• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.117-126
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• 2009

Korea Highway Corporation has played a role of the construction and operation of the highway for the past for 40 years. The private sector since the 90s has made highway construction and operation. Central government and local governments were paid at subsidy in least operating income to 1.5896 trillion won for private operators from 2001 to 2008. Thus, Korea Highway Corporation will have important implications for understanding the cost structure. Korea Highway Corporation, a general analysis of the input element is used efficiently. And the operation of labor and capital estimated highly of the substitution elasticities. Korea Highway Corporation are judged to need financial separation of a strategic outsourcing(business) enabled and the construction(maintenance and management) and business institutions. In addition, currently running at highway the operation of institutions combined to configure a new institution, if that institution invigorate the hi-pass, more of the country's highway believe to be increase operational efficiency.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.159-169
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• 2008

The aim of this paper is to research the changes of social welfare by internalizing external cost, especially the maintenance cost. Main target of this paper is the Cheonan$\sim$Nonsan Line, where private capital highway, national highway and local road are competing against each other. Considering the realistic difficulties in applying the First Best pricing, this paper applied the Second Best pricing, applying the maintenance cost, in lieu of the already mentioned. The demand functions of the toll roads were built through regression analysis. By reflecting the maintenance cost to the toll fee, It was able to confirm the variation of social welfare deriving from the traffic assign change but also the aspects of toll revenue at the same time. Result of applying the Second Best pricing shows merely a small change in social welfare. However, in the aspect of finance, it is analyzed that there will be about 13 billion won worth of financial effectiveness which will contribute to the reduction of the national financial support.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.343-349
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• 2013

Data including 1,372,050 milk records pertaining to 438,019 cows from 1983 to 2011 collected during performance tests conducted by the National Livestock Cooperative Dairy Improvement Center were used to calculate milk income and profit of individuals and investigate the effects of production levels of early lactation (parity 1 and 2, respectively). Individuals with a moderate level of early lactation stayed longer in herds. Among parity 1, the 9,000 kg or higher group had a lower mean number of lactations than the overall mean of 3.13. The 7,000 kg or lower and 10,000 kg or higher groups had lower mean life time milking days than the overall mean of 1,076.8 days. Standard deviations of lifetime traits tended to decrease as production levels increased. For parity 2, the 11,000 kg or higher group had a lower mean number of lactation than the overall mean of 3.43. The lifetime milking days was highest in the 12,000 kg group (1,212.0 days), and generally smaller in the lower groups. Profit increased as the production level of groups increased for both parity 1 and 2. In groups with low production levels, profit of parity 1 was higher than that of parity 2, while the reverse was true in groups with high production levels. These results suggest that individuals in the low production groups had a greater likelihood to be culled due to reproductive or other problems. Furthermore, the accuracy of the prediction of lifetime profit of individuals with a milk yield of 305 days seems to be higher for parity 2 than parity 1; therefore, it is desirable to predict lifetime profit using the 305d milk yield of parity 2. In conclusion, breeding goals are based on many factors in functions for the estimation of profit; however, production levels during early lactation (parity 1 and 2) can be used as indicators of profit to extend profitability.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.760-766
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• 2016

This study explored the effects of heating temperature and laminae thicknesses on the time required to heat the center of air-dried Paulownia tomentosa, Pinus sp., Abies sp., and Larix sp. laminae to $56^{\circ}C$, which is a minimum core temperature of wood packaging materials defined by ISPM 15 standard, and maintain for 30 minutes in dry heat treatment schedule. Heating times were different among wood species and were Pinus sp. ${\geq}$ Abies sp. > Paulownia tomentosa > Larix sp. in decreasing order. The differences in heating times of some species were significantly different statistically, but were not different enough in practical terms to warrant heating four species separately. Heating times decreased as heating temperature increased and followed approximately power-function relationship. Also, heating times increased linearly with increasing laminae thickness. These relationships make it possible to calculate intermediate heating times relative to experimentally observed heating times. The results of this study will serve as a guideline for heat sterilization of Chinese laminae species to meet heat treatment requirements for protection against invasive pests.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.834-840
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• 1996

