• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.3 s.83
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• pp.427-434
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• 2007

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal roles in the initiation of T cell-mediated immune responses, making them an attractive in immuno vaccines. Angelica gigas and Cnidium officinale were a medicinal herb widely used in Asian countries. In this study, we examined the effects of A. gigas and C. officinale extracts on the DCs functional maturation and phono-type. Immature DCs were cultured in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4, and the generated immature DCs were stimulated with OVA in the presence or absence A. gigas and C. officinale extracts, respectively, for 24 hours. The antigen-presenting capacity of A. gigas and C. officinale extracts-treated DCs as analyzed by $CD4^+$ helper T cell clone (OVA-specific) proliferation and cytokines (IL-2 and $IFN-{\gamma}$) production were significantly increased. But A. gigas and C. officinale extracts were not directly effected $CD4^+$ helper T cell clone function. Also, the expression of surface co-stimulatory molecules, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD86 and CD11c, is increased on DCs that were stimulated with A. gigas and C. officinale extracts. These results indicate the immunomodulatory properties of A. gigas and C. officinale extracts, which might be medical supplies or health foods.

• Composites Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 2021

VaRI(Vacuum assisted Resin Infusion) process, which is cost effective and suitable for manufacturing large-sized composites, is an OoA(Out-of Autoclave) process. For rapid resin infusion in the VaRI process, a DM(distribution media) is placed on top of the fabric. The resin is rapidly supplied in plane direction of the fiber along the DM, and then the supplied resin is impregnated in the out-of-plane direction of fiber. It is difficult to predict the flow of resin because the flow of in-plane direction and the out-of-plane direction occur together, and a 3D numerical analysis program is used to simulate the resin infusion process. However, in order to analyze in 3D, many elements are required in the out-of-plane direction of fabric. And the product size is larger, the longer the analysis time needs. Therefore, in this study, a method was suggested to reduce the time required for flow analysis by simplifying the 3D flow analysis to 2D flow analysis. The usefulness was verified by comparing the 3D flow analysis with the simplified 2D flow analysis at the same conditions. The filling time error was about 7% and the reduction of flow analysis time was about 95%. In addition, by utilizing the constant difference in the flow front between the top, middle, and bottom of the fabric of the 3D analysis, the flow front of the top, middle, and bottom of the fabric can be also predicted in the 2D flow analysis.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.825-835
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• 1994

Synthesis of ETBE as an octane number enhancer from ethanol and isobutene in a flow reactor under atmospheric pressure was studied. Amberlyst-15 and Amberlyst XN-1010 were used as catalysts within the temperature range of $70-140^{\circ}C$. The activity of Amberlyst 15 was higher than that of Amberlyst XN-1010. The reaction rate data obtained under differential reactor condition were tested by a linear regression method to determine the reaction mechanism and kinetic parameters. The ETBE synthesis reaction seems to be proceeded via the LHHW(Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson) machanism. The activation energy of the surface reaction was estimated by the reaction rate constants as well as the adsorption equilibrium constants. Apparent activation energies are 18.64 and 24.19kcal/mol for Amberlyst-15 and Amberlyst XN-1010, respectively.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 2018

