• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.838-850
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• 2015

In this study, dilute acid pretreatment was operated using small-diameter Quercus mongolica for evaluating the yield change of furfural and levulinic acid depending on pretreatment factors. The dilute acid pretreatment was conducted depending on reaction temperature ($140-180^{\circ}C$), reaction time (10-30 min), and sulfuric acid concentration (0-2%, w/w). Then, glucose, XMG (xylose + mannose + galactose), furfural, and levulinic acid contents in the liquid hydrolyzate were measured and analyzed after pretreatment. Glucose content increased to 16.02% as reaction temperature, reaction time, and sulfuric acid concentration increased, but it decreased at the sulfuric acid concentration of 2% (reaction temperature: > $170^{\circ}C$, reaction time: > 20 min). On the other hand, reaction temperature had a strong influenced on XMG content, and XMG content decreased to 1.63% through increasing of reaction temperature and sulfuric acid concentration, but XMG content was less affected by changes of reaction time. Furfural content increased with the increase of reaction temperature, reaction time, and sulfuric acid concentration, and maximum furfural content was 7.61% (reaction temperature: $180^{\circ}C$, reaction time: 20 min, sulfuric acid concentration: 1%) based on a weight of raw material, while furfural content was dropped in more severe condition than in maximum furfural content condition. Levulinic acid content also increased with higher reaction temperature, reaction time, and sulfuric acid concentration. Especially, the sharp increase of levulinic acid content was observed above $170^{\circ}C$, and maximum levulinic acid content was 10.98% (reaction temperature: $180^{\circ}C$, reaction time: 30 min, sulfuric acid concentration: 2%). However, less than 1% of furfural and levulinic acid content was obtained in non-acidic catalyst condition that in whole conditions of reaction temperature and reaction time.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2002

Dynamic extinction of solid propellants subjected to rapid pressure drop was studied with the aid of energy equation of condensed phase and flame model in gas phase. It is found that the total residence time($\tau_\gamma$) which measures the residing time of fuel in the reaction zone may play a crucial role in determining the dynamic response of the combustuion to extinction. Residence time was modeled by various combinations of diffusion and chemocal kinetic time scale. Effect of pressure history coupled with chamber volume on the extinction response was also performed and was found that dynamic extinction is more susceptible in a confined chamber than in open geometry. And, dynamic extinction was revealed to be affected profoundly by diffysion time scale rather than chemical kinetic time scale.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.501-506
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• 1992

Pepsin-catalyzed hydrolysis and plastein reaction were carried out to prepare plastein product from soymilk residue protein. Conditions required for optimal hydrolysis of soymilk residue protein and subsequent plastein production were investigated. The optimum substrate concentration, enzyme-substrate ratio, pH, reaction temperature and incubation time for hydrolysis were 3%, 1/50, 1.7, $45^{\circ}C$ and 24 hours, respectively. Plastein formation from peptic hydrolysate of soymilk residue protein was most effective at substrate concentratin of 40%, pH 4 and $45^{\circ}C$. Reaction time of 18 hours and enzyme-substrate ratio of 1/100 were selected for plastein production. Electrophoresis of the products revealed that protein-like substances of high molecular weight were produced from the plastein reaction.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.827-838
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• 1997

Optimal substrates and reaction conditions were studied to develop boiled or roasted meat flavor by Maillard reaction under a model system. Sugars for the reactions were xylose, ribose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Amino acids were cystine, cysteine, methionine, lysine, and glycine as the reaction substrates. The reacted solutions were measured their absorbances at 278 nm and 420 nm and were evaluated their sensory properties. Except cysteine, the pentose mixtures with all of the four amino acids showed a faster reaction rate than those mixtures with hexose or disaccharides. pH was decreased rapidly until 8 hours and then changed a little thereafter. Sensory evaluation showed that cystine-lactose or cystine-xylose from single substrate and cystine-lactose-maltose, and cystine-lactose-xylose from mixed substrates reacted at $100^{\circ}C$ for 16 or 20 hours were found to be close to boiled or roasted meat flavor. The volatile compounds from the four selected sugar-amino acid solutions by GC/MS were 8 hydrocarbons, 10 aldehydes, 6 ketones, 7 alcohols, 2 aromatics (benzene), 1 ester, 4 furans, 1 base and 5 sulfur compounds.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1799-1807
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• 2016

In this paper, we propose the automatic demand response systems which reduce the electric power consumption for the period automatically distinct from the existing passive demand response that a subscriber directly controls the energy consumption. The proposed systems are based on SEP 2.0 and consist of the demand response management program, the demand response server, and the demand response client. The demand response program shows the current status of the electric power use to a subscriber and supports the function which the administrator enables to creates or cancels a demand response event. The demand response server transmits the demand response event received from the demand response management program to the demand response client through SEP 2.0 protocol, and it stores the metering data from the demand response client in a database. After extracting the data, such as the demand response the start time, the duration, the reduction level, the demand response client reduces the electric power consumption for the period.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2003.04c
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• pp.208-210
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• 2003

