• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.103-108
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• 2012

This study was carried out to qualitatively examine the effect of hand massage on facial contour treatment. In the research, the hand massage was carried out to do facial treatments 2 times a week, total 20 times for 10 weeks on women in their 20s~40s. 3D Laser Scanner was used to analyze. The change of facial volume decreased by $731mm^3$ (p>.05), the thickness of cheekbone area decreased by 0.40mm(p<.05) and the thickness of mastication area decreased by 0.44mm after hand massage(p<.05) By above-mentioned findings, hand massage is likely to be an effective treatment for the reduction of facial volume, the thickness of cheekbone area and mastication area to be basic data of establishing facial line treatment methods.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.584-588
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• 2008

Facial asymmetry is particularly associated with mandible among other facial bones and it could be either congenital or acquired. Congenital factors are related to Treacher Collin syndrome, Pierre Robin syndrome, hemifacial microsomia and other various syndromes. Acquired factors are such as damaged or diseased growing condyles, hormonal disorder, oral mal-habit, muscular force, tumor, infection and so on. Diagnosis and treatment of facial asymmetry are complicated due to differences in sizes and positions of mandibles. The aspects of facial asymmetry is various and complicated upon each individual. Depending on causes of the facial asymmetry, there also are morphological differences. For such reasons, precise anatomical analysis and diagnosis of the facial asymmetry are essential before any surgical procedure followed by the appropriate treatment plan. This case is regarding a 21-year old patient diagnosed as the facial asymmetry due to an infantile maxillofacial surgery. Employing various morphological evaluations, potential problems during the procedure are predicted beforehand. This case reports a favorable result of sagittal split ramus osteotomy performing the oblique vertical bone cutting in posterior-superior of the mandibular second molar.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.125-128
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• 2011

Purpose: Asymmetric crying facies is caused by agenesis or hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris muscle and is often associated various anomalies. Several static and dynamic surgical interventions have been reported, but their effects are unreliable. We report on the successful use of botulinum toxin A in an asymmetric crying facies patient. Methods: A 4-year-old girl presented with a facial asymmetry on crying or smiling. Physical examination revealed that her face had no asymmetry at rest. However, the patient showed characteristic asymmetry when smiling, crying, and with other normal facial movements. Asymmetric crying facies was clinically suspected and the weakness of left depressor anguli oris was present on electrophysiology study. Fifteen units of botulinum toxin type A were injected to the right depressor anguli oris muscle. Results: The patient showed the prominent improvement in the facial symmetry without significant complication and the effect persisted until 3 months post injection. Conclusion: Asymmetric crying facies was treated successfully with botulinum toxin A and this method was easy and noninvasive.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.594-606
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• 1996

This study was intended to perform the relationships between mandibualr lateral deviation in facial asymmetry patients and morphology of the cranial vault. In 30 patients(males 14, female 16) using submento-vertical cephalograms that were taken in the pre-operaticve state and posteroanterioir cephalograms that were taken in centric occlusion before, immediate and long term after surgery. 1. Mean mandibular deviation was about $-3.12^{\circ}$and mean of absolute measurement was about $2.50^{\circ}$on the submento-vertical cephalograms. 2. On the submento-vertical cephalograms, there was no significant difference between non-deviation and deviation side but it had tendency that deviation side was larger than non-deviation side on the frontal portion of cranium(Y10 to Y6) and deviation side was smaller than non-deviation on the temporal portion of cranium(Y5, Y-1 to Y-5). 3. Mean mandibular deviation was about $1.40^{\circ}$and mean of absolute measurement was about $3.95^{\circ}$on the posteroanterioir cephalograms. 4. There was statistical significance on the influence of surgical change(PT2A-PT1A) to the relapse(PTLA-PT2A)(p<0.05). The more increasing of the change, the more relapse on the posteroanterioir cephalograms. 5. There was no statistical significance on the influence of degree of mandibular deviation to morphology of the cranium on the submento-vertical cephalograms. But it had tendency that the more mandibular deviation, the larger the non-deviation side on the anterior cranium and deviation side on the posterior cranium(p>0.05). 6. There was statistical significance on the influence of the degree of mandibular deviation on the posteroanterioir cephalograms to the difference between non-deviation and deviation side. The more increasing of mandibular deviation, the larger the non-deviation side on the Y4 to Y-6(p<0.05). 7. There was no statistical significance on the influence of difference between non-deviation and deviation side to the relapse on the posteroanterioir cephalograms. But it had tendency that the more increasing of the differece between non-deviation and deviation side, the more increasing the relapse on temporal of cranium.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2005

