• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.81-116
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• 2001

The flora of vascular plants investigated in civilian control line area was 730 taxa consisting of 104 families, 331 genera, 631 species, 2 subspecies, 90 varieties, 7 formae. The forest was comparatively well conserved by Pteridophyta calculation(Pte-Q), 1.27. Among the investigated vascular plants, Korean endemic plants(Carex okamotoi, Salix koriyanagi, Clematis chisanensis, Aconitum pseudo-laeve var. erectum, Viola diamantiaca etc.) were 31 taxa; rare and endangered plants(Disporum ovale, Lilium distichum, Trillium kamschaticum, Gastrodia elata etc.) were 35 taxa; naturalized plants(Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratensis, Rumex acetosella, Gypsophila oldamiana, Lepidium apetalum etc.) were 26 taxa. The forest vegetation was classified into 1 order, 1 alliances, 6 communities; Rhododendro-Quercetalia mongolicae Kim 1990(신갈나무-철쭉군목), Lindero-Quercion mongolicae Kim 1990(신갈나무-생강나무군단), A. Carex humilis v. nana- Phinus densiflora Community 소나무-산거울군락, B. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum-Quercus mongolica Community 당단풍-신갈나무군락, C. Styrax obassia-Quercus mongolica Community 쪽동백-신갈나무군락, D. Acer palmatum-Quercus mongolica Community 단풍나무-신갈나무군락, E. Rheodendron mucronulatum-Quercus mongolica Community 진달래-신갈나무군락, F. Betula schmiditii-Quercus mongolica Community 박달나무-신갈나무군락

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.356-361
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• 2009

This study has targeted Quercus acutissima forests in Korea and has classified the association between Quercus acutissima forests by using the phytosociological method. In addition, the correlation between each association, distribution, potential natural vegetation, and aspect of Quercus acutissima forest according to location have been analyzed to examine the characteristics of the Korean Quercus acutissima forests. Through factor analysis of DECORANA, it was revealed that Quercetum serrato-acutissimae forms in the basal zones of mountains, Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae is formed in the highlands, in the relatively high mountain area, and Carpino-Quercetum acutissimae is mainly distributed in valleys. However, this phenomenon is not very obvious, as each association structure is often mixed up. This result is caused by inhomogeneity of the Quercus acutissima forests, and most of it is distributed in basal zones or around farmlands where there are severe disturbance factors. The proposed potential natural vegetation of the Quercus acutissima forests in Korea is as follows; Quercetum serrato-acutissimae$\rightarrow$Quercus aliena-Quercus serrata community$\rightarrow$Quercus serrata community, Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae$\rightarrow$Quercus aliena-Quercus mongolica community$\rightarrow$Quercus mongolica community, Carpino-Quercetum acutissimae$\rightarrow$Quercus aliena-Carpinus laxiflora community$\rightarrow$Carpinus laxiflora community.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.48-62
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• 2016

This study was conducted to classify forest vegetation structure and stand feature of Mt. Deogyusan National Park from Hyangjeukbong to Jungbong, 48 plots were surveyed. The type classification of the vegetation structure was performed with Z-M phytosociological method. As a result, Quercus mongolica community group was classified into the Picea jezoensis community, Carpinus cordata community and Tilia amurensis community in community unit. P. jezoensis community was subdivided into Deutzia glabrata group and Viburnum opulus var. calvescens group in group unit. D. glabrata group was subdivided into Acer mandshuricum subgroup and Ribes mandshuricum subgroup and V. opulus var. calvescens group was subdivided into Hemerocallis dumortieri subgroup and Prunus padus subgroup in subgroup unit. In the result of estimating the importance value, it constituted Q. mongolica (23.9%), Abies koreana (14.7%), Taxus cuspidata (10.2%), P. jezoensis (8.2%) and Betula ermanii (7.4%) in tree layer. It constituted Acer komarovii (18.6%), Acer pseudosieboldianum (18.4%) and Q. mongolica (8.9%) in subtree layer. It constituted Rhododendron schlippenbachii (20.7%), A. pseudosieboldianum (17.4%) and Symplocos chinensis (8.5%) in shrub layer. Indicator species analysis of vegetation unit 1 was consisted of Hydrangea serrata, Fraxinus mandshurica and D. glabrata that species prefer moist valley in subalpine or rocks. In the results of analyzing the species diversity, vegetation unit 1, 4 and 5 represented that there were different and complex local distributions. As in the similarity between the vegetation units, the vegetation units 1, 2, 3 and 4 represented high with 0.5 or above. It represented that there wasn't no differences on composition species in vegetation units.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the ecological characteristics, forage value and similarity among the plant communities of the gazing pasture at Witzenhausen, Germany. Ten plant communities of the different grazing pasture were the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea that was named the class of plant sociological nomenclature. The forage value of the plant communities were ranged from 4.35 to 6.60 grade for roughage qualify. Hemicryptophyte of lift form and mesomorphic of anatomical structure were greately dominated in all the plant communities. The correlation coeffcient between class No. 3 and 4 of plant communities was highest by botanical composition. The clustering analysis by Euclidean distance showed that class No. 9 and 10 of plant communities were closely grouped as affected by the similar botanical composition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.548-557
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• 2001

