• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2016

A set of lab-scale polymer synthetic fiber packed column wetlands composing three columns (CW1, CW2 and CW3) with different hydraulic regimes, recirculation frequencies and pollutant loading rates, were operated in 2012. Synthetic fiber tested as an alternative wetland medium for soil mixture or gravel which has been widely used, has very high pore size and volume, so that clogging opportunity can be greatly avoided. The inflow to the wetland was artificial stormwater. All the wetlands achieved effective removal of TSS (94%~96%), TCOD (68%~73%), TN (35%~58%), TKN (62%~73%) and NH4-N (85%~ 99%). Particularly, it was observed that COD was released from the fiber during one distinct period in all wetlands. This was probably due to the degradation of polymer fiber, and the released organic matters were found to serve as carbon source for denitrification. In addition, with longer retention time and frequent recirculation, lower effluent concentration was observed. With higher pollutant loading rate, higher nitrification and denitrification rates were achieved. However, although organic matters were released from the fiber, the lack of carbon source was still the limiting factor for the system since the release persisted only for 40 days.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.2 s.98
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• pp.79-91
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• 2002

A time variable modeling study was performed for seasonal variations of vertical temperature profiles in the Okjung Lake located in upstream of the Sumjin River. Based on the model structure of the US Army Corps of Engineer's CE-QUAL-W2, the lake was divided into 3 branches, 50 longitudinal segments and 49 vertical layers and vertical profiles of water temperature and current velocity were simulated over one year. The model results were calibrated and verified against vertical profiles of water temperature measured every month from March 1998 to February 1999 at 5 different locations. The model results showed a good agreement with the field measurements. The hydrologic balance during this period was validated by comparing the simulated values of surface elevation level with the measured data. There was some discrepancy in July data between the model results and the fleld measurements. This could be attributed partially to the inadequacy of the model to the highly hydrodynamic nature of water body and partially to the lack of accuracy in local atmospheric temperature data during summer monsoon period. The model results have shown that there was no seasonal over-turn in most part of the Okjung Lake, where water temperature maintained above $4^{\circ}C$ over one year. In the upstream shal-low area (depth<20 meter), however, temperature at surface layer fell below $4^{\circ}C$ and water was frozen such that slight over-turn would occur during winter period. From this study, we concluded that the Okjung Lake is oligomictic. This conclusionis significantly different from the general pattern that the lakes located from $20^{\circ}C$ to $40^{\circ}C$ latitude would be warm monomictic. From the examination of simulated current velocity distribution, it was found that the upstream inflows would infiltrate into mesolimnion of the lake during hydrodynamic summer monsoon periods due to the thermal density of water.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.6 no.3 s.22
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• pp.69-76
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• 2006

An hydraulic and hydrologic analysis procedure was proposed to reduce the inundation damage of highway in urban stream, that could contribute the EAP and Traffic control planning of Dongbu highway in the Jungrang stream basin which is one of the representative urban area in Korea. We performed the HEC-HMS runoff analysis, and the UNET unsteady flow modeling to decide the inundation reaches and their characteristics. The high inundation risk areas were of Emoon railway bridge and the Wollueng bridge, which are inundated in the case of 10 year and 20 year frequency flood respectively. We also analyze the inundation characteristics under the various conditions of the accumulation rainfall and the duration. Flood elevation at the Wolgye-1 bridge exceed over Risk Flood Water Level(EL.17.84 m) when the accumulation rainfall is over 250 mm and shorter duration than 7 hr. When neglecting backwater effect from the Han river, inundation risk are highly at the reach C2(Wolgye-1 br. ${\sim}$Jungrang br., left bank), C1(Wolgye-1 br. ${\sim}$Jungrang br., right bank), D(Jungrang br. ${\sim}$Gunja br.) in order, but when consider the effect, the inundation risk are higher than the others at the reach D2(Jungrang br. ${\sim}$Gunja br., left bank) and E(Gunja br. ${\sim}$Yongbi br.), which are located downstream near confluence.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2019