As people prefer to use right or left hand, some have preferred chewing side while others do not. Totally, 82 volunteers composed of students and staffs from Dental Hospital College of Dentistry Yonsei University participated in this study for the investigation of influence of preferred chewing habit, that has lasted for more than a year, on electromyographic(EMG) activity of masticatory muscles and bite force. Among the 82 volunteers, 46 had preferred chewing habit while the other 36 did not. Prior to the investigation, those with factors that could affect the study, such as, general disease, irregular dentition and malocclusion, were screened and excluded by questionnaire and clinical examination. The results were as follows: 1. There was no significant difference in EMG activities between chewing side and non-chewing side of preferred chewing subjects at rest as well as maximal voluntary contraction(MCV)(p>0.05). 2. Asymmetrical coefficient of temporal and masseter muscle EMG activities between preferred chewing subjects and non-preferred chewing subjects at rest was not significantly different(p>0.05). 3. Asymmetrical coefficient of masseter EMG activity was significantly higher(p<0.05) than that of non-preferred chewing subjects at MCV, whereas that of anterior temporal muscle showed no difference(p<0.05). 4. In preferred chewing subjects, there was no significant difference in average bite force and occlusal contact area between chewing side and non-chewing side(p>0.05). 5. There was no significant difference in Asymmetrical coefficients of average bite force and occlusal contact area between preferred chewing subjects and non-preferred chewing subjects (p>0.05). Consequently, preferred chewing habit can be considered as physiological asymmetry with normal function rather than to have influence on EMG muscle activity of masticatory muscles, average bite force and occlusal contact area. Objective standardization to differentiate preferred chewing subjects and non-preferred chewing subjects should be established in the further study.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.396-410
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• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the distribution and the degree of the asymmetry existed in normal persons and asymmetric patients, and to investigate the changes of asymmetric patients after orthognathic surgery. The analysis was performed with the posteroanterior cephalometric radiography of 60 normal persons and 31 facial asymmetric patients. The results were as follows : 1. The degree of normal asymmetry existed in normal persons was not significant except MF and Me measurements. 2. The degree of normal asymmetry according to sex difference was not significant except cranial base area. 3. When normal persons were compared to asymmetric patients, there were more measurements which presented significant asymmetry on mandible than on maxilla. 4. When postoperative state was compared to preoperative state, the degree of asymmetry were usually decreased except AGO and GA measurements, especially the Cd, MF, Me, and Cd-Me measurements decreased significantly. 5. When postoperative state was compared to normal persons, 4 measurements of mandible approached significantly the measurements of normal persons.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.256-259
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• 2013

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) inhibits muscle contraction, which leads to reversible muscle atrophy and paralysis. Therefore, BTX-A injection can be an effective treatment of facial asymmetry that originated from the uncoordinated muscle movement. A 52-year-old patient was referred from another hospital for the correction of post-traumatic sequelae. The patient had prominent scar in the mandibular symphysis area with asymmetric lower lip movement. The reason for this asymmetric lower lip movement was due to damage in the lower lip depressor muscle. After the injection of BTX-A on the lower lip depressors, asymmetric lip movement has been improved.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.69-81
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• 1990

Classification of facial asymmetry has not been yet well-organized because of their variety on etiologic factors, involved sites and clinical expressions. And surgical treatments are also variable and depend upon their causes and clinical abnormalities. This is a case report on surgical experiences of two patients who had severe facial asymmetry and could not treated pre-surgical orthodontics before surgery. One patient was belong to hemifacial microsomia and another was a very unusual complex type related to unilateral condylar hyperplasia, unilateral macrognathia and unilateral mandibular hypoplasia. The authors used a simultaneous two-jaw surgery, bone shaving and onlay-type bone graft in former case, and a simultaneous two-jaw surgery, condylectomy, bone shaving and only-type bone graft in latter case. In two cases, immediate post-operative results in function and esthetics were excellent, however, progressive resorption of onlay-type bone grafts have been noticed.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.255-268
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• 1992

There are various modalities in the treatment of facial asymmetry, but in severe case with TMD by actively growing deformed condyle, the treatment choice is removing the condyle growth center and TMD symptom such as click or muscular discomfort. In our one case, the patient was complain of facial asymmetry. There are severe deformed condyle head with bird-head fashion and enlarged mandibular ramus and body vertically about 18 mm, overgrowthed Rt. mandible body horizontally about 20 mm. She had intermittent Lt. TMJ clicking and muscular discomfort. The author diagnosed it as Lt. hemimandibular hyper-plasia & R, hemimandibular elongation, a combination form with TMD. the condyle was in active growing state in scintigraphic analysis. So we extirpated the deformed condyle by intrasoral sagittal split ramus osteotomy and reshaped the condyle and mandibular distal fragment extraorally. The distal fragment was readapted in glenoid fossa and fixated. In Rt. mandibular body area, autogenous onlay bone graft on the inferior border of mandible was performed to correct the asymmetry. The clicking and facial asymmetry was corrected and we report this results with other literature findings.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.305-313
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• 1992

Facial asymmetry can be most distressing for the young child and parents. It can cause functional problems as a result of malocclusion. Classification of facial asymmetry has not been yet well-organized because of its varieties on etiologic factors, involved sites and clinical expressions. Even though, we don't know its causes definitely. It is generally believed that problems with aberrant pattern of condylar growth are related to facial asymmetry. This is a case report on surgical correction of the patients who had severe facial asymmetry. One patient was diagnosed as condylar hyperplasia and the other was diagnosed as a condylar hypoplasia related to trauma. We performed a simultaneous two-jaw surgery, condylar shaving, inferior border ostectomy of affected mandible in the former case, and a simultaneous two-jaw surgery, reverse-L osteotomy and alloplastic implantation with $Biocoral^{TM}$ in the latter case. The postoperative results of the two cases were excellent functionally and esthetically.