcocite(Cu₂S) also was detected from the black patina. As the result of the observation of the micro structure through microscope, it is estimated that it was manufactured, using the wax molding method, and, judging from the fact that the thickness of gilt layer was not even, and that the groove had been filled, it was presumed that the amalgam coating method had been used, but some questions still remain, because mercury was not detected. Lastly, through the X-radiography, it was observed that the tiny round spots existed, which was presumed to have been generated during the casting.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.126-135
• /
• 2002

Background: Neovascular glaucoma is common secondary glaucoma at high risk for failure of glaucoma filtering surgery. Recently, trabeculectomy with adjunctive mitomycin C trabeculectomy has been tried to improve the surgical success rate of conventional trabeculectomy. But, the long-term effects of mitomycin C trabeculectomy for neovascular glaucoma are unknown. Thus, we evaluated the long-term effects of mitomycin C trabeculectomy and its prognostic factors influencing the outcome. Materials and Methods: Medical records of 62 eyes of 55 neovascular glaucoma who had undergone mitomycin C trabeculectomy were retrospectively reviewed. Surgical success was defined as intraocular pressures of 21 mmHg or less with or without glaucoma medications and no loss of light perception. Surgical failure was defined as postoperative loss of light perception in patients with preoperative vision better than light perception, additional glaucoma surgery, or phthisis bulbi in patients with preoperative vision of no light perception. Results: Postoperative success was obtained in 37 (60%) out of 62 eyes after mean followup period of $23.9{\pm}16.2$ months. Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, cumulative success rate at the 6-, 12-, 24- and 36-month intervals were 85%, 71%, 57% and 52%, respectively. Success rate was greater in eyes with diabetic retinopathy than other causes(p=0.005) and in eyes with preoperative panretinal photocoagulation(PRP) than without PRP(p=0.015). However, Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed that preoperative PRP was not a significant risk factor for surgical failure. Conclusion: Prognosis of neovascular glaucoma caused by diabetic retinopathy was better than that caused by the other disorders following mitomycin C trabeculectomy. The author would suggest that mitomycin C trabeculectomy could be effective and relatively safe as the first procedure of choice before performing glaucoma drainage device implantation or cyclodestructive procedure.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.51 no.3
• /
• pp.72-87
• /
• 2018

This study highlights a drainage gate and a ditch, which existed around the whole area of the western shore of Wolji Pond(月池) and focuses on a possible connection between the drainage facility on the western shore and the historical drainage system of Wolji Pond. Specifically, it primarily considered locations and the form of a drainage gate, the relationship between northwestern ditch of Wolji Pond and the drainage gate, and the establishment period and the character of the drainage facility on the western shore. The drainage gate found in excavation in 1975 is determined as the same facility as Surakgu(水落口) recorded on an actual measurement drawing, 1922. Therefore, it is highly probable that there were already the drainage facility in the western shore of Wolji Pond before the 1920s. The drainage gate constructed by processing rectangular stones has four drainage holes for controlling water level. The way of the drainage through the drainage holes is the same as that of the northern shore of Wolji Pond. From a cadastral map drawn in 1913, it is found that the ditch existed in northwest of Wolji Pond. The ditch was proximate to the drainage gate and shared the same axes. Hence, the ditch and the drainage gate are determined as a organic facility connected to the drainage system of Wolji Pond. In particular, the ditch existed in northwest of Wolji Pond is the basis for judging that the drainage facility in the western shore were established before the 1910s. Water flowed in through drainage holes of the drainage gate is drained into the northwest of Wolji Pond, through the ditch. The establishment period and the intention of the drainage facility on the western shore can be interpreted in two aspects. First, they might be 'a agricultural irrigation facility in the Joseon era', given that Wolji Pond was recorded as a agricultural reservoir, and that the whole northwestern area of Wolji Pond was used as farm land areas. Second, they might be 'a drainage facility for controlling the water level in creating Wolji Pond', given that the drainage gate was annexed to the lower shore forming the waterline of Wolji Pond, and that the hight of drainage holes on top of the drainage gate was similar to the full water level of Wolji Pond. Considering the related grounds and circumstance, the latter possibility is high.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• v.3
• /
• pp.197-202
• /
• 1985

A number of the remains of animals were unearthed from Anup pond in Kyungzu during the repair work in March, 1975. To determine the species of animal origin and the ages and sexes of them, some judgement and morphological examination of the animal remains were conducted and the results obtained with the bone remains believed to be of horses are summarized as follow. 1. The total of the remains of horses excavated were 28 teeth and 9 pieces of bones. The bones were classified into on each of skull, humerus, radius, the first phalanx, femur and tibia, the remaining 3 pieces being cervical vertebrae. 2. The cranial bone was relatively in fair preservation and, on the whole, the gross appearance was quite similar to that of current Korean native horses. With the defacement of the teeth, the horse remains could be of a mare with the age less than 10 years. 3. The size of the appendicular skeletons were a bit smaller than that of Korean native horse at present. 4. The results obtained in the present study strongly indicated that the horse remains excavated from the An up pond could be of at least 2 or more horses.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.89-98
• /
• 2010

Sex and its tropic hormones influence the lacrimal system, corneal anatomy and disease, aqueous humor dynamics and glaucoma, crystalline lens and cataract, and retinal disease. Dry eye occurs especially frequently during pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, and after menopause, during which androgen levels decrease. Androgen control development, differentiation, and lipid production of sebaceous glands throughout the body, and androgen deficiency also leads to meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye. On the other hand, estrogen causes a reduction in size, activity, and lipid production of sebaceous glands. Sex and its tropic hormones also influence the corneal anatomy and disease, and corneal thickening occurred on the second day of the menstrual cycle and around the time of ovulation and appeared to be related to estrogen levels. Fuchs' dystrophy is more commonly seen in postmenopausal women than men and may be linked to hormonal changes that occur with aging. In addition, overexpression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the conjunctiva of vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients. Serum progesterone levels also may be associated with intraocular pressure especially in pregnant women, and for the women. For women with cataracts, hormone levels were typical of menopause, and there was a significant negative correlation between estradiol and follicular stimulating hormone levels. In addition, serum testosterone levels are associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy. Although the role of sex hormones on the eye is largely unknown, and the results should be interpreted with caution until replicated, the functions of sex hormones in ocular disease remains to be investigated, because they may be involved in structure and function of the ocular components, which are important in the pathogenesis of ocular disease.