• Title/Summary/Keyword: 수중입자

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핵활동 감시를 위한 대기 입자방사능 측정 시스템 개발

  • 김종수;윤석철;함영수;윤여창;홍종숙
    • Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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    • 1996.05d
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    • pp.75-81
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    • 1996
  • 최근 포괄적 핵확산금지조약(CTBT)의 협정은 핵활동 감시의 목적으로 핵실험으로 인하여 발생되는 지진, 대기 방사성 핵종, 수중음향 그리고 초저음파 등을 종합운영하는 감시 시스템의 구축에 초점을 두고 있다. 1995년에 개최된 제네바군축회담/핵실험금지 특별위원회(CD/NTB/WP.224)에서 방사능 감시 전문가들은 대기중의 방사성 핵종의 검출, 핵실험 여부의 식별 그리고 핵실험 장소의 위치를 확인하기 위하여 국제 방사핵종 측정시스템(IRMS)을 설치할 것에 동의하였으며, 방사성 핵종의 검출은 핵실험 감시에 필수적인 수단으로 결정하였다. 본 연구에서는 대기중의 입자 방사능을 검출 시스템을 대기중의 공기를 흡입하기 위한 High Volume Air Sampler(HVAS)와 대기중의 방사능을 채집한 Filter Paper을 압축하는 Filter Paper 압축기 그리고 HpGe 검출시스템의 3 부분으로 구성하였다. HVAS와 Filter Paper 압축기는 본 연구의 수행을 위하여 자체 설계·제작하였으면, HpGe 검출시스템은 ORTEC사의 모델 CFG-PH-2를 사용하였다. HVAS에 의하여 Filter Paper애 채집된 시료를 측정하여 Raw Data를 분석하였다. 추후 본 시스템은 CTBT 원거리 대기 입자방사능 감시시스템의 네트워크에 연결하여 핵실험 감시를 위한 역할을 궁극적으로 검토중에 있다.

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Miniemulsion Polymerization of Poly(vinyl acetate) Nanoparticles Stabilized by Hexadecane (헥사데칸에 의해 안정된 폴리(비닐 아세테이트) 나노입자의 미니유화 중합)

  • 박수진;김기석
    • Polymer(Korea)
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.10-17
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    • 2004
  • Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) nanoparticles were synthesized in oil/water miniemulsion polymerization in the presence of low amount of hexadecane as a cosurfactant. The nanoparticles were tested to apply as a drug carrier. The shape of nanoparticles was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the average particle size and size distribution were examined by particle size analyzer. Inclusion of antibiotic drugs into the nanoparticles was confirmed by CHO, C=O, and OH peak of FT-IR. Size of the nanoparticles were adjusted between 80∼300 nm by changing the homogenization rate and amount of cosurfactant and surfactant. The monomer droplets prepared by miniemulsion method using a cosurfactant were homogeneous and stable compared with those prepared by conventional emulsion polymerization. This might be occurred due to the prevention of Ostwald ripening and coalescence between droplets by using hexadecane as a cosurfactant.

Tailoring of the Chemical Resistance of Chrome Yellow Particles by Silica Coating (안료의 내약품성 향상을 위한 황연입자의 실리카 피복에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Seewoo;Kim, Seongsoo;Kim, Dong-Uk;Wang, Lin;Choi, Heekyu
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.310-315
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    • 2008
  • Herein, we synthesized silica-coated chrome yellow particles having improved chemical resistance. The intermediate with a good dispersion stability was prepared and the chemical resistance of the final product was investigated. The effects of pH and temperature, as the main parameters influencing the formation of particles, the reduced particle size by homogenizer on the silica coating were investigated. The change in the particle morphology by temperature and pH was also studied. As the results, small and monodisperse particles were achieved at low pH and high temperature. Good silica coating was obtained when used reduced size of the particles by homogenizer. Furthermore, the sufficient silica coating by microencapsulation was obtained at 9~10 pH and the temperature above $90^{\circ}C$.

