• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2005

Neuroimaging in neurodevelopment is a fast growing area and new imaging techniques are rapidly developed every year. In the neurodevelopmental viewpoint, the definitive psychopathology in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders are not yet known. But many consistent findings in neuroimaging studies are being published recently. This review describes the past, present, future and limitation of neuroimaging study in neurodevelopmental perspectives.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 2005

First, the author reviewed the relationship between human brain development and cognitive functions such as attention, perception, memory, and language. And then Luria's neurodevelopmental theory and its application on the Neuropsychological test battery for children were reviewed. Finally, various assessment tools to evaluate attention, intellectual function, visual-perception, visual-motor coordination, and executive function were examined.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.160-172
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• 2005

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in child psychiatry. The etiology or ADHD is not completely understood, but involved in genetical and/or neurocognitive deficits. This article reviews the current state of the literature pertaining to the neurodevelopmental aspects of ADHD. Although the neurodevelopment of ADHD remains unclear, emerging evidence documents its genetic and neurobiologic underpinnings. A pathophysiology of ADHD has not been fully characterized, although genetic, neurobiologic, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological studies of ADHD consistently implicates dysfunction in the fronto-subcortical network and abnormality in the dopaminergic and noradnergic systems. Furthermore some suggests that the timing of aberrant brain development in ADHD could be in early gestation and genetic and/or early environmental influences on brain development in ADHD are fixed, nonprogressive. Although many studies provide evidences for the important or psychosocial or environmental adversities in ADHD, they may be not specific predictors of ADHD but nonspecific triggers of an underlying predisposition or modifiers of the course of disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2005

There has been an enormous progress in understanding of how genes contribute to both normal and abnormal development. Also many laboratory works are exploring the intricacies of how to develop in the human central nervous system. Understanding the mechanisms of cortical development gives essential insight into the pathogenesis of many genetic and acqured developmental psychiatric disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, and teaming disorder. Genes have been implicated in an ever-increasing number of disorders. Advance in genetics have begun to clarify the molecular basis of not only single-gene disorders, but also more complex phenotypes.

• Information and Communications Magazine
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.47-52
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• 1992

신경망 실용화에 기본이 되는 신경망 VLSI 기술의 최근 발전 추세에 관하여 검토하였다. 대규모 고속 신경망 VLSI 구현 방법들인 디지털, 아날로그, 하이브리드 신경망 칩들을 비교하였으며, 십 수만 단위의 하이브리드 신경망 칩기술을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.995-997
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• 2000

내장의 통증은 교감신경을 통하여 척수로 전달된다고 알려져있다. 특히 췌장염이나 췌장암의 통증에 관해서 Mallet-Guy 등이 1943년 큰내장신경 및 요교감신경절 절제술을 시행한 이래로 상기 방법이 이용되어 왔다. 내장신경 절제술은 효과에 비해 수술이 커지고, 긴 바늘을 이용한 복강신경총 차단술이 발달하면서 사장된 방법으로 여겨졌다. 그러나, 최근에 흉강경을 이용한 수술방법이 발달하면서 간단히 큰내장신경 절제술이 가능해져 흉강경을 이용한 큰내장신경 절단술은 난치성 복통치료의 좋은 방법으로 받아 들여지고 있다.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.225-234
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• 2015

Neurobiological approach helps to resolve the mind-body dualism and develop new assessment and treatment approaches in psychiatry. However, it could be a problem to place too much emphasis on certain aspects of neurobiology, specifically structural neuroanatomy, because of the complexity or comorbidity of neuropsychiatric disorders. Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), for instance, is generally related to problems in motor skills and this movement disability is often related to perception. One account, two visual systems theory, relied on functional distinction in brain; ventral stream is responsible for visual recognition, and dorsal stream is responsible for the guidance of actions. However, Studies are now showing that shape perception is relevant to visually guided action, such as reaching-to-grasp an object. In this article, I reviewed fundamental findings of two-visual system theory and suggested problems of visually guided action to consider what shape perception implies for the two visual systems. Questions raised highlight possible limitations of adopting a structural neuroanatomical approach to account for perception and action effects, and by extent related psychiatric conditions such as DCD. In conclusion, neurobiological approach converging to neuropsychiatry, while useful, would be limited if it focuses too much on anatomical distinction.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2005

Autistic disorder and other PDD are currently viewed as a largely genetically determined neurodevelopmental disorder, although its underlying biological causes remain to be established. In this review, we examine the available neurodevelopmental literature on autistic disorder and discuss the findings that have emerged. Typical neuropathological observations are rather consistent with respect to the limbic system (increased cell packing density and smaller neuronal size), the cerebellum (decreased number of Purkinje cells) and the cerebral cortex ($>50\%$ of the cases showed features of cortical dysgenesis). However, most of the reported studies had to contend with the problem of small sample sizes, the use of quantification techniques, not free of bias and assumptions, and high percentages of autistic subjects with comorbid mental retardation or epilepsy. Furthermore, data from the limbic system and on age-related changes lack replication by independent groups. It is anticipated that future neuropathological studies held great promise, especially as new techniques such as design-based stereology and gene expression are increasingly implemented and combined, larger samples are analysed, and younger subjects free of comorbidities are investigated.

• 전기의세계
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.6-15
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• 1975

본 고찰은 신경의 생리적 현상을 기능적 측면에서 아나로그 모델로 시뮬레이션 시켜가는 데 있어 모델화의 역사적 발달과정과 기존모델의 특성을 간략하게 요약하고 이들을 비교 검토한 것으로 초기의 모델화에 대한 철학적인 개념으로부터 TR, IC등의 전자부품을 사용한 최근의 모델에 이르기까지 많은 기존모델을 다루어 본 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 1. 역사적 발달과정에도 잘 나타난 것처럼 전기, 화학, 역학, 수학등 여러분야의 전문적 지식의 교환없이는 모델화의 정확성, 분석상의 신뢰도, 결과에 대한 보편성이 결여되기 쉽다. 2. 특히 생리적 특성 및 수학적인 면밀한 고찰과 분석이 요구되고 있다. 이는 모델의 특성 결과에 대한 디지탈 전자계산기를 이용한 통계적 처리와 시뮬레이션을 용이하게 할 수 있고, 임상에의 이용 가능성을 높여나가기 위해서이다. 3. 신경 전체에 대한 모델화에 앞서 신경의 구조별 모델화가 선행되어야 한다. 이는 신경의 구조중 수상돌기 및 soma에서의 synaptic inputs에 대한 위치변화에 따른 synaptic potential의 분포상태가 신경의 특성을 규명하는데 매우 유익하다는 사실이 밝혀졌기 때문이다. 4. 신경에서의 synaptic potential의 분포상태는 종전에는 temporal distribution 개념이 지배적이었으나 최근에 와서는 spatial distribution 개념이 우세하게 되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2005

During the recent decade, the new data about normal neurochemical system development have been accumulated very much. Based on these new data, the up-to-date theory and hypothesis have been developed. These development of this field results from the technological/methodological development which increase the sensitivity, specificity and validity of neurochemical research. Especially, molecular technological development support the recent neurochemical development. In this review article, the authors described the recent research findings in the field of normal neurochemical development of neurotransmitter system in animal and human. Most of child psychiatric disorder, especially neuropsychiatric developmental disorders (ADHD, Autism, Tourette's disorder, MR etc) seem to have underlying neurochemical developmental problems in the pathophysiological basis. So, the data on the normal ontogeny of neurotransmitter system can be the most valuable resources for the research on the etiology of the diverse child psychiatric disorders.