• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.55-74
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• 2005

This study investigated the effects of children's temperament and environmental factors on boys' and girls' noncompliance in ecological context. Observations were made of 62 children(34 boys and 28 girls, $\bar{x}$= 44 months) enrolled in child-care centers. Mothers and caregivers completed questionnaires. Data were analyzed by t-test, Pearson's Correlation, and three way ANOVA. Results showed no significant gender difference in noncompliance. There were correlations between children's activity level, maternal rejection and responsiveness, quantity of child-care and boys' noncompliance. For girls, only activity level and quantity of child-care were related to noncompliance. The effects of maternal child-rearing behavior and child-care variables on noncompliance varied by children's gender and temperament.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.17-32
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• 2004

Factor analysis of data collected from 336 elementary school children provided difficuitness and susceptibility as the temperament factors, and affect and control as the nurturing factors. Results showed that non-susceptible children with low controlling mother perceived their cognitive competence positively while highly susceptible children showed no differences in their self-competence by mothers' controlling behavior. Perceived cognitive competence of susceptible boys and of susceptible 3rd graders were low when their mothers asserted low control. Thus, mothers' controlling behavior supported perceived cognitive competence in highly susceptible boys and 3rd graders. That is, the effect of mother's behavior on child's self-competence was moderated by child's characteristics. These results partially supported the Conditional Model.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.71-88
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• 2002

Mothers of 113 Korean toddlers completed Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire(TBAQ) and Child Rearing Practice Report(CRPR). Observations of mother-child dyads in novel situations involving unfamiliar settings and adults assessed child's behavioral inhibition. Nonsocial inhibition were measured by the amount of time each child spent in physical contact with his/her mother in free-play episodes. Adult-social inhibition was based on child's behavior when an unfamiliar adult requested that the child approach her as she presented them with toys or activities. Results showed that TBAQ Social Fearfulness was positively associated with nonsocial and adult-social inhibition. TBAQ Pleasure was correlated negatively and TBAQ Anger Proneness positively correlated with adult-social inhibition. An interaction effect showed that child's social fearfulness and mother's overprotective behaviors affected adult-social inhibition. The regression model explained 31% of the variance.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.85-101
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the pathway in which children characteristics, maternal warmth, and children's academic competence affect the quality of children's peer relationships. A total of 291 children (Mage=11.4) responded to questionnaires DOTS-R (Windle & Lerner, 1986), MBRI (Schaefer, 1959), Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (Kim & Park, 2002), and FQQ (Parker & Asher, 1993). Data were analyzed via Structural Equation Modeling. Our results indicated that children's academic competence fully mediated the association between temperament and the quality of peer relationships, whereas it was a partial mediator in relations between maternal warmth and the quality of peer relationships. A difference in terms of gender was also present in this path model. In conclusion, children's temperaments and maternal warmth affected the quality of peer relationships both directly and indirectly through children's academic competence.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.583-590
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• 2009

This study analyzed temperament of ethnic Korean children residing in Korea comparing them with Korean children and American children residing in the USA. Parents of 169 Korean, Korean-American and American 4-7-year-old children rated them on the Very Short Form of Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ; Rothbart et al., 2001). On most subscales, Korean children were reported higher than ethnic Korean children in the US while Korean-American children were rated lower than others. Attention focusing was influenced by macro systems; shifting and impulsivity were more sensitive to biological or micro systems. The bilingual setting of Korean-American children may explain the difference in control of this group from others. This study clearly showed that ecological settings play important roles in temperament.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-17
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• 2007

Participants in this study on links between toddlers' compliance and variables were 97 toddlers and their mothers. Instruments were the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire (Goldsmith, 1988) and the Child Rearing Practice Report-Q Sort (Block, 1981). Toddlers' compliance was observed on clean-up and behavior-delay tasks. Data analysis was by logistic and regression analyses. Results on the clean-up task indicated lower compliance by difficult children and higher compliance by girls. On the behavior-delay task, boys with less difficult temperament showed higher compliance by mother's higher punishment attitudes, whereas highly difficult boys were more compliant by mother's lower punishment attitudes. Girls' compliance was higher than boys in the low inhibition group whereas boys' compliance was higher than girls in the high inhibition group.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.37-54
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• 2002

The purpose of study was to examine child emotion regulation as a function of child's sex, temperament, mother's emotion regulation, and mother's parenting. The subjects were 386 mothers of fifth or sixth graders in Seoul and Kyonggi province. The data were gathered through questionnaires developed for the current study. The major findings were as follows: 1) There were significant sex differences in some categories of child's emotion regulation. 2) The more active the child's temperament, the child showed more negative emotion regulation(venting, aggressive expression, avoidance). 3) Mother's negative emotion regulation was significantly related to the child's negative emotion regulation. 4) There were significant correlations between mother's parenting and child's emotion regulation. That is, mother's positive parenting was related to child's positive emotion regulation. 5) The relationship between mother's emotion regulation and child's emotion regulation was mediated by mothers' parenting.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.17-38
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• 2006

This analysis of trends in research on children's temperament published in Korean journals during the 25years dating from 1980 consisted of articles from 10 reliable journals related to child studies and analyzed for research frequency, contents, and methodology. Results showed that 51 research articles on children's temperament were published during this period, most of them in child studies and early childhood education/educare journals. The main content of research was the role of temperament in development. Most of the studies used methods categorized as quantitative and non-experimental; subjects were more than 100 children younger than school age with their mothers as adult subjects. Instruments validated in Korea and based on the individual approach and quantitative data analysis methods were used frequently.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.85-98
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the path model of child's sex, temperament, maternal parenting behavior, and child's emotion regulation on child social behaviors. The subjects were 286 elementary school children. Data were gathered through questionnaires reported by mothers and teachers. Path analysis revealed that (1) mother's overprotective or coercive parenting behaviors effected neither child's emotion regulation nor social behaviors (2) child's sex and activity level effected child's aggression both directly and indirectly through child's emotion regulation (3) child's 'activity level' and 'avoidance' temperament effected child's social withdrawal both directly and indirectly through child' emotion regulation. Findings underscore the role of emotion regulation as a mediator in predicting child aggression and social withdrawal.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2005

Subjects were 78 12- to 35- month old infants, their mothers, and their teachers. Instruments included the Revised Toddler Temperament Questionnaire(Y. H. Choi 1990) and the Assessment Profile for Early Childhood Programs(M. K. Hong 1997; S. K. Kim 1999). There was no significant difference in perceptions of infant temperament between mothers and teachers. Infant-mother interaction differed by infant temperament in that mothers had high scores with easy infants but low scores with difficult children. On the other hand teachers maintained high interactions with difficult infants in the case of infant's rhythmicity. Infant-teacher interaction correlated with such teacher variables as teacher-infant ratio, teachers' academic backgrounds and working hours.