• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2011

Maintenance of adequate soil water potential during the period of crop growth is necessary to support optimum plant growth and yields. A better understanding of soil water movement within and below the rooting zone can facilitate optimal irrigation scheduling aimed at minimizing the adverse effects of water stress on crop growth and development and the leaching of water below the root zone which can have adverse environmental effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a portable irrigation controller with an Watermark sensor for the cultivation of drip-irrigated vegetable crops in a greenhouse. The control capability of the irrigation controller for a soil water potential of -20 kPa was evaluated under summer conditions by cultivating 45-day-old tomato plants grown in three differently textured soils (sandy loam, loam, and loamy sands). Water contents through each soil profile were continuously monitored using three Sentek probes, each consisting of three capacitance sensors at 10, 20, and 30 cm depths. Even though a repeatable cycling of soil water potential occurred for the potential treatment, the lower limit of the Watermark (about 0 kPa) obtained in this study presented a limitation of using the Watermark sensor for optimal irrigation of tomato plants where -20 kPa was used as a point for triggering irrigations. This problem might be related to the slow response time and inadequate soil-sensor interface of the Watermark sensor as compared to a porous and ceramic cup-based tensiometer with a sensitive pressure transducer. In addition, the irrigation time of 50 to 60 min at each of the irrigation operation gave a rapid drop of the potential to zero, resulting in over irrigation of tomatoes. There were differences in water content among the three different soil types under the variable rate irrigation, showing a range of water contents of 16 to 24%, 17 to 28%, and 24 to 32% for loamy sand, sandy loam, and loam soils, respectively. The greatest rate increase in water content was observed in the top of 10 cm depth of sandy loam soil within almost 60 min from the start of irrigation.

• TTA Journal
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• s.152
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• pp.52-53
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• 2014

우리 주변에는 세월의 무게를 견디지 못하고 나날이 훼손되어 가는 문화재가 많다. 온도변화에 따른 팽창계수의 차이나 풍화작용 등으로 유물 일부가 떨어져 나가고, 표면의 균열 부분으로 물이 스며들면서 얼어붙었던 부분이 녹아 구조 불균형이 발생하기도 한다. 또 산성비나 대기오염과 같은 환경오염으로 산화 문제가 발생하는가 하면, 비둘기 등 조류 배설물이나 세균류 지의류 이끼류 같은 생물학적 요인으로 파손되기도 한다. 종교나 예술 활동에 따른 인위적인 훼손(반달리즘, Vandalism)도 일어난다. 자연재해로 어쩔 수 없이 사라지는 문화재도 있다. 불에 타 한 줌의 재로 변한 양양의 낙산사가 그 대표적인 예다. 낙산사는 8년 7개월의 복원 작업을 거쳐 되살아났다. 그래도 '낙산사'하면 '불'이 먼저 떠오르는 것은 천년고찰의 화재가 우리에게 상처로 남아 있기 때문이 아닐까. 한편 어렵게 발굴했지만 이미 때를 놓쳐 위기에 처한 소중한 문화재도 있다. 2009년에 발굴된 전북 익산시 미륵사지 석탑의 사리장엄구(사리를 봉안하는 일체의 장치)에 들어 있던 유리병은, 오랜 세월 공기 속의 수분이 풍화작용을 일으켜 두께가 얇아진 데다 0.04mm라는 수백 개의 미세한 조각으로 부서져 복원이 어려운 상태이다. 워낙 두께가 얇아진 탓에 살짝만 압력을 받아도 부서지기 쉬워 접합 자체가 불가능하다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2011.03a
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• pp.103-103
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• 2011

