• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2015

Oxygen isotope ratios (${\delta}^{18}O$) of three Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) specimens from the Neolithic Yeondae-do shell midden site, Tongyeong, Korea, were analyzed to determine the seasonality of shellfish gathering and site occupation. Oxygen isotope samples were taken from the left valve hinge sections of the specimens. Oxygen isotope values ranged between -0.1 ‰ and -2.4 ‰, between -0.2 ‰ and -2.9 ‰, and between 0.3 ‰ and -2.8 ‰ in oyster specimen #one, #two and #three, respectively. The isotope profiles showed seasonal temperature cycles, providing information related to the seasonality of shellfish gathering and site occupation. Hinge-edge oxygen isotope values of the specimens showed decreasing trends after passing through maximum values (winter), indicating that they formed during spring. Thus it can be assumed that during spring season, oysters were gathered and the site was occupied.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.606-616
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• 2021

From the collection of the National Kimhae Museum, qualitative analyses using microscopic observation, SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR-ATR spectroscopy, and GC-MS were conducted on three burnished red potteries-Jeoksaekmaoyeonwa burnished red pottery (Neolithic age red pottery), Dandomaoyeonwan burnished red pottery(Bronze age red pottery) and Jeoksaekmaoyeongajimun burnished red pottery(Bronze age red pottery)-to investigate the components of the red pigments and the binder. After the layers of the primer were separated from the red surface, crystals of red pigment particles and minerals were found on the red surface. Through SEM-EDS, Raman estimates that the red pigment is Among soil pigments with iron oxide(Fe₂O₃) as the main color development source, Red Ocher(Fe₂O₃). A band characteristic of the Urushiol polymer was detected in the FTIR-ATRspectra(4000~600cm^-1), GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of the benzenemethanol-2-prophenyl, 4-heptylphenol, 1-tetracecanol, heptafluorobutyric texidecane, all of which are the ingredients of the directional structure of the lacquer present in the red layer. Therefore, it seemed that the three burnished red pottery: Jeoksaekmaoyeonwan pottery(Neolithic age burnished red pottery), Dandomaoyeonwan pottery(bronze age burnished red pottery) and the Jeoksaekmaoyeongajimun pottery(bronze age burnished red pottery) made by mixing minerals and Red Ocher(Fe₂O₃), with lacquer.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.879-897
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• 2007

The Royal District in Gyeungju-city was placed in lower surface of alluvial fan that was formed during the Last Glacial Age. During the Holocene, Bukcheon-river was reached in the dynamic equilibrium status and the form of river channel was similar or same to the present. The cases of dying people and carrying houses away by flood for ancient history in Gyeongju were six times, in 131, 160, 350, 496, 657 and 703. Like this big flood was happened at interval of $150{\sim}200$years. A period of big flood appearance in Bukcheon-river was extremely long. Therefore the people who had lived in Gyeongju for ancient history perceived that most part of riverbed of Bukcheon-river was a safety place from flood damages. Not only private houses. In east part of Bunhwangsa temple, that is, west side of Bukcheon-river where the river energy is maximum, a pillow block was built to prevent a lateral erosion but any artificial riverbank was not. In spite of high flood possibility in Bukcheon-river, there was no facility to prevent floods in this section. Also, deposits of flood are not identified. This point is very suggestive that Bukcheon-river did not flood for ancient history.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.102-121
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to verify homoteneity of soil and earthenwares and identify firing temperature of earthenwares excavated from Yeoncheon Hapsuri: two earthenwares of the New Stone Age(YCP-1, YCP-2); two of the Bronze Age(YCP-3, YCP-4); and four of the Three States Age(YCP-4~8). The comparative analysis of soil (YCRM) and the earthenwares displays that soil geochemical patterns were similar to YCP-1, YCP-3, YCP-5, YCP-6, YCP-7 and YCP-8. On the other hand, YCP-2 and YCP-4 did not show the similarity to the one of soil because they had been enriched with MgO by contained talc and chlorite. Based on the absorption rate, specific gravity, structural characteristics and XRD analysis, firing temperature has been estimated: for YCP-7 and YCP-8 was $870^{\circ}C$ or over; for YCP-2 and YCP-4 $800^{\circ}C$ or below; and for YCP-1, YCP-3, YCP-5 and YCP-6 between 800 and $870^{\circ}C$. Mineralogical analysis displays that the geochemical pattern of the soil is coincide with the one around Yeoncheon Hapsuri site, which also shows similarity to the one of earthenwares. Such result persuades that the excavated earthenwares were produced with the soils within the precinct of the archaeological sites.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.93-101
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• 2002

