• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 1998.07a
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• pp.39-40
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• 1998

수온과 광주기를 조절한 실험구는 대조구에 비해 GSI의 peak가 2개월 늦어졌으며, 난소의 발달도 지연되었다. 암컷 혈중의 $E_{2}$와 T 농도도 성숙 단계의 지연에 따라 peak가 각기 다르게 나타났다. 그러나 수온과 광주기를 조절한 그룹의 일부개체는 성숙이 지연되지 않았으며, 수컷의 GSI나 수컷 혈중의 T 농도도 수온과 광주기의 변화에 영향을 받지 않았다.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 2001

Plasma levels of sex steroid hormones in rockfish, Sebastes inermis were examined monthly in relation to gonadosomatic index (GSI) under a controlled water temperature and photoperiod, The GSI of a control group (C) in female began to increase from November and reached a maximum in January, Sample fish under a controlled water temperature and photoperiod (Tr) were divided into a responded group (Tr-r) and a un-responded group (Tr-n) by the gonadal maturation condition and GSI. The GSI of females in Tr-r reached a maximum in March. But the female GSI in Tr-n kept lower than 1.2 during the experimental period. No differences in male GSI were noticed between C and Tr. The $estradiol-17\beta$ and testosterone levels of female plasma in Tr reached a maximum in October, later than those in C. In males, these was no difference in 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone between C and Tr. When rockfish was reared in September under the controlled water temperature and photoperiod which were equivalent to those in July, that is two months earlier, the maturation of females was delayed in comparison with C. This finding suggested that delayed maturation in ovary was caused by the secretion of sex steroid hormones in relation to the water temperature and photoperiod of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.713-720
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• 1998

Experiments on the control of rockfish, Sebastes inermis reproduction were performed by artificially changed water temperature (WT) and photoperiod (PP). The experiments were divided into three conditions; artificial changes of both WT and PP delayed two months against their natural variations (Exp.I), natural WT and PP replaced with artificial light (Exp.II) and natural WT and PP (Exp.III) from September to April (220 days). Initial gonadosomatic index (GSI) in female groups of experiments was 0.2. Female GSI of responded group in Exp.I began to increase from December and reached the highest value in February with 15.0, while the un-responded group kept the lower value during the experimental period. Female GSI of Exp.II and Exp.III reached the highest values in January with 13.0 and 14.7, respectively. Male GSI of Exp,I reached the maximum in October, and that of Exp.II and III reached the maximum in November and then rapidly decreased. Among the experimental groups, male GSI did not show the different tendency. Monthly changes of hepatosomatic index in both sexes showed the reciprocal tendency with those of GSI. The control of WT and PP did not affect on the changes of HSI and condition factor of rockfish. From the histological observations, maturation of ovary was delayed by the changes of WT and PP, but that of testis was not influenced. Judging from the above results, the maturation and parturition of female rockfish could be delayed one or two months by artificial changes of WT and PP.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2000

Artificial gonadal maturation and spawning inducement of striped knife-jaw Oplegnathus fasciatus were studied. Effects of water temperature and photoperiod under different regims on gonadal activity and maturation of three years old O. fasciatus were investigated histologically. In experiment I (Exp. I), water temperature was gradually increased from $14.5^{\circ}C$ to $21.0^{\circ}C$ and photoperiod was also gradually increased from 10 : 30 L to 15 : 30 L from December 1996 to February 1997 and this conditions were maintained till April. In experiment II (Exp. II), water temperature was increased in the same way from Exp. I and photoperiod was controlled as natural condition till early March and then increased to 15 : 30 L immediately. Control fish were reared in net-cage culture system in the sea from December 1996 to April 1997. Gonadal activity was initiated by increasing water temperature in both Exp. I and II from January. In Exp. I, gonadal maturation and spawning were induced from February when water temperature and photoperiod reached at $21.0^{\circ}C$ and 15 : 30 L, respectively. In Exp. II, complete gonadal maturation was not induced until early March but after treated by compensatory long photoperiod (15 : 30 L), the gonad was matured and subsequently spawning occurred.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2001

