• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.465-473
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• 2016

This study was carried out to evaluate restoration process of a few wetlands in the National Institute of Ecology (NIE). Wetlands were composed of the former rice paddies that passive restoration was led through only natural process and by creating waterway, and an ecological pond, a reservoir that restorative treatment was practiced. As the result of analysis on landscape change in the current wetland space, existing wetland in NIE was usually from the former rice field and some parts were from the residential area or forest. Change of species composition was progressed from crops or ruderals resistant to human interferences to plant species, which has removed artificially for cultivation and grow usually in the typical wetland. Both species diversity and occurrence of exotic plants were the highest when restoration project is in progress and stages after and before restoration were followed. In an ecological pond that restorative treatment was done, vegetation introduced as riparian buffer was established successfully and thereby it was expected that it could contribute to buffer environmental stress comming from the outside. Synthesized the above mentioned results, change of wetland vegetation established in NIE resembled the typical trend of early successional stage occurring in the abandoned rice paddy and consequently, it was estimated that successful restoration is under progress. Restoration under progress in an ecological pond where artificial aid in the least level was added, could be evaluated in successful as well. In particular, successful establishment of buffering vegetation, which can play diverse ecological functions, could be evaluated as significant restoration effect. But adaptive management to improve ecological quality for the section that buffering vegetation is insufficient, is required.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.67-80
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• 2005

Vegetation structure of the vascular plants was investigated from April 2003 to August 2003 in Hwangjeong wetland around Geumho River, Yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Actual vegetation of Hwangjeong wetland largely can be classified by the floristic composition and the physiognomy into 12 communities; Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, Humulus japonicus, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Phragmites japonica, Zizania latifolia-Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Zizania latifolia-Nymphoides peltata, Miscanthus sacchariflorus-Phragmites japonica, Phragmites communis-Phragmites japonica, Phragmites japonica-Salix gracilistyla, Salix koreensis-Salix glandulosa, Salix nipponica-Salix koreensis, and Phragmites japonica-Zizania latifolia. Among them, the distribution area of the Phragmites japonica community was the largest as 49.46 ha(11.03%). The dominant vegetation type was Phragmites japonica community and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior community based on the phytosociological method, and Phragmites japonica community was classified into two subcommunities; Nymphoides peltata subcommunity and Salix glandulosa subcommunity. Differential species of Phragmites japonica community were Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Persicaria thunbergii, Oenanthe javanica, Leersia oryzoides var. japonica, and Rorippa indica; differential species of Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior community were Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, Setaria glauca, Commelina communis, Cyperus orthostachyus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Xanthium strumarium, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Kummerowia striata, Trifolium repens, and Medicago sativa; differential species of Nymphoides peltata subcommunity were Nymphoides peltata, Zizania latifolia, Scirpus tabernaemontani, and Eleocharis mamillata var. cyclocarpa; differential species of Salix glandulosa subcommunity were Salix glandulosa, Salix koreensis, and Salix gracilistyla. It was expected that Hwangjeong wetland is worthy of conservation contributed purifying water pollution, giving habitats of many lifes, and providing beautiful scenes of Geumho River.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.87-95
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• 2005

Vegetation structure of the vascular plants was investigated from March 2003 to October 2003 in Haepyeong wetland, Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Actual vegetation of Haepyeong wetland largely can be classified by floristic composition and physiognomy into 18 communities; Xanthium strumarium-Digitaria sanguinalis, Humulus japonicus, Persicaria perfoliata-Humulus japonicus, Phragmites japonica-Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Persicaria hydropiper-Phragmites communis, Persicaria hydropiper, Phragmites japonica-Persicaria hydropiper, Miscanthus sacchariflorus- Phragmites japonica, Persicaria hydropiper-Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus-Salix glandulosa, Salix nipponica-Salix glandulosa, Salix nipponica-Salix koreensis, Salix nipponica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus-Salix nipponica, Phalaris arundinacea-Salix nipponica, Salix glandulosa-Salix nipponica, Trapa japonica, and Ceratophyllum demersum-Trapa japonica. Among them, the area of the Salix nipponica-Salix koreensis community was the largest as 122.2ha(9.23%). The dominant vegetation type was Miscanthus sacchariflorus-Persicaria hydropiper community based on phytosociological method, and it was was classified into three subcommunities; Salix glandulosa-Salix nipponica subcommunity, Digitaria sanguinalis subcommunity, and Cyperus amuricus subcommunity. Differential species of Salix glandulosa-Salix nipponica subcommunity were Salix nipponica, S. glandulosa, S. koreensis, Scirpus radicans, Persicaria maackiana, and Achyranthes japonica; differential species of Digitaria sanguinalis subcommunity were D. sanguinalis, Setaria viridis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, and Cyperus orthostachyus; differential species of Xanthium strumarium subcommunity were X. strumarium, Acalypha australis, Erigeron canadensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Vicia tetrasperma. Zonation of vascular hydrophytes and hygrophytes was as followers: Salix glandulosa, S. koreensis, S. nipponica were distributed in the region of land which water table is low, and Persicaria maackiana, Persicaria hydropiper, Scirpus radicans were distributed in the understory. And emergent plants such as Phragmites communis and Scirpus karuizawensis, floating-leaved plant such as Trapa japonica, submersed plant such as Ceratophyllum demersum, and free floating plant such as Spirodela polyrhiza formed the zonation from shoreline to water. The specified wild plants designated by the Korean Association for Conservation of Nature, Ministry of Forest, and Ministry of Environment were not distributed in the study area. It was expected that Haepyeong Wetland worthy of conservation contributed purifying water pollution, giving habitats of many lifes, and providing beautiful scenes of the river.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.48-64
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• 2008