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation of Mt. Myeonsan with phytosociological analysis of ZM School and to explain community types with CCA ordination. The research sites were located in the northern part of Kyungsangpook-Do area and in the southern part of Kangwon-Do. The 73 plots were investigated in the study areas which were including 291 plant species. The forest vegetation was classified into Quercus mongolica community group, Juglans mandshurica community group, and Larix leptolepis plantation. Q. mongolica community group was divided into 9 communities such as Rhododendron schlippenbachii community, Symplocos paniculata community, Pinus densiflora community, Betula schmidtii community, Fraxinus rhynchophylla community, Populus davidiana community, Tilia amurensis community, Betula costata community and Betula davurica community. J. mandshurica community group was divided into 5 communities and 4 groups such as Acer mono community (subdivided into Quercus serrata group and typical group), Fraxinus mandshurica community, Ulmus laciniata community (subdivided into typical group and Ribes mandshuricum group), Malus baccata community and Carpinus laxiflora community. And it was entirely classified into 17 vegetation units. According to CCA, Q. mongolica community group showed high positive correlation to topography, altitude and slope degree, and J. mandshurica community group showed high positive correlation to bare rock. However, L. leptolepis community group was not significantly ordinated with the gradient of environmental factors. And in correlation of axes, important environmental variables were topography and altitude.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.66-77
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• 2009

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the forest vegetation located in the whole area of Mt. Boryeonsan in Noeunmyeon, Chungju city, Chungcheongbuk Province, Korea using the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology. The forest vegetation was classified into one Larix leptolepis afforestation, five secondary communities including Qurecus acutissima community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus aliena community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus variabilis community and one association, Ainsliaeo-Quercetum mongolicae Song et al. 1999(Rhododendro schlippenbachii-Quercion mongolicae, Aceri pseudosieboldiani-Quercetalia mongolicae, Quercetea mongolicae). The research expatiated on the relationship between species composition of the forest communities and the environmental conditions, such as human interference, altitude, slope, topography and chemical properties of soil, and also analyzed the life form by each community. As a result, the Ainsliaeo-Quercetum mongolicae was judged as the most stable community among the forest communities identified here. On the other hand, a division of cluster analysis based on the dominance of the component species, appeared similar to the community units classified phytosociologically. Thus, it is inferred that the survey area will be dominated by the potential natural vegetation, Ainsliaeo-Quercetum mongolicae finally, if progressive succession is advanced continuously.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.182-196
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• 2014

In this study, for the forest vegetation classification and the quantitative analysis of the Picea jezoensis and Abies hollophylla stand, the type classification of the vegetation structure was performed with Z-M phytosociological method, and as a result, it was classified into the Picea jenoensis community and the Abies holophylla community in the community unity. The Picea jezoensis community was subdivided into the Rosa koreana group and the Acer ukurunduense group in the group unity and the Abies holophylla community was subdivided into the Acer mandshuricum group and the Lindera obtusiloba group. In the results of estimating the importance value based on the classified vegetation unity, it was deemed that the dominance of the Picea jezoensis would be continued for a while as the importance value from the tree layers of vegetation unity 1 and 2 represented relatively high with 30.73% and 20.25%. In addition, in the results of analyzing the species diversity to estimate the maturity of the community, the species diversity index of the vegetation unity 4 was the lowest with 0.6976 and that of vegetation unity 2 was the highest with 1.1256. As in the similarity between the communities, the vegetation unit 1 and 4 and the vegetation unit 2 and 4 represented low with 0.2880 and 0.3626, respectively, and the similarity between the vegetation unit 1 and 2 and between 2 and 4 represented 0.5411 and 0.5041, respectively, it was deemed that they were the communities that the difference in the composition species between the communities was not big. In the results of analyzing the Chi-square matrix and the catalog of constellations for the interspecific, they were divided mainly into two types, and type 1 plant species were mostly differential species and the characteristic species, which appeared in the Picea jezoensis community classified phytosociologically, and type II plant species were mostly the species appearing in the Abies holophylla community growing in the relatively damp places. Such results is deemed that the positive (+) correlation is recognized among the species, of which growing environments are similar, and the negative (-) correlation .represents among the species, of which preferential environments are different.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.2
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• pp.130-149
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• 2017