석회석은 우리나라 광업법 제3조에서 규정한 법정광물로써 백운석, 대리석, 방해석 및 코퀴나 등을 포함하며, 최근 우리나라 전체 광산물 생산량의 $75\%$를 상회하는 단일광종 최대생산량을 나타내고 있는 광종이다. 이외에도 석회석 광은 여러 가지 통계적으로도 국내 최대임을 나타내는데, 즉, 2001년도 우리나라 일반광(66종) 등록광구수 5,242개소 중에서 1,494개소를 차지하여 $28.5\%$를 차지하며, 가행광산 수에서도 320개소 중 109개소$(34\%)$, 근로자 수에서는 4,291명중에서 2,748명$(64\%)$으로 최대의 규모를 가지고 있다. 실제로 석회석 및 관련제품은 오늘날 화학공업이나 환경산업 등 각종의 산업에 널리 이용되고 있으며, 그의 이용 역사에서도 유구한 역사를 가지고 있다. 즉, 고대 유적분석 결과는 이미 신석기 시대에도 석회 재료가 쓰였을 것으로 보고되고 있으며, 성경(신명기 27장 1-5절)에도 소개되고 있고, 우리나라에서의 석회 사용의 역사도 동국여지승람(성종16년), 세종실록, 문종실록 등에 석회 산지가 자세히 조사 기록되어 있으며 소성석회의 제조, 사용에 대하여도 기록하고 있다. 이외에도, 그리이스, 로마, 중국 등지의 역사에서는 건축재, 농업, 표백 및 제혁공업 등에 사용되었다는 사실이 발견되고 있지만, 석회석의 용도가 크게 증가된 것은 역시 산업혁명 이후 20세기가 시작되면서부터 라고 할 수 있다. 석회석은 국가산업구조 및 인간의 삶의 양식에 따라 그의 용도가 다양하고, 광범위하게 변화하는 만큼, 그의 품질 또한 중요하게 취급되어야 하지만, 우리나라의 경우에는 아직도 시장규모가 큰 일부용도이외에 사용자의 요구에 부합되는 다양한 품질의 석회제품을 제조하는 데에는 인색하고, 또한 사용자의 대부분은 용도가 명시되어 있는 외국의 제품을 선호하는 경향에 따라 석회석 및 관련제품의 수입량이 감소하지 않고 있다. 최근 우리나라는 국제통화기금(IMF)이후에, 국내산업을 보호하는 정부의 규제나 지원은 폐지 또는 축소되고, 외국회사의 시장참여에 의한 국제경쟁기반이 약화되고 있는 것도 사실이지만, 고 환율에 의하여 일부제품의 수입은 자제되고, 국내산 대체 방향으로 진행되고 있기 때문에, 안정되고 신뢰할 수 있는 품질의 제품을 제조하는 경우에는 오히려 국내시장의 확장에는 좋은 시기가 될 수도 있다고 판단된다. 이에 본고에서는 최근 국내 석회석 관련제품을 활용하는 사례를 분석하고 향후 유효 이용을 도모하는 데에 참고가 되었으면 하는 마음에서 작성하였다.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.93-101
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• 2002

