• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.221-230
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• 2022

We investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of silymarin. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals scavenging assays. Silymarin scavenged 71% of DPPH radicals and 78% of ABTS radicals at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, respectively. Silymarin effectively inhibited the oxidative damage of DNA, and the oxidative modifications of human serum proteins and Cu,Zn-SOD. Also silymarin effectively inhibited H₂O₂- and LPS-induced cell death as well as the generation of reactive oxygen species and DNA fragmentation by H₂O₂ and LPS. The results suggested that silymarin might be an effective natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory material.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.272-277
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• 1997

The effect of nonionic surfactant(polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, PHCO), a common solubi-lizer, on the solubility of silymarin in the combined preparation containing ursoseoxycholic acid(UDCA) and silymarin was investigated in vivo using HPLC. The solubility of silybin, a major component of silymarin, was enhanced by increasing the amount of PHCO. The effect of PHCO on bioavailability was also evaluated in rats. The bioavailability was calculated by silybin content in bile juice that was excreted for 24 hr after oral administration. It was found that the bioavailability of silymarin containing PHCO was significantly increased compared to that of control. These results suggest that PHCO may improve the solubility and bioavailabilty of silymarin when it is combined with UDCA and silymarin.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 2018

The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) is amending its test methods for the use of health functional foods (dietary food supplement), in order to establish regulatory standards and specifications in Korea. In this regard, we continue to pursue and perform our research on the analytical method development for the items being researched and reviewed. In this study, we have developed a sensitive and selective test method that could simultaneously separate and determinate six major bioactive flavonolignans in silymarin, which are based on the use of a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The standard calibration curves presented a linearity effect with the correlation coefficient ($r^2$) > 0.999. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) were in the range of $0.3{\sim}9.0{\mu}g/L$ and $0.8{\sim}27.3{\mu}g/L$, respectively. The recovery results ranged between 96.2~98.6% at 3 different concentration levels, and its relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 5% as noted in this study. The proposed analytical method was characterized with a noted high resolution of the individual silymarin constituents, and the assay was fully validated as well. Our research can provide a significant scientific evidence that can be useful to amend the silymarin test method for the Health Functional Food Code.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2003

Silybin is the main component of Cardus marianus extracts originated from Silybum marianum and has a hepato-protective effect. It is a water-insoluble compound and poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in very low oral bioavailability(BA). Polymeric mixed-micelle precursor formulation was made to enhance the dissolution rate of silybin, showing the results of pH-independent release profile with increased dissolution. Oral BA of different preparations in rats was evaluated, revealing that the new formulation showed increased BA more than 2-fold and 4-fold compared to the marketed product and Cardus marianus extracts itself, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.297-301
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• 2020

Silymarin (SM) and silybin diastereomers (SD) in milk thistle (Silybum marianum) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and quantified using a reverse-phase column in a gradient elution system. UV detection was performed at 288 nm. The content of SM and SD in milk thistle was 3.236 and 0.553 mg/g DW, respectively. Determining the presence and quantifying the content of SM and SD in milk thistle are vital for the pharmaceutical industry to identify optimal sources for developing health supplements or therapeutics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Marine Engineers Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.143-151
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• 2000

Dissolved silica is make some critical trouble at steam turbine. And, we must measure it to ppb level. We were looking for the best measuring method of the silica. Via this study, we could found it in the N-IR spectroscopy technology. This dissertation have been discuss about system structure, system fundamentals and performance test. At the test, we were study in the spectral interference of $NH_3$. We know that existing system had some problem. It is structural frailties of single beam type. Therefore we were study for double beam type structure. And we obtain a good result. In the result, it have been discuss that conduct a test of $NH_3$ effect.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2019