The subalpine zone which is vulnerable to climate change could be functioning as a habitat for northern plant species especially in the Korean peninsula. In this study, classification of phytosociological community type and investigation on flora of vascular plants of Daecheongbong area in Mt. Seorak were carried out in order to provide a basic information for an ecological restoration and management of the vegetation through community ecological approach. Vegetation data were collected from 31 of quadrates from May to October, 2016. We analyzed vegetation types with phytosociological method, importance value with Curtis & McIntosh method, CCA using PC-ORD program tool, and flora of vascular plants. As a result, the forest vegetation was classified into Abies nephrolepis community. The community was divided 3 groups such as Pinus pumila group, Rhododendron brachycarpum group and Angelica decursiva group. Therefore, the vegetation had 3 kinds of units. The differential species group, it was classified into total of 7 species group units including Thuja koraiensis and Smilacina bicolor differential species group. The mean importance percentage (MIP) in VU 1 was shown Pinus koraiensis (24.1), A. nephrolepis (23.6) and Betula ermanii (10.5), and in VU 2, it was P. koraiensis (26.2), A. nephrolepis (20.8) and B. ermanii (10.5), and in VU 3, it was P. koraiensis (22.2), A. nephrolepis (16.4), B. ermanii (13.5) in the order, respectively. As for importance values of P. koraiensis and A. nephrolepis representative competition species, were different at each layers. The former (46.7) was higher than the latter (26.1) in tree layer, but the latter was higher than the former in subtree and, shrub and herb layers of VU 1. VU 2 and VU 3 also indicated the same tendency. P. pumila group and A. decursiva group were shown to have positive correlation with altitude and present species, respectively. The designated as the endemic plant was 11 taxa and, as the rare plant 24 taxa and 62.5% of vascular plant was northern plant species. It is necessary to continue further long-term monitoring of 3 vegetation units, IV of main competition species (P. koraiensis and A. nephrolepis) with stratum and main specific species (rare plants and endemic plants) considering vegetation science and, population and community ecology approaches.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.160-171
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• 2002

In order to clarify the species composition, distribution and habitat of the Korean wild Pyrus ussuriensis and P. pyrifolia communities, that are so expected as a useful resource plant, an investigation was carried out according to phytosociological method on Mts. Hambaek, Ilwol, Sobaek, Juwang and Gaya in Korea. In the present study, we made an attempt to elucidate the autecological characteristics of the wild Pyrus species by synecological approach. As a result, the forests including the Pyrus species were divided into the two associations and two communities, considering the existing vegetation units for the forest; Syneilesio-Quercetum serratae, Corylo-Quercetum mongozicae, Ainsziaea acerifolia- Quercus mongolica community and Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Pyrus ussuriensis community. Among the units, the Syneilesio-Quercetum serratae and the Corylo-Quercetum mongolicae belong to southern type and middile-northern type, respectively, in their distributional type. It is inferred that the wild Pyrus species are distributed preferably in the deciduous forest zone in Korea, compared to the other forest zones. In particular the Pyrus species are present alone or dominantly in only both the tree layer or subtree layer of the forests, reflecting their shade intolerance ecophysiologically. Thus they usually were distributed in SE or SW of slope aspect. Generally the canopy of the forests including the Pyrus species was so open. Species diversity of the vegetation units was highest in the Syneizesio-Quercetum serratae and lowest in the Ainsliaea acerifolia-Quercus mongolica community. The Corylo-Quercetum mongolicae and the Pyrus ussuriensis-Fraxinus rhynchophylla community are medium between the two.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.339-352
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• 2014

The study was carried out to analyze vegetation structure of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forests located in Jochimryeong to Shinbaeryeong of the Baekdudaegan mountain range. The survey for 50 plots was conducted from April 2012 to August 2013 in the permanent plots ($100m{\times}100m$) using phytosociological analysis. As a result, the vegetations were classified into five vegetation units. In species composition, they were classified into Q. mongolica community group divided into 2 community such as Fraxinus rhynchophylla community and Carpinus cordata community, F. rhynchophylla community was subdivided Pinus densiflor group (into Euonymus sachalinensis subgroup, Vitis coignetiae subgroup) and Juglans mandshurica group. C. cordata community was subdivided Acer komarovii group and Betula ermanii group. In terms of importance value, P. densiflora and Q. mongolica were more than 20% respectively. P. densiflora was found to have the highest relative coverage. Analysis of interspecific association showed four types which were coincident with differential species and character species on the constancy table. Based on the diameter class distribution, P. densiflora forest presented a normal distribution pattern except for other species which showed a reverse Jshaped distribution pattern, therefore P. densiflora forest would likely be replaced by Q. mongolica forests. While in Q. mongolica forest, diameter class distribution of all species population presented a reverse J-shaped distribution pattern, therefore Q. mongolica forest could likely remain in the future.