The aim of this research is to set a systemic Ecological Landscape Planning Model to cope with the destroyed landscape problems which was caused by massive development project and thoughtless development in country areas. The summary of research result are as follows. As a result of analysis on domestic and international literature, there are 60 planning index items which are nature conservation area, landscape conservation area, and build and manage wetland biotope and so on. total number of planning index is 34 after finalizing the physical index items. As a result of on-spot research, all 34 planning index after literature analysis is existing. Also, there are 38 finally-selected index which includes 4 added planning index in the process of research like natural vegetation in frequently-used spot. As a result of importance analysis on detailed planning index, most are above 5 points, which is relatively high. As a result of factor analysis on patterning for the detailed planning index, it was classified with seven elements. The first Ecological Landscape Planning model was set with integrated analysis on result of pattering for the detailed planning index and importance of detailed planning index. Based on first model, to make more systematic landscape, the analysis of MCB was conducted. As a result of MCB analysis according to planning index, it is confirmed that each planning index shows maximum. As a result of importance analysis on the 9 plans keynote, the average importance point was 4.62 for conservation area and 4.54 for enrichment area respectively. By integrating the result of importance analysis on basic aims of the first model, MCB analysis and plans, we set the second Ecological Landscape Planning model. In vertical transition, for example, 'conservation area' showed the importance point above 5.2 for all planning index except setting recreational space. Also, the analysis on parallel structure showed that relation between 'additional improvement, management, and connection' and other planning index is above 5.3 and importance on correlation with 'the part which should be protected from nature and landscape' marked 6.07 which is the highest.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.230-239
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• 2017

These days, the demand of farm tours is on the rise in Korea. However, most of them are related to farming experience. To overcome the situation, ecological experience is introduced. In this sense, it is necessary to obtain the contents and educational materials of ponds, the space of farming and ecological experience. Therefore, this study analyzed the use patterns of oriental medicine of pond wetland plants. Oriental medicine is used for old and traditional knowledge, and is still applied to various fields, such as medical science, pharmacy, and science. The analyzed result of this study will be helpful for the educational materials of ecological experience. This study surveyed plants of 40 pond wetlands in rural areas, and looked into the use patterns of traditional medicine by using the contents of Korea Traditional Knowledge Portal being operated by Korean Intellectual Property Office. According to the vegetation survey of the 40 pond wetlands, there were a total of 457 taxa in 108 families, 309 genera, 392 species, 59 varieties, 5 forma, and 1 subspecies. Among them, 314 taxa in 53 families, 136 genera, 265 species, 45 varieties, 3 forma, and 1 subspecies had the information on the use patterns of traditional medicine. It means that 68.8% of the plants around pond wetlands contain traditional medicine. Given other application patterns, such as food, handcraft and traditional farming, more than 70~80% are expected to include traditional knowledge. 314 taxa used for traditional medicine had 570 kinds of efficacy and 325 kinds of disease treatment. It means that one taxon has 4.0 (0~20) kinds of efficacy on average and 6.6(0~20) kinds of disease treatment. It is expected that this study result will be applied to various fields, including experience, education, and medical science. And it is considered that valuable pond wetlands are worthwhile to be conserved constantly.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.386-393
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• 2016

Agricultural ecosystem is recognized as a space for providing a variety of services, in addition to the food production that it originally encompassed, such as water purification, biological habitat, air purification, soil conservation, and landscape development. The construction of greenhouses in agricultural landscapes can cause deterioration of ecosystem services because of the increase of impermeable area and loss of biological habitats. This study aimed to compare insect diversity between different types of constructed greenhouses and paddy ecosystems. The target study area was selected by considering the distribution status of horticultural complexes and was classified as Single Vinyl Greenhouse, Multi Vinyl Greenhouse or Glass Greenhouse and they were compared with four paddies. The study locations were in Gu-Mi, Bu-Yeo, Ginje and Jin-Ju. A total of 2,333 individual insects belonging to 9 orders, 38 families, 76 genus, and 80 species were collected. The composition of orders was Hemiptera (22.37%), Coleoptera (18.42%), Hymenoptera (14.47%), Orthoptera (11.84%), and Diptera (10.53%). The average number of collected species were in the order Paddy (39.38 species) > Single Vinyl Greenhouse (35.50 species) > Multi Vinyl Greenhouse (22.50 species) > Glass Greenhouse (24.00 species). The Diversity Index (H') was Paddy (4.76) > Single Vinyl Greenhouse (4.57) > Multi Vinyl Greenhouse (4.12), and Glass Greenhouse (4.12). The Richness Index (RI) was Paddy (7.72) and Single Vinyl Greenhouse (7.03) > Multi Vinyl Greenhouse (4.99) and Glass Greenhouse (5.32). From our results, it can be seen that the biological diversity features of insects decreased when greenhouses are constructed.However, Single Vinyl Greenhouse is noted to promote insect diversity more than that by Multi Vinyl Greenhouse and Glass Greenhouse. Hence, when constructing greenhouses, it is necessary to consider insect habitat to conserve insect diversity.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.173-182
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• 2016