Ultraviolet rays (UV) cause photoaging by inducing skin photodamages such as erythema and sunburn. Silymarin is a mixture of antioxidant polyphenols extracted from Silybum marianum fruit (S. m), which is known as milk thistle. It is known to protect skin tissues from UV treatment and antioxidant effects. In this study, we aimed to identify the photoprotective effects of S. m extract, which has silymarin in the epidermis layer of the skin. We found that the extract can function as a UV filter, so it can reduce DNA damage by UV treatment. Especially, we found that, in the stratum corneum, the extract can suppress the protein carbonylarion and DNA damages caused by suberythemal dose of UV treatment which does not induce erythema in the skin. UV treatment also increased protein carbonylation levels in the stratum corneum by oxidation, but it was prevented by applying the extract. The extract can absorb UV with minimal phototoxicity. Together, our study suggests that S. m extract can be used as a photo-protective ingredient to avoid photoaging of the skin.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2002

Silymarin and curcumin have been used for supportive treatment of liver disease of difffrent etiology due to their hepatoprotective activities. The present study was carried out to investigate the hepatoprotective efffcts of silymarin and/or curcuma extract against hepatotoxins induced liver injury. To investigate hepatoprotective effects, the silymarin and/or curcuma extract were pre-treated orally to experimental animals. And thereafter a single dose of hepatotoxin, carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) and acetaminophen were administered through oral or intraperitoneal route, respectively. Chronic liver damage was induced by subcutaneous injection of $CCl_4$ for 3 weeks (2 times/week). Hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects were monitored by estimating serurn ALT and AST levels and by measuring hepatic glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA)levels. Collagen type 1 was detected with irnrnunostaining to assess fibrosis. The results showed that the mix-ture of silymarin and curcuma extract significantly reduced serum biochemistry levels and MDA levels com-pared with those of control group in both acute and chronic animal models. In antifibrotic effect, the relative hepatic collagen content was significantly decreased by silymarin and/or curcuma extract treatment. It was concluded that the complex of silymarin and curcuma extract have a both hepatoprotective and therapeutic effect synergically in rat liver injury induced by heptotoxins.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 2000

Silibinin(silybin) is the active component of silymarin from Silybum marianum and has hepato-protective effect. It is water-insoluble and has low bioavailability. To improve its bioavailability, self-micro-emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) has been developed by Hanmi Pharmaceutical Company (Silyma $n^{R}$ 140 soft capsule). In this study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of Silyma $n^{R}$ were examined and compared it with a reference preparation, L Caps140 of B Pharmaceutical Company. This study was approved by Yonsei University Severance Hospital IRB(approval No. CR0004) and followed the bioequivalence test guideline of Korean FDA. Eighteen healthy adult volunteers were allocated based on 2$\times$2 Latin square cross-over design. They were given 2 capsules (each contains silymarin 140 mg (60 mg as silibinin)) of either drug at each period and crossed over after a week of drug-free washout period. Blood concentration of silibinin was measured by HPLC. The $C_{max}$ and AUC of the Silyma $n^{R}$ were 1542.0 $\pm$ 402.7 ng/ml and 3323.3 $\pm$ 824.7 ng.h/ml, respectively, and were significantly higher than those of reference preparation. The Tmax was 0.8 $\pm$ 0.3 h and significantly shorter than reference preparation. The $K_{e}$ and $T_{1}$2/ of both drugs were comparable. Percent differences in means against reference preparation were +88.3% for AUC, +222.6% for $C_{max}$, and -61.1% for $T_{max}$./.>././.>./.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.441-446
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• 2012

The purpose of present study is to observe the hepato-protective effect of ginger aqueous extracts on carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$)-induced mouse. Ginger groups received ginger aqueous extracts (500 mg/kg) orally for 3 days and given a single dose of $CCl_4$ (4 mL/kg). Silymarin group was treated with silymarin (50 mg/kg) orally for 3 days and then aministration of $CCl_4$ (4 mL/kg). Control group was only administered $CCl_4$ (4 mL/kg). In the ginger groups, the AST, ALT levels were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared to the control groups. Histopathological evaluation, hepatic parenchyma and kidney parenchyma of ginger groups were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared to control group. The results obtained in this study suggest that ginger aqueous extracts are able to protect the liver $CCl_4$-induced injury.