Flesh gingers harvested domestically in Seosan and Wanju area and imported from China were used to investigate their regional quality characteristics related to morphological properties-weight, maximum length, thickness, no. of branches, whole volume, hardness and surface color. Weights of ginger were mostly distributed in the range of $50{\sim}100\;g$; 47.6% of Seosan, 67.4% of Wanju and 45.7% of China gingers were in this range. Length and thickness of each gingers were increased with weight increment. The length of Seosan gingers was uniformly distributed overall, and the thickness of domestic products tends to be thinner than China ones. Branch number of domestic gingers was more widely distributed than China ones which had higher values than domestic's in volume. Domestic gingers were relatively harder than china ones, especially Seosan products was hardest among them. The surface color of China gingers was little more brighter than domestic's while domestic gingers were more yellowish. Statistical analyses showed a high correlation among physical properties except surface color and a functional relation between variables.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.8 no.3 s.29
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• pp.63-76
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• 2006

For a private toll road project, deciding optimal toll is an important element of economic analysis for the project and a challengeable work. In this study, the optimal toll of a private toll bridge, Geoga Bridge which connects Geoje Island of Gyeongnam Province and Gaduk Island of Busan was estimated using Stated Preference (SP) data. The SP data were collected by interviewing the passenger car drivers travelling on the National Road 14. They are latent users of the bridge. A fuzzy approximate reasoning model to estimate the optimal toll was built using the SP data. For the input variable of the model, the saved travel time and toll level were employed and the diversion rate to the bridge was employed for the output variable. The diversion rates for each toll level and saved travel time were estimated and the toll level which had maximized the toll revenue was decided as optimal toll. The optimal toll was tested by comparing with the average pay rate of passenger car drivers. Since the optimal toll for passenger cars at one hour saving, the 6,250 won is about 50 % of the average pay rate of passenger car divers, the toll was evaluated not to be high. The technique employed in this study may be used for the estimation of the optimal tolls for other kinds of vehicles.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.159-174
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• 2013

This paper mainly deals with the appropriation of ship voyage allocation, using a heuristic regression model, in order to reduce total costs incurred in port, yard and at sea under the specific port condition. Because of different behavior of costs incurred in port, yard and at sea, an effort to minimize these costs by adjusting the number of voyages for three ship classes(50,000, 100,000, and 150,000-ton) should be made. For instance, if the port managers attempt to reduce the sea transport cost by increasing the annual allocated number of ship voyages classed 150,000-ton for economies of scale, they have no choice but to suffer a significant increase in queueing cost due to port congestion. To put it differently, there are trade-off relationships among the costs incurred in port, yard, and at sea. We utilized a computer simulation result to perform a couple of regression analyses in order to figure out the appropriate range of allocated number of voyages of each ship class using a heuristic approach. The detailed analytical results will be shown at the main paper. We also suggested a net present value(NPV) model to make a proper investment decision for an additional berth of 200,000-ton class that alleviates port congestion and reduces transport cost incurred both in port and at sea.

• Journal of the KSME
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.573-580
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• 1989