Although the ecosystem extends numerous functions for the benefit of humankind, construction of horticultural facilities can potentially lead to the degeneration of some of these functions owing to the expansion of impervious regions and loss of habitats. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effect of construction of horticultural facilities on plant biodiversity. Analysis of the vegetation distribution characteristics showed that horticultural facilities had significantly lower plant diversity than did rice paddies. Hence, the proposed approach involved low-impact development, arrangement of habitat space, plant preservation, restricted use of chemical fertilizer, habitat creation, and reduced preservation cost. Lifestyle analysis suggested the importance of developing favorable environments for the growth of annual plants and aquatic plants. In all, 20 species of naturalized plants belonging to 10 families were identified. Furthermore, the proportion of these naturalized plants was higher in glass greenhouses and multi-span greenhouses, suggesting the advantages of employing natural soil mulching while avoiding concrete mulching. Statistical analysis was performed to validate the results, which suggested that impervious regions be converted to natural soils. Collectively, the findings of this study are expected to be used for establishing policies for the construction of eco-friendly and ecological horticultural facilities; this may aid the maintenance of sustainable agricultural landscapes and large-scale development of the reclaimed lands.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.144-154
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• 2017

The riparian vegetation is one of corridor type ecosystems, an ecotone and able to improve the ecological soundness by structural and functional link. And they act as habitats, sources and sinks of species, conduits, filters and barriers. This study was carried out to develop the vegetation model for the fluctuation areas of lake reservoirs consider of hydrologic and soil environments according to the vegetation structure of the reference ecosystem. To develop the case study, 2 sites within 10degree slope of the Daecheong Lake were selected. The riparian vegetation models were built by the results of GIS analysis, remote satellite analysis, field survey results, consider of water level, flooded frequency, soil and topographic index, land cover or land use etc. 1) study area varied from FWL to -5m of NFWL, 2) slope 10% below, 3) vegetations flooded below 100days yearly are Salix koreensis, Salix chaenomeloides, Salix gracilistyla, 4)land cover type classified wildlife grassland, abandoned paddy field, cropland according to landuse (or landcover), 5)finally model was constructed as ecological landscape forest. The model designs were suggested by 2 types in Daecheong lake reservoir. The model for the riparian vegetation corridors could be the basic and useful data to improve the ecological and landscape properties.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.89-101
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• 2016

This study examined spatial disposition of wildlife highway mortality using road-kill GIS database and Naver panoramic 360 degree views to find out which habitat and road variables most influenced road-kill numbers for each mammal species and how the landscape and road elements are connected on highway. Road-kills on Yeongdong(YD) and Jungbu highway(JB) generally tended to be higher in natural barren, grassland and cropland due to its value of preferred habitats of nocturnal and multihabitat species like water deer(Hydropotes inermis argyropus), raccoon(Nyctereutes procyonoides) and hare(Lepus coreanus). Land cover in YD showed no difference between species (p=0.165) while JB did by species (p=0.001). This may be explained by disparate landscape between mountain and urban or the fact that YD in long term operation might have enabled consistent crossing pattern compared to JB experiencing continuous extension works which may in turn have deviated the road crossing. Although road-kill prevention effect of local topography alone was appreciable, compared to less significant or ineffective fence and guardrail, gentle slope declining in a direction to the road turned out to offset the preventive effect of juxtaposed fence. Furthermore, green patches on road near intersection were deemed a visual stepping stone facilitating wildlife attempted crossing and local roads juxtaposed with a highway were especially left defenceless to road-kill without road barriers.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-104
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• 2005

This study examined ecological grade of tidal flats at 59 sites along the west and east coast of Korea from January 1998 to December 2002. Assessment of ecological grade based on 7 headings includes biological and human geographical factors, such as species diversity and richness, utility value of species, possibility of damage and reservation conditions of coastline. Total of 181 species with 37 families of 14 orders were listed in this study. The highest scores (ecological grade I) showed at these five sites, Hagampo in Chungnam, Ui-do and Geomun-do in Jeonnam, Bijin-do and Maemul-do in Gyungnam. Half of thestudy sites belong to ecological grade II and 19 sites showed ecological grade III. Singyeong in Gyeonggi, Janghang in Chungnam, Gyehwado and Gomso in Jeonbuk, Dadepo in Busan were assessed as ecological grade IV. Grade V (the worst) was not found in this study.