• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.31-38
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• 2019

This study quantified, through a direct harvesting method, storage and annual uptake of carbon from open-grown trees for three landscape tree species frequently planted in the southern region of Korea, and developed quantitative models to easily estimate the carbon reduction by tree growth for each species. The tree species for the study included Camellia japonica, Lagerstroemia indica, and Quercus myrsinaefolia, for which no information on carbon storage and uptake was available. Ten tree individuals for each species (a total of 30 individuals) were sampled considering various stem diameter sizes at given intervals. The study measured biomass for each part of the sample trees to quantify the total carbon storage per tree. Annual carbon uptake per tree was computed by analyzing the radial growth rates of the stem samples at breast height or ground level. Quantitative models were developed using stem diameter as an independent variable to easily calculate storage and annual uptake of carbon per tree for study species. All the quantitative models showed high fitness with $r^2$ values of 0.94-0.98. The storage and annual uptake of carbon from a Q. myrsinaefolia tree with dbh of 10 cm were 24.0 kg and 4.5 kg/yr, respectively. A C. japonica tree and L. indica tree with dg of 10 cm stored 11.2 kg and 8.1 kg of carbon and annually sequestered 2.6 kg and 1.2 kg, respectively. The above-mentioned carbon storage equaled the amount of carbon emitted from the gasoline consumption of about 42 L for Q. myrsinaefolia, 20 L for C. japonica, and 14 L for L. indica. A tree with the diameter size of 10 cm annually offset carbon emissions from gasoline use of approximately 8 L for Q. myrsinaefolia, 5 L for C. japonica, and 2 L for L. indica. The study pioneers in quantifying biomass and carbon reduction for the landscape tree species in the southern region despite difficulties in direct cutting and root digging of the planted trees.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2000

Changes of yield and paeoniflorin content according to chemical control and harvest time were investigated. Peonies were harvested after four years from planting. Disease and pest control method was applied normally in first year. From second year to forth year we set two blocks and controlled them differently. In one, peonies were withered early under non-control condition. In the other which was controlled by spraying chemicals four time a year, top part withering was delayed. Harvest was taken four times top part withering was delayed. Harvest was taken four times: Jul. 25, Aug. 25, Sep. 25, and Oct. 25. In non-chemical, at harvest of Jul. 25, paeoniflorin content was highest and dry root weight was 1,126kg/10a which was little less than 1,177kg/10a of Aug. 25. In chemical control, dry root yield of Oct. 25. showed an increase of 33% over that of Jul. But paeoniflorin content in root at Oct. was lower than at Jul. or Aug. For high qualities and harvest yields of peony root, chemical control is necessary to maintain top part to late in Oct.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2007

For restoration of disturbed ecosystem in Lake Paro, artificial floating island (AFI) was installed. Even though the lake water was oligo-mesotrophic, the macrophytes, such as Iris ensata, Iris pseudoacorus, Phragmites communis were growing well in the rubberized coconut fiber media. For elucidating this process, total bacterial numbers, active bacterial numbers and exoenzymatic activities of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ and phosphatase of pore water of media and lake water were analyzed. The average of total bacterial numbers, active bacterial numbers and exoenzymatic activities of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ and phosphatase were $28.6{\times}10^{6}\;cells/ml,\;22.7{\times}10^{6}\;cells/ml,\;452.9nM/L/hr,\;and\;16381.9nM/L/hr$ which were 10, 15, 22 and 38 times higher than those of lake water, respectively. Moreover, the total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentration of media showed high values of 0.82 mg/L and 7.0 mg/L, respectively, while those of lake water 0.07 mg/L and 2.3 mg/L. This results suggest that the bacteria was playing an important role for restoration of disturbed ecosystem with newly created microbial ecosystem in media of artificial floating island.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 2007

For autumn cutting of Sedum sarmentosum, the influences of bedsoil and cutting date were investigated. Among six kinds of bedsoils mixed upland soil, carbonized rice and sand, the mixture with upland soil and sand (1:1 and 2:1, v/v) showed excellent root and shoot growth. The mixtures with upland soil and carbonized rice were lower rooting than the mixture with upland soil and sand. In field condition, autumn cutting was conducted with $10{\times}5cm$ space using the mixture with upland soil and sand (2:1, v/v) at intervals of 10 days from September 1 to October 10. Both root and shoot growth were significantly decreased by delayed date. In cutting from early to middle September, root and shoot growth, and number of rosette before wintering were desirable for shoot production next spring. The safety date to autumn cutting before wintering was on September 20 in field condition. If autumn cutting is late than September 20, the number of scion has increased 25-30% to secure a full rosette before wintering. The results could provide the beneficial information for cutting propagation of S. sarmentosum under field condition in autumn.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.199-204
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• 2010

Much of the coal ash by thermal power plant has gradually been increased, however researches on the recycling of bottom ash has not been investigated enough so far. In this research, the lysimeter test was conducted to find out the possibilities of bottom ash as soil amendment to improve the physiochemical properties of sandy topsoil of turfgrass in golf course. The turfgrass growth test and leaching test were conducted on the lysimeter. The lysimeter columns were manufactured with various topsoil mixing ratios of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 50% of bottom ash with sand. As a result of leachate analysis through the lysimeter column, the higher ratios of bottom ash mixed affect significantly on water holding capacity of topsoil sand media with decreasing of the percolation rate. The results of leachate analysis in every three days interval, the pH of leachate increased with the bottom ash ratios, but the volume of $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N and K decreased significantly. However, the level of EC of leachate had constantly maintained. These results indicate that the application of bottom ash may improve turfgrass growth with water holding capability and fertility of sandy topsoil. However, the negative effects of the bottom ash also evaluated by reducing water permeability and solubility of $PO_4$-P by adsorption into soil particles. The results indicates that the reasonable mixing ratio of the bottom ash as soil amendment should be less than 20% (v/v) with sand which has a low water-holding and fertility in golf course topsoil layers.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2013