The ortho- and iso- type unsaturated polyester resins were synthesized and used as a polymer binder of the polymer mortar composite. Styrene monomer and acrylonitrile were used as a diluent for the unsaturated polyester resin. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKPO) and cobalt octoate (CoOc) were used as a curing agent and an accelerator, respectively. Four kinds of unsaturated polyester resins were prepared according to types of the resin and diluent, and used as a polymer binder in the preparation of the specimen. A total of 16 polymer mortar specimens were prepared according to the added amount of the polymer binder and subjected to a hot water resistance test, followed by compressive and flexural strength tests, and pore and SEM analyses. As a result, it was found that the strength of the specimen using the iso-type unsaturated polyester resin as the polymer binder was better than that of using the ortho-type unsaturated polyester resin. The total pore volume and diameter measured after the hot water resistance test were reduced compared to the values before the test. In the micrographs observed before the hot water resistance test, the polymer binder, filler and fine aggregate were firmly combined to the co-matrix, but the polymer binder was mostly decomposed in the micrographs observed after the test.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to evaluate TOPLATS land surface model performance through comparison of results of water and energy balance analysis. The study area is selected Nakdong river basin and high resolution hydrometeorological components of which spatio-temporal resolution is 1 hr and 1 km are simulated during 2003 to 2013. The simulated daily and monthly depth of flows are well fitted with the observed one on Andong and Hapcheon dam basin. In results of diurnally analysis of energy components, change pattern throughout the day of net radiation, latent heat, sensible heat, and ground heat under energy balance analysis have higher accuracy than ones under water balance analysis at C3 and C4 sites. Especially, root mean square errors of net radiation and latent heat at C4 site are shown very low as 22.18 $W/m^2$ and 7.27 $W/m^2$, respectively. Mean soil moisture and evapotranspiration in summer and winter are simulated as 36.80%, 33.08% and 222.40 mm, 59.95 mm, respectively. From this result, when we need high resolution hydrometeorological components, energy balance analysis is more reasonable than water balance analysis. And this results will be used for monitor and forecast of weather disaster like flood and draught using spatial hydrometeorological information.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1088-1092
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• 2006

낙동강은 대표적인 수지상 하천망의 형태로서 댐 방류량, 낙동강 하구언의 수위조절, 지류 유입량, 비점원 유입량 등 계산영역 경계에서의 비정상상태의 수리조건과 수질관리 계획에 의해 일률적으로 오염이 부하되는 정상상태의 수질조건이 공존하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 부정류 수질해석의 선행연구로 갈수기 및 저수기에서 안정한 해를 제공할 수 있는 부정류 수리모형을 개발하였으며, 낙동강에서 실측된 유량자료를 활용하여 개발된 모형의 적용성를 검증하였다. 또한 기존 범용 부등류 수질모형의 수리해석 결과와 비교하여 부정류 수리해석의 필요성을 확인하였다. 낙동강 물환경연구소에서 2004년, 2005년 환경기초조사사업의 일환으로 실측한 유량자료에 의한 본 모형의 모의결과, 동적 저유량의 낙동강 본류 유량 변동 특성을 정확히 모의하고 있는 것으로 판단되었으나 기존 정적 수질 모형에 의한 해석결과는 실측유량, 유속과 수리수심 등에 있어서 동적 해석 결과와 차이를 보이고 있으며, 이는 오염물의 종방향이송과 종확산계수 및 재포기계수 산정에 큰 영향을 미치는 유속, 수리수심 등의 수리량이 실제값과 상이하게 계산되어 수질해석의 불확실성을 가중시키는 결과를 도출하게 될 것으로 판단된다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1437-1448
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• 1996

This paper presents a simplified model for approximate analysis of the solute redistribution in coarsening dendrite arms during solidification of binary metal alloys. By introducing a quadratic concentration profile with a time-dependent coefficient, the integral equation for diffusion in the solid phase is reduced to a simple differential relation between the coefficient and the solid-liquid interface position. The solid fraction corresponding to the system temperature is readily determined from the relation, phase equilibrium and the overall solute balance in which the liquid phase is assumed to be completely mixed. In order to validate the developed model, calculations are performed for the directional solidification of Al-4.9 mass Cu alloy. The predicted eutectic fractions for a wide range of the cooling rate reasonably agree with data from the well-known experiment as well as sophisticated numerical analyses. Also, the results for the back diffusion limits are consistent with available references. Additional calculations show that the characteristic parameters such as the coarsening, density variation and nonlinarity in the phase diagram significantly affect the microsegregation. Owing to the simplicity, efficiency and compatibility, the present model may be suitable for the micro-macroscopic solidification model as a microscopic component.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.137-137
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• 2018