Regulation of copulation and parturition of black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli were induced by artificially controlled photoperiod and temperature. for the treated group, daylength of copulation and parturition period was maintained at 9L : 15D and 14L : l0D, respectively. Temperature was maintained at 12~13$^{\circ}C$ during the copulation period, and at 14~15$^{\circ}C$ during the parturition period. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of male was low 0.12 from January to August and peak to 1.36~0.10 during November in the control group but 1.27 ~ 0.05 during October in treated group. GSI of female was about 1.82 from January to November 1996 and reached the maximum of 46.5 ~ 5.72 during April 1997 in the control group but 42.0~4.24 during february 1997 in the treated group. The pattern of ovary and testis development did not much differ between the treated and control groups. However, the copulation and parturition of black rockfish could be advance 2~3 months by controlling photoperiod and temperature.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.483-483
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• 2018

우리나라 하천 생태계에서 외래어종은 토착 어류의 개체수를 빠르게 감소시키고 서식처에서 우점종이 되어 생태계 교란을 야기하고 있다. 이러한 현안의 문제점을 해결하기 위해 외래어종과 관련된 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구는 우리나라 대표적 외래어종인 배스와 블루길을 대상으로 수온에 따른 서식처 형성을 관찰한다. 그 후 계절별로 형성된 서식처 안에서 수온을 조절하여 외래어종의 생태환경에 따른 민감성을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 수행하였다. 실험실 연구를 진행하는 동안 외래어종이 서식처를 형성할 때 민감하게 반응하는 수온 차가 계절에 따라 달라짐을 발견하였다. 이 사실을 증명하기 위해 농업용 저수지로부터 채집한 배스와 블루길을 길이 12 m, 깊이 0.6 m, 폭 1 m의 하천과 유사한 자연적 환경이 갖추어진 수조에 이식한 후, 외래어종이 서식처를 형성할 때 계절에 따라 어떻게 반응하는지 면밀히 관찰하였다. 수조를 3개의 구역으로 나누어 좌측 끝단을 히터를 설치한 온수대, 우측 끝단을 냉각기를 설치한 냉수대, 중앙은 온도 조절장치를 설치하지 않은 중수대로 구분하여 실험하였고 계절 마다 수온을 조절하며 수온 차와 서식처 형성의 상관성 분석이 진행되었다. 실험 진행 시 수온을 제외한 수조 안 환경은 동일하게 유지하였다. 실험 결과, 동계에는 실험실 수조의 평균 수온이 $12.88^{\circ}C$이고 어류는 각 구간별 수온의 차이가 $1^{\circ}C$ 이하에도 민감하게 반응하며 조금이라도 수온이 높은 구역에 서식처를 형성하였다. 춘계에는 평균 수온 $16.15^{\circ}C$가 되면서 어류가 온수대에 서식처를 형성하기는 하나 각 구간별 $1^{\circ}C$ 정도의 차이에는 중수대까지 서식처를 형성하였다. 즉 동계보다는 수온 차이에 둔감하게 반응하는 특성을 보였다. 또한 춘계에서 하계로 넘어가는 과도기에 수조의 평균 수온이 $21^{\circ}C$로 올라가자 외래어종은 각 구간별 수온 차이와는 관계없이 이미 서식처로 형성했던 온수대를 넘어 수조 전체에 좀 더 확산된 형태의 서식처를 형성하였다. 하계에는 수조의 평균 수온이 $25.67^{\circ}C$였으며 수온을 조절하여 관찰한 결과 외래어종은 약 $24^{\circ}C$ 수온보다 낮은 냉수대에 서식처를 뚜렷하게 형성하는 모습을 보였다. 즉 외래어종은 $20{\sim}24^{\circ}C$ 정도의 수온에 서식처를 가장 선호 하며 동계에는 수온이 가장 높은 곳, 하계에는 가장 낮은 곳에 형성하는 것으로 판단된다. 실험을 진행하는 동안 수조 내 구역의 구분을 위해 공통으로 설치된 가림판 부근에 외래어종의 군락이 형성된 것을 통해, 향후에는 외래어종의 서식처 형성과 장애물과 같은 지형적인 요인이 미치는 영향에 관한 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 1991