석회석은 우리 나라 광업법 제3조에서 규정한 법정광물로써 백운석, 대리석, 방해석 및 코퀴나 등을 포함하며, 최근 우리 나라 전체 광산물 생산량의 75%를 상회하는 단일광종 최대생산량을 나타내고 있는 광종이다. 이외에도 석회석 광은 여러 가지 통계적으로도 국내 최대임을 나타내는데, 즉, 2001년도 우리 나라 일반광(66종) 등록광구수 5,242개소 중에서 1,494개소를 차지하여 28.5%를 차지하며, 가행광산 수에서도 320개소 중 109개소(34%), 근로자 수에서는 4,291명중에서 2,748명(64%)으로 최대의 규모를 가지고 있다. 실제로 석회석 및 관련제품은 오늘날 화학공업이나 환경산업 등 각종의 산업에 널리 이용되고 있으며, 그의 이용 역사에서도 유구한 역사를 가지고 있다. 즉, 고대 유적분석 결과는 이미 신석기 시대에도 석회 재료가 쓰였을 것으로 보고되고 있으며, 성경(신명기 27장 1～5절)에도 소개되고 있고, 우리 나라에서의 석회 사용의 역사도 동국여지승람(성종16년), 세종실록, 문종실록 등에 석회 산지가 자세히 조사 기록되어 있으며 소성석회의 제조, 사용에 대하여도 기록하고 있다. 이외에도, 그리이스, 로마, 중국 등지의 역사에서는 건축재, 농업, 표백 및 제혁공업등에 사용되었다는 사실이 발견되고 있지만, 석회석의 용도가 크게 증가된 것은 역시 산업혁명 이후 20세기가 시작되면서부터 라고 할 수 있다. 석회석은 국가산업구조 및 인간의 삶의 양식에 따라 그의 용도가 다양하고, 광범위하게 변화하는 만큼, 그의 품질 또한 중요하게 취급되어야 하지만, 우리 나라의 경우에는 아직도 시장규모가 큰 일부용도이외에 사용자의 요구에 부합되는 다양한 품질의 석회제품을 제조하는 데에는 인색하고, 또한 사용자의 대부분은 용도가 명시되어 있는 외국의 제품을 선호하는 경향에 따라 석회석 및 관련제품의 수입량이 감소하지 않고 있다. 최근 우리 나라는 국제통화기금(IMF)이후에, 국내산업을 보호하는 정부의 규제나 지원은 폐지 또는 축소되고, 외국회사의 시장참여에 의한 국제경쟁기반이 약화되고 있는 것도 사실이지만, 고 환율에 의하여 일부제품의 수입은 자제되고, 국내산 대체 방향으로 진행되고 있기 때문에, 안정되고 신뢰할 수 있는 품질의 제품을 제조하는 경우에는 오히려 국내시장의 확장에는 좋은 시기가 될 수도 있다고 판단된다. 이에 본고에서는 최근 국내 석회석 관련제품을 활용하는 사례를 분석하고 향후 유효이용을 도모하는 데에 참고가 되었으면 하는 마음에서 작성하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.606-613
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• 2006

The present study examined the characteristic of regional food culture observed in prehistoric Daegok-ri petroglyph based on the history of art, archeological materials and existing whale eating customs. Daegok-가 petroglyph expressed animals in the sky, on the land and in the sea. According to the relic, the most preferred land and marin animals were deer and whale, respectively. In terms of petroglyphic techniques. earlier patch engraving was used mainly to express marin animal whale, and later line engraving to express land animal deer. This implies the possibility that as whale hunting declined due to regional environmental change the source of protein was switched to land animals. Among relics found in Dongsam-dong shell mound, which is a remain from the Neolithic Period, whale bones appear only in shell mounds of the Neolithic Period in coastal areas, and shell mounds until the Ironze Age, which were the agricultural Age, were found the bones of land animals such as deer and wild boar. This shows that in the petroglyph thematic land animals expressed in line engraving, which is a technique later than patch engraving, were major food resources for the supply of protein. Moreover, in terms of art, Daegok-ri petroglyph describes 'advanced hunters', suggesting that it was the Neolithic Period and showing 문 aspect of regional food culture based on hunting and fishing. The credibility, which prehistoric men expressed in Daegok-ri petroglyph before the invention of letters, was also proved by archeological articles.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.138-164
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• 2022