Characteristics of Particle Separation in Water Using Lab-Scale Acoustic Standing Wave (실험실 규모의 음향정재파를 이용한 수중의 입자분리 특성)

  • Ahn, Jaehwan;Kang, Sungwon;Ahn, Kwangho;Kim, I tae;Kim, Seog gu;Ahn, Hosang;Lee, Youngsup
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.34 no.12
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    • pp.787-791
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    • 2012
  • Characteristics of particle separation in water using labscale acoustic standing wave were studied. Acoustic standing wave is similar to either sound wave or ultrasonic, which makes a constant wave while returning to the origin by reflector. During that time, particulates dispersed in water are collected on the node of wave, where a sound pressure is zero. Acoustic standing wave transducer as of 28.0 kHz and 1.0 MHz were utilized and $6.8{\mu}m$ kaolin and $100.5{\mu}m$ redmud in average diameter were used as experimental materials in water. Once acoustic standing wave are generated in water, water temperature rises by $0.15{\sim}0.20^{\circ}C/min$ due to a sound pressure. Initial concentration of kaolin and redmud were controlled to have same as of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 g/L, respectively. Removal efficiency of the turbidity in a reacting chamber after 5 minutes, when acoustic sound wave was formed in most distinct, was measured to have 18.2~56.2% for kaolin and 23.0~53.6% for redmud at 1.0 MHz. Particle separation was not observed at 28.0 kHz.

Bio-mediated Flocculation by Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Cohesive Sediment Suspensions: Experimental Study (생체고분자물질이 부유사 응집에 미치는 영향 연구)

  • Baek, Seung-Ryong;Kim, Jae-In;O, Min-Ji;Lee, Byeong-Jun
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2015.05a
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    • pp.107-107
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    • 2015
  • 최근 기후변화로 인한 강우강도 증대, 산업화에 따른 토지개발 등으로 인하여 다량의 점착성 부유사(Cohesive Sediments)가 하천, 호소 등 수자원 환경으로 유입되고 있다. 점착성 부유사는 하천, 호소의 난류 조건에 따라 부유하거나 혹은 응집, 침전하여 하상 저니층을 형성한다. 부유사, 미생물 및 각종 유기입자가 포함된 하상 저니층은 검은색으로 외관상 보기 좋지 않을 뿐 아니라, 혐기성상태에서 부패하여 수생태계의 건강성을 해치게 된다. 또한 미세 부유사 및 미생물 입자는 각종 중금속, 유기오염물질을 흡착하고, 조건에 따라 재용출할 수 있는 저장매체로 작용하기 때문에 수자원환경에 미치는 영향이 아주 크다. 특히, 수중 미생물(조류) 작용에 의해 생성되는 EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances)는 부유사 및 미생물 입자들을 서로 엉겨 붙게 하여, 부유사-미생물 혼합 응집체 및 저니층 형성을 가속화하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 EPS가 부유사 응집에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여, Xanthan Gum (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)을 EPS의 지표 물질로 사용하고, Kaolinite(Sigma-Aldrich, USA)를 수자원환경에 존재하는 대표적인 부유사로 사용하여 응집실험(Jar Test)을 수행하였다. 이온농도가 응집에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 수체 이온농도를 0.0001M NaCl, 0.001M NaCl, 0.01M NaCl, 그리고 0.001M NaCl + 0.1mg/L $Ca^{2+}$, 0.001M NaCl + 0.5mg/L $Ca^{2+}$, 0.001M NaCl + 1.0 mg/L $Ca^{2+}$으로 보정하여 응집실험을 수행하였다. 250 rpm 급속 교반 1븐, 50 rpm 완속교반 5시간, 침잔 1시간 후 응집체를 채취하여 응집체 이미지 분석을 통해 응집체 크기 및 형상을 측정하였고, 수표면 2 cm 지점에서 상등액을 채수하여 잔류 고형물 농도 분석을 실시하였다. 응집실험을 통하여 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다.. 낮은 이온농도의 경우, EPS가 큰 고분자 구조체에 부유 입자들이 엮어 응집되는 Sweeping Flocculation의 특징을 나타내었다. 하지만, 이온농도가 높아질수록 경우, EPS 고분자 구조체 내부 반발력이 감소하여 크기가 축소되고, 이에 따라 부유 입자 표면에 패치 형태로 흡착되었다. EPS가 패치형태로 입자에 흡착한 경우, 응집제 농도 증가에 따라 응집능 최적점이 형성되고, 이후 표면하전 역전이나 Steric Stabilization에 의해 응집능이 저감되는 형태를 나타낸다. 따라서,수중이온농도가 EPS의 사슬형 고분자 응집제의 크기, 형태(Morphology)를 결정하고, 더 나아가 응집능을 결정하는 중요한 인자로 나타났다. 따라서, 후속 연구를 통하여 생체고분자물질의 크기 및 형태 변화, 이에 따른 응집능변화를 면밀히 연구하고자 한다.