비스코스레이온(Viscose Rayon)소재는 목재 펄프를 원료로 한 재생섬유(습식방사)로서 Drape성과 반발성은 탁월하나, 습식방사에 따른 분자구조적 불안정성으로 건 습열처리시 형태불안정(치수변화율이 큼)으로 제직(준비) 및 후공정상 여러 가지 Trouble 유발과 완제품 세탁시 수축발생으로 종종 Dry Creanning 해야 하는 문제점들이 내재되어 있다. 또한 수분흡수시 강도저하, 수축과 구김, 염색 불균염 등의 문제점과 섬유공정상 생활취급상에 많은 애로를 가지고 있으며, 구성고분자가 수소결합에 의해 강고하여 "신축문제", 수분흡수시 팽윤(Swelling)에 의한 형태불안, 즉 "수축문제"가 개선해야 할 고질적 문제로 남아있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 레이온 소재의 형태안정화 제품을 개발하기 위하여 복합사고공 및 염색가공 기술을 개발하고자한다. 신축 및 복합기술에 의한 Rayon DTY, N/R 신축 및 복합기술에 의한 Rayon DTY, N/R 복합가공사를 개발, 제편직 요소기술과 염가공기술을 연구하므로서 형태안정성 레이온 복합소재 제품을 개발하고자 한다. Rayon 소재의 후공정 용이성과 형태안정성을 부여하기 위하여, 레이온 DTY가공사, Rayon-합섬 장(長)-장(長) 복합사를 개발하여 CoolBiz용 냉감소재 및 스포츠 웨어 소재 등으로 활용하고자 한다. 사가공기술에 의한 신도 16%, 수축률 1.6%인 형태안정 Rayon DTY 소재를 개발하였으며, 선연후가공기술에 의하여 N/R 복합가공사를 개발, 신도 18%, 수축률 1.2%인 차별화 레이온 소재를 개발하였다. 이에 기존 Rayon 후가공 및 염색공정과 상이한 개발된 선연후 가연 Rayon DTY가공사 및 T/R혼방사를 활용한 직물에 대하여 최적 전처리, 염색 후가공 공정의 최적 조건을 알아보았다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 1996

In order to establish making process of water atomized iron powder for powder metallurgy, effect of heat treatment condition on change of powder properties and impurities was investigated at each tempeature of $850{\sim}950^{\circ}C$. The results are as follows. Particle morphology of iron powder changed slightly from sphercial type to irregular type and the amount of fine particle decreased more and more with increasing of heat treatment time at each temperature. The flow rate and apparent desity of iron powder also decreased due to particle coalescence in order of $850^{\circ}C$, $950^{\circ}C$, $900^{\circ}C$. Those powder Properties became to decrease particularly at $900^{\circ}C$ in alpha iron region. On the other hand, residual carbon and oxygen contents in iron powder decreased extremely with increasing of heat treatment temperature and time.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.27-34
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• 1982

In the experiments of the inhibition of mold growth from October 1, 1981 to March 31, 1982, Mold-X has been shown the effective results as follows; 1. In the storage of the corn and the corn meal contained $12\%$ moisture, the growth of mold wa

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.13-34
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• 2022

Soil moisture data have been collected at 11 agrometeorological stations operated by The Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). This study aimed to verify the accuracy of soil moisture data of KMA and develop a correction formula to be applied to improve their quality. The soil of the observation field was sampled to analyze its physical properties that affect soil water content. Soil texture was classified to be sandy loam and loamy sand at most sites. The bulk density of the soil samples was about 1.5 g/cm³ on average. The content of silt and clay was also closely related to bulk density and water holding capacity. The EnviroSCAN model, which was used as a reference sensor, was calibrated using the self-manufactured "reference soil moisture observation system". Comparison between the calibrated reference sensor and the field sensor of KMA was conducted at least three times at each of the 11 sites. Overall, the trend of fluctuations over time in the measured values of the two sensors appeared similar. Still, there were sites where the latter had relatively lower soil moisture values than the former. A linear correction formula was derived for each site and depth using the range and average of the observed data for the given period. This correction formula resulted in an improvement in agreement between sensor values at the Suwon site. In addition, the detailed approach was developed to estimate the correction value for the period in which a correction formula was not calculated. In summary, the correction of soil moisture data at a regular time interval, e.g., twice a year, would be recommended for all observation sites to improve the quality of soil moisture observation data.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.121-121
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• 2017