컴퓨터 그래픽스에서 물리기반 모델링을 사용한 다관절체의 움직임을 구하는 것은 중요한 문제이다. 다관절체가 움직이는 동안 충돌이 발생했을 때 충돌반응 시간이 많이 걸린다면 그만큼 시뮬레이션이 자연스럽지 못하다. 본 논문에서는 충돌반응에서 중요한 선형방정식의 해를 구하는 시간을 단축시킴으로써 짧은 시간안에 다관절체의 충돌을 처리할 수 있는 방법을 제시한다. 이러한 결과는 게임이나 그래픽 툴 등에서 적용이 가능하다.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.31-39
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• 1999

감성과학은 인간의 감성을 정성하고, 더 정량적으로 측정 평가하고 이를 제품이나 환경설계에 응용하여 보다 편리하고 안락하며, 안전하게 나아가 인간의 삶을 쾌적하게 하고자 하는 기술이다. 본 연구에서는 사상 체질론, 오행 체질론, 바이오리듬의 감성적 요소를 감성과학의 관점에서 고찰하고, 각 기질이나 상태별로 반응시간 측정기로 반응시간을 측정하고, 반응시간의 차이를 분산분석(ANOVA)을 이용 비교ㆍ분석하여 객관적으로 평가하고, 직무설계에 이용하고자 한다.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.47.4-48
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• 2018

밀러-유리 실험은 1950년대 처음으로 초기 지구의 대기 방전 실험으로 아미노산을 합성한 실험이다. 생명의 기원에 대한 내용이 교과서나 책에 실릴 때마다 빠지지 않고 등장하는 실험으로, 학생들의 탐구 활동 연구주제로 실험을 설계하여 진행하였다. 실험실 설계부터 시작하여 실험 과정인 유리기구 세척, 진공 만들기, 기체주입과 방전실험을 소개한다. 실험 장치가 완성 된 후, 실험 시간 23시간 중 약 4시간 동안 방전하여 갈색 용액을 얻는데 성공하였다. 아민기와 반응하는 ninhydrin 반응에서 양성반응을 보여 아미노산 수용액임을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.165-169
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• 2002

BaTiO$_3$ 분말을 Ba(OH)$_2$ㆍ8$H_2O$와 아나타제형의 TiO$_2$ㆍ$\chi$$H_2O$를 이용하여 광화제 첨가 없이 열수처리에 의한 탈수(dehydration) 및 재결정화(recrystallization) 과정을 통한 수열합성법에 의해 제조하였다. Autoclave 반응기를 이용한 실험의 경우, BaTiO$_3$ 분말을 생성하기 위한 최적 반응온도 및 시간은 각각 21$0^{\circ}C$, 4시간으로 확인되었으며, 이 때 생성된 BaTiO$_3$ 분말의 크기는 0.1~0.2$mu extrm{m}$로 입도분포가 양호하였다. 그리고, 바륨과 티타늄의 농도비가 증가됨에 따라 결정화도(tetragonality)가 증가하는 경향을 나타내고 있다. 이는 반응하지 않고 남아 있는 바륨의 영향으로 생각되며, 이는 반응물의 pH와도 관련이 있다. 또한, 반응온도 및 시간도 결정화도에 커다란 영향을 미치는 변수로 주로 반응온도 및 시간이 증가함에 따라 결정화도도 함께 증가하는 추세를 나타내고 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.154-157
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• 2004

산성 colloidal silica(CS) 1034A, HSA와 TMOS, MTMS 실란 간의 졸겔반응조건이 코팅도막의 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 1034A CS계에 대해서는 1단계로 실란들을 첨가하고 동일한 MTMS에 대해 CS/TMOS의 함량비, 반응시간을 달리하여 졸을 합성하였다. HSA계에 대해서는 2단계로 분리하여 TMOS, MTMS 실란을 첨가하는데 실란 첨가순서와 실란 함량비, 반응시간을 달리하여 졸을 합성하였다. 합성된 졸은 slide glass에 함침 코팅한 후 $300^{\circ}C$에서 경화시킨 도막의 특성들을 조사하였다. 1034A CS계는 CS/TMOS의 비가 70/30일 때 50/50인 경우보다 반응시간에 따라서 표면조도가 우수하여 접촉각에 영향을 덜 주므로 효과적인 균일 반응상으로 진행되었다. HSA CS계는 1단계로 MTMS를 먼저 첨가하고 MTMS/TMOS 비를 25/75로 첨가하면 반응시간에 따라서 표면조도 거칠기에 크게 영향 받지 않고 접촉각을 안정화시킬 수 있다.