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Two-Dimensional Localization Problem under non-Gaussian Noise in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (비가우시안 노이즈가 존재하는 수중 환경에서 2차원 위치추정)

  • Lee, DaeHee;Yang, Yeon-Mo
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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    • v.23 no.5
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    • pp.418-422
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    • 2013
  • This paper has considered the location estimation problem in two dimension space by using a non-linear filter under non-Gaussian noise in underwater acoustic sensor networks(UASNs). Recently, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) is widely used in location estimation. However, the EKF has a lot of problems in the non-linear system under the non-gaussian noise environment like underwater environment. In this paper, we propose the improved Two-Dimension Particle Filter (TDPF) using the re-interpretation distribution techniques based on the maximum likelihood (ML). Through the simulation, we compared and analyzed the proposed TDPF with the EKF under the non-Gaussian underwater sensor networks. Finally, we determined that the TDPF's result shows more accurate localization than EKF's result.

Modeling of Sound-structure Interactions for Designing a Piezoelectric Micro-Cantilever Acoustic Vector Sensor (압전 미세 외팔보 형 수중 음향 벡터센서의 작동 원리와 설계 기법)

  • Yang, Seongkwan;Kim, Junsoo;Moon, Wonkyu
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.108-116
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    • 2015
  • An acoustic vector sensor is a device that is capable of measuring the direction of wave propagation and the acoustic pressure. In this paper, the modeling of micro-cantilever sensor for the vector sensor are proposed by consideration of acoustic phenomenon in water. Two models based on unimorph structure are proposed in this paper and corresponding transfer function which describes the relation between input pressure wave and output voltage depending on incidence angle and frequency of pressure wave is derived based on lumped model. It has been shown that very thin and flexible micro-cantilever can be used to measure directly the particle velocity component in water.

Physical properties, released patterns and bio-efficacy of granular mixtures with chlomethoxyfen and butachlor formulated by different methods (제조방식을 달리한 chlomethoxyfen과 butachlor 혼합입제의 물리성, 수중용출도와 생물효과 비교)

  • Chung, Bong-Jin;Yeon, Jae-Heum
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.2 no.3
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    • pp.36-44
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    • 1998
  • To develope cost-effective new granular formulation of mixture with 7.0% chlomethoxyfen and 3.5% butachlor, this study was conducted by investigation of floatability, dispersibility or collapsability and released concentration of active ingredients in water and bio-efficacies of the granules formulated by different formulation methods compared to commercial pellet-extruded granules. They were formulated by coating on or impregnation into extruded pellets, sands and zeolites with two active ingredients, binders, friction reducer, dispersing agents and bentonite. Pellet-coated method showed similar floatability, collapsability and bio-efficacy to the commercial pellet-extruded one or better than that but unstable patterns of released concentration of chlomethoxyfen because of easy isolation of coated technical particles from the surface of granules. Sand-coated methods showed similar physical properties, released pattern of two active ingredients, and bio-efficacy to the commercial one. Liquid binders and/or dispersing agents are more important than powdered ones to control released concentration of active ingredients from the granule mixtures, to improve the floatability and dispersibility, and to show good bio-efficacy. Sand-coated one might be a suitable method if types and amount of liquid binders and dispersing agents are selected.

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Fundamental Experiment of Underwater Ram-jet by PIV Measurement (PIV에 의한 수중램제트의 기초실험)

  • 김춘식
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Marine Engineers Conference
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    • 2000.05a
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    • pp.165-170
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    • 2000
  • A fundamental experimental study for a substitute proposal to super-speed craft propulsion system called underwater ram-jet propulsion by high pressure air ejection as driving force was investigated. for basic study of effect of ram-jet propulsion performances ismple underwater ram-jet flow field was established and PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry) method was adopted to analyse the jet-induced flow appearing at ram intake mixing chamber and nozzle. Some flow dynamics relating to the high-speed ejector effect were discussed for the basic understanding for the ram-jet propulsion principle.

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The Influence of Temperature on the Surface Electrokinetic Features of Particulate Matters in Aqueous Environment (수중입자의 표면 전기적 특성에 미치는 온도의 영향)

  • O, Sejin;Kim, Dong-Su
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.525-531
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    • 2010
  • To figure out the importance of temperature on electrochemical properties in water environment, calcium carbonate, one of important substances in water chemistry, was chosen to make suspensions. The result of electrokinetic potential of calcium carbonate suspensions revealed that it tended to increase as temperature increased. In addition, electrokinetic potential was negatively increased as suspensions became more basic. Its isoelectric point was ca. 7 regardless of temperature. The adsorption of hydrogen ions on calcium carbonate particles followed endothermic reaction. This result was verified by continuously measuring pH as adding HCl solution in calcium carbonate suspension. It explained that suspensions' potential was determined by DLVO theory which calculated total interaction energy between particles. Suspensions' total interaction energy was proportional to the value of electrokinetic potential. Furthermore, total interaction energy between particles increased as suspensions' temperature was increased.