The Neolithic shell midden in Daejuk-ri, Seosan, is distributed on the gentle slope of a low hill close to the west coast. The bedrock of the area consists mainly of schist with various mafic minerals, but shows a partial gneiss pattern. The site consists of loamy topsoil and clay loam subsoil, and the degree of siallization is relatively low. Although the pottery excavated from the shell midden shares mostly similar features, a variety of shapes and patterns coexist. The surface colors, thickness and physical properties are slightly different. The pottery can be subdivided into three types (IA, IB and II) according to the composition of the body clay, the temper and the existence of a black core. Types IA and IB are colorless mineral pottery with a non-black or black core respectively. TypeII is colored mineral pottery with a non-black core. Type I pottery also contains non-plastic colored minerals, but type II contains a large amount of biotite, chlorite, talc, amphibole, diopside and tremolite, which include a large amount of Mg and Fe. The studied pottery contains a small amount of organic matter. Considering the grain size and relatively poor sorting and roundness of the non-plastic particles, the pottery appears to be made by adding coarse non-plastic tempers for special purposes to the untreated weathered soil around the site. The three types of pottery seem to have been incompletely fired in general. While type IB has the lowest degree of oxidation, typeII shows the highest degree of redness and oxidation. It can be interpreted that these differences depend on the firing temperature and the ratio of non-plastic particles. Through a synthesis of the minerals, geochemical data and thermal history, it can be determined that the firing temperature ranged from 600 to 700℃. The pottery types of the Daejuk-ri Shell Midden have slightly different production conditions, mineral compositions, and physical properties, but have undergone similar production processes with basically the same clay materials. The clay is almost identical to the composition of the bedrock and weathered soil distributed in the Daejuk-ri area. Currently, there is an industrial complex in the area, so it is difficult to confirm the soil and geological distribution of the site. However, it is highly probable that the area around the site was self-sufficient for the clay and tempers required for the production of the Neolithic pottery. Therefore, it can be interpreted that the group that left the shell midden in Daejuk-ri lived near the site, visited the site for the purpose of collecting and processing shellfish, and discarded the broken pottery along with shells.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to find out the origin and significance of Sipgan-Sipiji that Yinyang and five elements are assigned. By looking at the hypotheses that Sipgan-Sipiji may have originated from the ancient Chinese calendar, the contents of the materials recorded in the classical literature, and the records left in the Oracle bone script, we wanted to explore the starting point of Sipgan-Sipiji in Eastern humanities and social sciences that could never be overlooked. Through the literature review of Sipgan-Sipiji, the researcher believes that this code system was completed by Hwangje and his teacher Daeyo, who led paternal clan society in the latter part of the Chinese Neolithic Age, because of supporting the use of the October calendar associated with Sipgan, and because Sipgan in the Oracle bone script seems to keep the sacredness and at the same time to be used to document the time. I believe that this consideration of Sipgan-Sipiji will be helpful for future related research in the process of underlying the research effort of Myeongri Science, such as the security of the logic of the theoretical framework for the theory system and the proof through statistical social science techniques.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.48-60
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• 2023

Although foxtail and broomcorn millet have been cultivated since the Neolithic Age on the Korean Peninsula, there have been few studies on how the importance of millet cultivation changed over time. The discovery of millet has been rare in the Mahan-Baekje villages in the Jeonnam region, and archaeological discussions on ancient farming have centered around rice farming. However, a large amount of millet was found at the Osan site in Bongrim-ri, Jangheung, showing that the tradition of millet cultivation continued during the AD 3-4 centuries. In contrast to rice farming, which requires low-lying wetlands, hot and humid summers, and a large labor force, millet cultivation has few restrictions in terms of growing environment and labor mobilization. Regarding harvesting seasons, the crops at the Osan site can be divided into fall harvesting (rice, legumes, millet) and summer harvesting (wheat). Regarding field locations, the crops are divided into wetland crops (rice) and dryland crops (wheat, legumes, millet). The operation of the dual agricultural system contributed to subsistence resilience and agricultural production, making it possible to effectively manage social and climatic crises.