This study was conducted to analyse the effectiveness of shading on growth and arsenic absorption of Pteris multifida, known as hyperaccumulator of arsenic, from paddy soils contaminated with heavy metals. Study was carried out in paddy soil polluted by arsenic near the former Janghang smelter. P. multifuda in the same growth stage was planted with $20{\times}20cm$ intervals in each experimental plot ($2{\times}2m$), and cultivated for 24 weeks. The growth of P. multifuda according to shading conditions was evaluated, the accumulated amount of arsenic in plants and arsenic variation in the soil was analyzed using ICP. In the result of this study, the growth of P. multifida cultivated under shading treatment was vigorous than non-shading. Accumulated amount of arsenic in aerial parts of P. multifida cultivated under non-shading ($169.8mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) was slightly higher than shading ($140.9mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$), and those in underground part were almost the same. But the growth was great in 70% shading treatment. Therefore, arsenic contents absorbed from soils was much higher in shading treatment. Arsenic translocation rate (TR) of P. multifida was very high (0.87~0.89) regardless of shading conditions. So arsenic in soil could be efficiently eliminated by removal of aerial parts.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2014

Purpose of this study was a development of a sprayer arm auto control system that could be operated according to distance from pear trees for automation of pest control. Auto control system included two parts, hardware and software. First, controller was made with an MCU and relay switches. Two types of ultra-sonic sensors were installed to measure distance from pear trees: one on/off type that detect up to 3 m, and the other continuous type providing 0~5 V output corresponding to distance of 0~3 m. Second, an auto control algorithm was developed to control. Each spraying arm was controlled according to the sensor-based distance from the pear trees. And it could dodge obstacles to protect itself. Max and min signal values were eliminated, when five sensor signals was collected, and then signals were averaged to reduce sensor's noises. According to results of field experiment, auto control test result was better than non auto control test result. Spraying rates were 69.25% (left line) and 98.09% (right line) under non auto control mode, because pear trees were not planted uniformly. But, auto control test's results were 92.66% (left line) and 94.64% (right line). Spraying rate was increased by maintaining distance from tree.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.427-433
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• 2015

This study was conducted to provide a method of establishing two-storied forests by the adjustment of stand structures in natural deciduous forests of Pyeongchang area. Three permanent sampling plots of 0.09 ha were established in study site and some tree variables were measured in each sampling plot before the treatment of two-storied system. Stand attributes and stand structures before treatment were estimated based on the data measured in sampling plots. The results indicate that the current stand status is different from typical stand structures of two-storied forests. A simulation technique was applied to predict stand attributes and stand structures after the treatment of two-storied system. Results suggest that significant time is required to accomplish target stand structures even after applying the treatment of two-storied system. Number of trees in the upper canopy class after treatment was predicted to be 170 trees/ha, which adequately meets the target of two-storied forests. It was predicted, however, that the lower canopy class trees has much less trees compared with the typical stand structures of two-storied forests. This problem could be solved with ingrowth of infant trees over time or by under-planting of tolerant species. It is confirmed that the target growing stock volumes of the upper canopy class should be approximately $150m^3/ha$ considering stand status after treatment. It is predicted that twenty years of conversion period is required to accomplish this goal. The changes in stand structures over time should be assessed based on stand inventory carried out every five years, and additional treatments for inducing two-storied forests should be applied if necessary.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2014

Research was initiated in greenhouse to investigate effects of polymer, calcium, perlite and chitosan on the growth of Kentucky bluegrass (KB). A total of 24 treatment combinations were used in the study. Treatments were made of water-swelling polymer (WSP), calcium, perlite, and chitosan in soil organic amendment (SOA). Significant differences were observed in germination rate, turfgrass coverage, turfgrass density and top growth among treatments. Germination rate, density and plant height varied with time after seeding. A proper mix of WSP is considered to be lower than 3% for turfgrass coverage and density. Regarding survival capability and top growth, however, it was good under 6%. Overall KB growth was more influenced by calcium and perlite than chitosan. Calcium and perlite were the most effective elements for early survival capacity and turfgrass density, respectively. But no effect was found by chitosan. Top growth increased with three elements, being perlite > calcium > chitosan. The chitosan was effective in early germination, but there was no effect on top growth until 3 weeks, when compared with others. A further study is needed for investigating the effect of these materials on the growth characteristics in mixtures of sand and SOA before a field application.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 1999

This study was conducted to compare seasonal changes of height, diameter at root collar, biomass and chlorophyll contents of Abies holophylla seedlings grown in Sangju National University Nursery under different light intensities. Four light intensities were adopted using nylon net such as 100% sunlight(1800 $\mu$㏖ m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ ), 75% of sunlight (1350 $\mu$㏖ m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ ), 50% of sunlight (900 $\mu$㏖ m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ ) and 25% of sunlight (450 $\mu$㏖ m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ ). Planting density in four light intensities was 30 cm$\times$30 cm. In each treatment, 100 trees were planted and height, diameter at root collar, biomass and chlorophyll contents were measured. The highest height, diameter at root collar and biomass in Abies holophylla seedlings were observed at 100% full sunlight. Lowest chlorophyll contents (Chlorophyll a, b and total) were shown at 25% of sunlight, lowest light intensity treatment in this study. Growths and chlorophyll contents of Abies holophylla seedlings were strongly associated with light intensity. Photosynthesis has to be investigated in near future because photosynthesis and chlorophyll contents were strongly related to tree growth with long periods.