현재 한국의 자동차 공업은 80년대 초반부터 급격한 발전으로 세계의 다른 자동차 생산국으로부 터 경계의 대상이 되고 있다. 그러나 그 내면을 살펴보면 아직도 중요한 기술은 거의 대부분 일 본이나 독일, 미국 등 자동차 선진국의 기술에 의존하고 있으며 특히 엔진 분야는 대부분 외국 기술에 의존하고 있다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 엔진은 자동차 생산원가의 약 30%를 차지하며 자동차의 성능을 좌우하는 경우 기술료 지급은 물론이며 부품구매 선택의 여지가 없어진다. 또한 요즈음과 같이 상품의 수명주기가 짧게 되어 가는 추세 하에서는 시장의 요구에 대처해나가는 엔지니어링 적응력이 부족하게 되면 결국 경쟁성을 상실하게 된다. 그러나 이러한 문제점을 인 식하면서도 80년대 초까지 독자적인 엔진개발을 하지 못했던 원인은 크게 2가지로 분석할 수 있다. 첫째는 한국의 자동차 회사들의 기술 축적의 미약과 둘째는 독자개발의 낮은 투자효율성 이다. 즉 엔진과 변속기를 기술 도입할 때 기술료 지급은 자동차 생산댓수당 5-6만원에 달하지만 엔진과 변속기를 독자개발시의 투자비는 약 300-500억원에 달하므로 간단한 산술적 계산으로는 모델당 100만대를 생산하여야만 투자의 가치가 있는 것으로 보여진다. 물론 위에서 언급한 바와 같은 여러 가지 요인에 의하면 이 숫자보다 훨씬 적은 생산량으로도 경쟁성이 확보될 것으로 예상된다. 이제 한국의 자동차 생산량도 연간 백만 대를 상회하는 수준이며 앞으로도 급격한 양과 질적인 팽창이 기대되고 있는 시점에 자동차 메이커들은 각사 모두 독자적인 고유 엔진 개발을 착수하였으며 일부 회사는 이미 성공을 거두어 양산 준비를 하고 있는 것으로 알고 있다. 그러나 아직도 엔진의 설계부터 양산까지 걸리는 기간이 타 선진 메이커에 비하면 상당히 길며 이로 인해 신제품의 경쟁력 저하가 우려되고 있는 상태이다. 이러한 문제점 해결에 도움을 주기 위해서 학계는 기업체의 기술 개발방향과 전략을 이해하는 것이 필요하다.grightarrow$cn-semistratifiable over$\longrightarrow$semistratifiable over $\alpha$ 2, 어떤 공간이 cn-Semistratifiable over $\alpha$이기 위한 필요충분 조건은 그것이 linearly cushioned cn-pairnet를 갖는 것이다. 3. cn-semistratifiable over $\alpha$의 부분공간 역시 cn-semistratifiabie over $\alpha$ 하다. 4. on-semistratifiable over $\alpha$의 유한개의 적공간 역시 cn-semistratifiabie over $\alpha$한다. 5. 폐 cn-semistratifiable over $\alpha$ 부분공간들의 합공간 역시 on-semistrbtifiable over $\alpha$ 하다. 6. 폐연속 net-cevering 함수에 의하여 cn-semistratifiable over $\alpha$ 성질이 보존된다. 보잘것이 없었고, 현재에도 각 시도별 또는 대학주관의 경시대회가 있으나 거국적인 호응을 받지 못했다. 물론 국제 대회에 참석시키는 것은 엄두도 내지 않았다.로 나타났다. 4. 코코넛과 소나무수피의 경우 암모니아 가스에 대한 흡착 능력은 거의 비슷한 것으로 사료되며, 코코넛의 경우 전량을 수입에 의존하고 있다는 점에서 국내 조달이 용이하며, 구입 비용도 적게 소요되는 소나무수피를 사용하는 것이 경제적이라고 사료된다. 5. 마지막으로 악취제거 미생물균주를 접종한 소나무수피 50%와 펄라이트 30%의 혼합재료를 24시간 동안 장기간 운전 실험을 수행한 결과 암모니아 99.06%, 황화수소 96.61%의 제거

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.77-100
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• 2011

The Korean economy have experienced the remarkable decreases in factor prices such as bond yields, real wage since the IMF foreign exchange crisis. This paper investigates the effects of the price changes in the factor markets on determining the level and cyclicality of industrial markups in the manufacturing industry. For this purpose, we construct a markup equation in the small open economy based on the production function including foreign intermediate goods and assuming constant returns to scale technology and AR(1) process of technological coefficient. Empirical results are summarized as the followings. The empirical results shows that the increased markups after the IMF crisis can be explained by the price decreases in the factor markets which result in lowering marginal costs. And we also observed counter cyclicality of markup, labor share and interest rates while real wages, technical coefficients, and production price index proved to be pro-cyclical. In conclusion, the price changes in factor market have contributed to the stickiness in markup fluctuation in the manufacturing industry.

• 한국산학경영학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.101-123
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• 2004

This study examines empirically the significant changes in tax payments when the consolidated tax return is introduced in the future. We estimate the consolidated tax payments under the eight cases which are classified as such : whether only 100% ownership subsidiaries should be included or 80% and over, whether all subsidiaries should be included or only subsidiaries with loss, and whether unrealized profits from intercompany transactions should be excluded or not. After estimating the consolidated tax payments, we test the difference between the consolidated tax payments and the sum of the individual tax payments of the subsidiaries. The results of the test show that the consolidated tax payments are significantly less than the sum of the individual tax payments of the subsidiaries. We interpret that the inclusion of the losses of the subsidiaries in the consolidated tax base makes the tax payment decrease. Based on our analysis about 3.8 billion Won per each parent company would decrease due to the introduction of the consolidated tax return. And we find that under the mandatory consolidated tax return system the significant difference between the consolidated and individual tax payment exists except that the only 100% ownership subsidiaries are included and unrealized profits from intercompany transactions are not excluded. However, when the parent companies have the discretion to select the consolidated subsidiaries, the consolidated tax payments are significantly less than the sum of the individual tax payments of the subsidiaries regardless of the ownership percentage, inclusion of the loss of the subsidiaries and exclusion of the unrealized profits.