Spawning inducement of flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, was attemped by the control of water temperature and photoperiod from June 1, 1989 through January 5, 1990 (189 days) Water temperature was gradually decreased from $21.7^{\circ}C$ to $10.6^{\circ}C$ which was the minim biological temperature for spawning of flounder. Water temperature was increased asain to $15^{\circ}C$ gradually, and then maintained at this level through the end of spawning. Photoperiod was also changed gradually from 10L/14D in June 1, 1989 to 14L/10D in July 25, 1989. Spawning of the fish occurred from October 4, 1989 through January 5, 1990 (93 days). The average number of eggs spawned during the spawning season per female were 2.67 billion. The first spawning occurred on the 60th day after the time of minimun water temperature $10.6^{\circ}C$. The water temperature and photoperiod at the first spawning were $13^{\circ}C$ and 14L/10D respectively It took 71 days to spawn since the photoperiod had changed from 10L/14D to 14L/10D. Spawning period can be devided into three terms. The first term was continued for 30 days from the beginning of the spawning. The second term for 41 days was the major spawning period followed by the third term, the final period of the spawning, for 22 days. The percentage of average fertilization rate of the eggs in the first, second and third spawning terms were $37.4{\%},\;54.1\%\;and\;19.6\%$, respectively. Feeding rate was increased in the maturing period but, decreased in the spawing period. During the final spawning period, the abrubt decreasing of the feeding occurred again.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.135-141
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• 2021

High-efficient HEV Engine cooling systems reflects variable coolant temperature because it can decrease the hydrodynamic frictional losses of lubricated engine parts in light duty conditions. In order to safely raise the operating temperature of passenger cars to a constant higher level, and thus optimize combustion and all accompanying factors, a new thermostat technology was developed : the electronically map-controlled thermostat. In this work, various crystalline plastics such as polyphthalamide (PPA) and polyphenylenesulfide (PPS) mixed with various glass fiber amounts were introduced into plastic fittings of automotive electronic controlled thermostat for the purpose of suppressing influx of coolant into the element and undesirable opening during hot soaking. Skirt was installed around element frame of automotive electronic controlled thermostat for improving thermal sensitivity in terms of response time, hysteresis and melting temperature. To validate the effectiveness and optimum shape of skirt, thermal sensitivity test and three-dimensional CFD simulation have been performed. As a consequence, important improvement in thermal sensitivity with less than 3℃ of maximum coolant temperature between opening and engine inlet was obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 2011

We fabricated a sensor for measuring the water level and water temperature using GMR-SV (giant magnetoresistance-spin valve) device, simultaneously. It could be applied to the medical cooling system of the potassium titanylphosphate KTP) laser system for the therapy of a benign prostatic hyperplasia. The middle point of GMR-SV device was set to the near position of a high magnetic sensitivity with 2.8%/Oe. The sensitivity for the water level and water temperature of the fabricated sensor were $400\;m{\Omega}/mm$ and $100\;m{\Omega}/^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2012

The combined effects of water temperature and salinity on the settlement rate and density (spats/$cm^2$) of Crassostrea gigas pediveliger larvae were studied under the hatchery conditions. Four water temperatures (20.0, 23.0, 26.0 and $29.0^{\circ}C$) were tested at three salinities (20.0, 30.0 and 40.0). The optimum water temperature by salinity conditions were $29.0^{\circ}C$ and 20.0, 30.0 which significantly (P < 0.05) the highest mean (${\pm}S.D$) larval settlement rate of $43.1{\pm}0.1%$, $42.1{\pm}0.1%$, respectively. But the combination of water temperatures and salinities for settlement density was not effected, but each factor as water temperature ($29.0^{\circ}C$), salinity (40.0) was shown significantly high and low settlement density, respectively (P < 0.05). The statistics result of settlement density frequency was appeared: mode ($1.2-2.3spats/cm^2$), Mean ($1.9-2.4spats/cm^2$), Range ($3.0-5.8spats/cm^2$) and the lowest variance was obtained 0.4 at water temperature $20.0^{\circ}C$ by salinity 30.0, but $29.0^{\circ}C$ by 20.0 was the highest (1.1). The best condition at this results for the larvae setting under the artificial seed collection of C. gigas was $29.0^{\circ}C$ and 20.0-30.0.