이 연구에서는 리튬이온전지용 음극 활물질의 리튬이온 저장 용량을 최적화시키기 위한 새로운 방법이 제안되었다. 그 방법은 솔루션 플라즈마 프로세스를 사용하여 원자 단위의 리튬을 탄소 기반 물질의 내부에 도핑 시키고, 열처리를 통해 그 내부를 재설계하는 것이다. 리튬이온전지용 음극 활물질로 리튬금속 자체를 사용하려는 시도는 있었으나, 이는 충전 및 방전 사이클이 반복됨에 따라 리튬이 수지상으로 석출되어 내부를 단락시키거나, 리튬금속 자체의 폭발성에 의한 취급상의 제약이 있었다. 한편, 원자 단위로 탄소 내부에 도핑 된 리튬은 열처리 과정 동안 탄소 내부에서 확산함으로써 더 많은 리튬이 저장될 수 있는 공간을 만들었고, 사이클이 반복됨에 따라 서서히 충전 및 방전 반응에 참여함으로써 전지의 성능을 개선시켰다. 리튬이 도핑 된 탄소의 전기화학적 테스트 결과를 Fig. 1에 나타내었다. 실험 결과에서 보여진 초기 고용량 및 장기 사이클 특성은 탄소 내부에 도핑 된 리튬이 전지 성능의 향상에 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 시사한다. 또한, 사이클이 반복됨에 따라 점차 증가하는 용량은 첫 사이클에서 형성된 solid electrolyte interphase의 비가역 용량을 보상할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 이상의 결과를 통해, 탄소 내부에 원자단위의 리튬을 도핑시키는 새로운 접근은 리튬이온전지의 성능 개선을 위한 효과적인 방법이 될 수 있을 것으로 보이며, 향후 리튬 이외의 다른 원소들, 즉 소듐과 같은 물질에 대하여 도핑을 시도한다면 새로운 분야에서 이와 같은 접근법이 유용하게 적용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2019

We extracted arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spores from rhizospheres of three plants from Upo Wetland, Korea. We identified the isolated AMF spores based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of partial 18S rDNA nucleotide sequences. The species diversity of AMF spores was calculated among the study sites and host plants. Consequently, nine species from six genera of AMF spores were identified. We confirmed the species diversity of the AMF spores in rhizospheres affected by host plants in the wetland. In the course of this study, we confirmed a previously unreported AMF species in Korea: Diversispora epigaea. We described the morphological features and molecular characteristics of this previously unreported AMF species.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2012.03a
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• pp.105-105
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• 2012

기능성 아웃도어 제품을 제조하기 위해서 사용되어지는 멤브레인은 크게 미세다공형과 친수무공형으로 구분할 수 있다. 최근에는 소비자들이 기능성 아웃도어에 쾌적성을 요구하고 있으며, 그 측면에서 본다면 미세다공형 멤브레인이 친수무공형보다 유리하다. 기존의 미세다공형 멤브레인은 고가이며, casting이 불가능한 단점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 분자구조 및 유화제 첨가에 따른 casting이 가능한 미세다공형 폴리우레탄 멤브레인의 특성에 대하여 연구하였다. Casting용 미세다공형 폴리우레탄은 soft segment와 hard segment의 비가 1/2일 때, 그리고 사용되는 용제가 MEK 단독일 때 안정적인 반응성과 이상적인 필름의 물성을 보이는 것을 확인 하였으며, 수지에 첨가되는 분산유화제의 양이 10%이상일 때 상분리 현상이 발생하지 않음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 개발된 수지의 적용성을 평가한 결과, J-knife를 이용하여 knife over roll 방식으로 25~35$g/m^2$ (dry add on)를 도포하여 $80/120/140^{\circ}C{\times}10m/min$의 다단건조 공정으로 진행했을 때 최적의 물성을 얻을 수 있었다.