오늘날 시장에 유통되는 버섯은 대부분 환경이 조절되는 시설 내부에서 재배된다. 버섯은 다른 식물과 달리 버섯의 종류, 품종 등에 따라 요구되는 환경이 매우 다르다. 특히 대부분의 버섯은 버섯이 생육되는 공간의 온도, 수분, 이산화탄소, 조도 등의 관리가 필수적이다. 버섯의 단위면적당 생산량을 극대화하기 위해서는 이들 버섯이 필요로 하는 환경을 버섯의 생육특성에 따라 적합하게 유지해 주어야만 한다. 현재 대부분의 버섯재배사에는 이들 환경을 컨트롤하는 장치가 설치되어 있고, 이들 시스템의 환경 설정은 농업인이 현장에서 버섯의 상태를 확인 한 후 그때그때 경험에 의해 채득한 정보를 기반으로 환경설정을 하고 있는 실정이다. 이렇다 보니 버섯을 재배하는 기간에는 농업인이 재배사 내부의 환경을 관리하기 위해서 항상 버섯재배사에 머물러야 하고, 재배사의 환경관리 때문에 원거리 또는 장기 출타가 어려운 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 기존에 사람이 버섯재배 현장에서 컨트롤하던 환경관리를 원격에서 컴퓨터 또는 모바일로 구현할 수 있는 시스템을 개발하였다. 시스템에서 모니터링 및 제어하는 환경은 온도, 습도, 이산화탄소, 배기팬 및 입기팬의 가동 등 버섯재배 환경관리에 필요한 모든 요소를 모니터링 및 관리할 수 있도록 하였다. 이들 관리 요소는 인터넷이 연결된 컴퓨터에 접속하여 버섯재배사의 환경을 실시간으로 모니터링 하고 필요에 따라 제어를 할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 컴퓨터에서 볼 수 있는 환경을 스마트폰을 통해서도 볼 수 있고 또한 제어할 수 있도록 하였다. 그리고 버섯배지를 입상 한 후부터 수확시기까지의 관리 환경을 데이터베이스로 만들어 농민이 버섯배지를 입상하고 데이터베이스와 연동한 제어가 되도록 설정하면 버섯재배사 내부의 환경은 데이터베이스의 정보를 읽어 들여 버섯의 생육단계에 따라 자동으로 내부환경이 제어되도록 하였다. 또한 농업인이 원격에서 버섯재배사 내부 버섯의 생육상황을 모니터링 할 수 있도록 재배사 상부에 CCD 카메라를 달아 실시간으로 버섯의 생육상활을 모니터링 할 수 있도록 구성하였다. 이와 같은 시스템을 사용하면 버섯재배 경험이 없는 농업인도 경험자와 같은 재배관리가 가능하고 원격에서 재배사 내부환경을 모니터링하고 제어 할 수 있기 때문에 농업인이 재배사에 매여 있지않아도 될 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1986

The effects of soil moisture on seasonal changes of photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal resistance were studied in sorghum (Pioneer 931) and sorghum - sudangrass hybird (Pioneer 988) at Suweon in 1985. Soil moisture was maintained with approximately 100, 80, 60 and 40% of field moisture capacity in large concrete pot (12m length $\times$ 1m width $\times$ 1m depth). 1. Photosynthesis and transpiration showed a sharp seasonal changes and reacted similarly to water stress and environmental factors, and were the highest in the middle of August, and were the lowest in the beginning of October. Sorghum - sudan hybird had better photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal control than those of sorghum in hot summer season. 2. The rate of photosynthesis of 60 and 80% field moisture capacity was higher than that of 100 and 40% throughout growing season, but the effect of soil moisture on photosynthesis varied seasonally by climate factors. Optimum soil moisture was 60% in early summer and fall, and was 60 - 80% in hot summer season. 3. Drought and over-moisture affected physiological metabolism of plant, and so the dry matter yield of 40 and 100% field moisture capacity decreased by 70% compared with that of 60% field moisture capacity.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.629-639
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• 2017

Tripitaka Koreana in Haein Temple, Hapcheon Province is the most historical and largest heritage in this country, however the species of their blocks have yet been unknown. A nondestructive test method is necessary to investigate their species. The oven-dry density of wood was measured by inversely using the principle of high frequency moisture meter. The oven-dry densities of more than 100 domestic species of specimens estimated by measurement method and high frequency moisture meter were compared and following conclusions were obtained. There was highly close correlation between the oven-dry density estimated by measurement method and the oven-dry density estimated by high frequency moisture meter. The densities of Tripitaka Koreana that was a global cultural heritage could be correctly estimated by using high frequency moisture meter and the equilibrium moisture content under which Tripitaka Koreana equilibrated, thus, it was expected to provide the key to species identification.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.82-86
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• 2011

Lightweight aggregate which is composed of sintered polycrystalline materials usually has a certain portion of pores inside of it. Because of such a structural characteristics, it tends to that movement of water in aggregate shows an abnormal behavior against the change of outside environment. In general, water movement behavior is controlled by porosity, distribution of pore size; however, dense surface layer will also affect water movement behavior in case of artificially sintered aggregates. Factors affecting water movement behavior in the aggregate are pore distribution, pore shape, pre-wetting method, etc. In this study, absorption characteristics of aggregate under the pressure and absorption rate according to water dipping time are analyzed for the basis of pressure pumping of lightweight concrete. Two kinds of aggregates were used for the test: one is made by 'L' company in Germany and the other is of our own made at the pilot plant in Kyonggi University. Absorption rate of aggregate is measured according to water dipping time, vacuum pressure, and quenching condition. Absorption rate of aggregate with $300^{\circ}C$ quenching is higher than that of aggregate with 24 hr water dipping. Generally the more vacuum the higher water absorption rate. Water absorption rate of 'L' aggregate under -300 mmHg is 54 % higher than that of aggregate with 24 hr water dipping; however, only 2 % increase in water absorption was measured for the K622 and K73 which were of our own.