In this study, we applied terahertz imaging technology to three Korean modern oil paintings ('Boy,' 'Girl,' and 'Hyehwadong Landscape'); investigated the types of inner layer information in the pictures that can be extracted with terahertz imaging technology; and analyzed the conditions for extracting them. The biggest problem in the terahertz imaging analysis we encountered was the image distortion caused by the change of the distance between the target surface and the terahertz detector, depending on the surface curvature of the target paintings. We then developed a 'working distance maintaining device' to solve this problem. As a result, the terahertz imaging technique was used to identify the base material characteristics and any patterns of damage inside, and presented the optimal conditions for identifying each characteristic. In addition, it was useful to employ the terahertz frequency-division image to check the characteristics of the background materials. To confirm coloring techniques such as brush strokes, it is effective to compare the maximum reflection peak image with the cross-section image; and to detect damage information inside the paintings that cannot be observed on the surface, to compare the cross-section image with the frequency-division image. On the other hand, according to the terahertz imaging analysis of the oil paintings, the internal structural damage marks of 'Boy' and 'Girl' were confirmed, and the artist's painting style was confirmed in 'Hyehwadong Landscape.' The above results are expected to be useful for the analysis and diagnosis of Korean modern oil paintings for their preservation.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.258-277
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• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to examine the paintings and symbols of the Jeju Guandeokjeong murals, Treasure No. 322. Gwandeokjeong Pavilion in Jeju is one of the oldest buildings in Jeju and was built in 1448 during the reign of King Sejong (世宗) of the Joseon Dynasty to serve as a training ground for soldiers. Unlike Gwandeokjeong Pavilions in other regions, Jeju's Gwandeokjeong Pavilion has a long history and is of cultural value due to its beautiful architecture. In addition, it contains various murals which are a further source of attention. There are four murals on the front and back of the two Lintels on the left and right sides of the building. Their contents include of 『The Three Kingdoms (三國志)』 and and on the back. Towards the right, is depicted, with on the back. Based on a replica of the murals from 1976, the plan, style, and age of the Gwandeokjeong Pavilion murals have been studied, together with their meanings. The contents of the mural are broadly divided into five parts, which are identified by the tacit signatures atop the screen, which provide such details as the painting titles. The paintings on the left and right sides of the center appear to inspire the spirit of the military's commerce in order to boost soldiers' morale, protect the country, and protect the people in line with the purpose of Gwandeokjeong Pavilion. The following and figuratively depict guidelines for the behavior and mindset of officials. In particular, is a painting concerned with concepts of longevity and an auspicious (吉祥), which shows how court paintings became popular as folk paintings at that time. The paintings of tangerines and other specialties of Jeju Island, the ritual paintings of Jeokbyeokdaejeon, and the expressions of Mt. Halla (漢拏山) and Oreum (오름) indicate the existence of Jeju artists that belonged to the Jeju government office at that time. The five themes and styles of the murals also show that the murals of Gwandeokjeong Pavilion were produced in the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.5 s.67
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• pp.203-212
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• 2006

With interests and participation in the costumeplay that mimics characters appeared on carton or animation in recent days, the costumeplay becomes one of cultural phenomena. Using a qualitative research method, this study identified costumeplayers' costume consumption pattern and explored its meanings from the perspective of consumption culture. Indeed, this study intended to help for understanding costumeplayer group as a consumer, and to provide basic knowledge about new market analysis related to fashion design and marketing. The results from the analyzing participant observation and in-depth interviews data are as follows: first, costumeplayers usually begin costumeplay by friends' invitations or by themselves and then continue on participating. Through the costumeplay, participants have benefits such as fun, departure from the daily life, and social interaction. Second, participants acquire costumes through purchase, rent, producing or combination of daily wear, but both purchase and rent account high. Third, the meanings of consumption culture in costumeplay include consumption behavior repeating possession and disposal. Also, costumeplayers concerns efficiency when purchasing or renting the costumes, and internet is a place where information search, comparison, and actual purchasing are occurred. Based on the results, fashion design and marketing implication, limitation of this study and further research ideas were suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 1997

The study is aimed to find out the causes of rapidly increasing chloride (Cl$^{－}$) concentration of the Samyang 3rd pumping station originated from coastal springs of Cheju since January 1996. The study results show that it was caused by following complicated natural and anthropogenic effects. Due to severe draught in 1996 with total rainfall of only 41.7% of annual mean of the last 36 years (1991 to 1995), it creates firstly), significant decrease of the spring discharges as well decline of the groundwater level at the site . Sea water level was in general 4.4 cm to 12.4 cm higher than the groundwater level of the site during 2 to 3.8 hours at each high tide. Those higher potential head of sea water motivates the sea water intrusion into the fresh water lens through the permeable clinkers and fracture zones situated beneath the existing grouted zone which was installed to a maximum 10 m below the ground water surface, The repeated expansion and contraction of the fresh water lens occurred by periodic changes of the sea water level at high and low tide accelerates secondly the enlargement of the transition zone between the fresh and sea water at the site. The decrease of recharge amount by rainfall shortage creates thirdly the reverse flow at the interface of sea water and groundwater. The repeated groundwater extraction of 2790${\pm}$450 $m^3$d$^{－1}$ at the time of low tide, when the fresh water lens of the sire is under the contraction stare, makes additional drawdown of the ground water level and induces the upconing of salt water into the fresh water lens. The duration of spring discharge whose Cl concentration is less than 150 mg/1 at the low tide measured at the nearby springs was about two hours with discharge rate of 532 $m^3$d$^{－1}$ and after that Cl$^{－}$ concentration is increased up to more than 1900 mg/ι.eased up to more than 1900 mg/L.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.135-152
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• 2011

Nitrate concentrations in springs at the southern slope of Jeju Island were predicted using multiple linear regression (MLR) of spatial variables including hydrogeological parameters and land use characteristics. Springs showed wide range of nitrate concentrations from <0.02 to 86 mg/L with a mean of 20 mg/L. Spatial variables were generated for the circular buffer when the optimal buffer radius was assigned as 400 m. Selected regression models were tested using the p values and Durbin-Watson statistics. Explanatory variables were selected using the adjusted $R^2$, Cp (total squared error) and AIC (Akaike's Information Criterion), and significance. In addition, mutual linear relations between variables were also considered. Small portion of springs, usually <10% of total samples, were identified as outliers indicating limitations of MLR using circular buffers. Adjusted $R^2$ of the proposed models was improved from 0.75 to 0.87 when outliers were eliminated. In particular, the areal proportion of natural area had the greatest influence on the nitrate concentrations in springs. Among anthropogenic land uses, the influence of nitrate contamination is diminishing in the following order of orchard, residential area, and dry farmland. It is apparent quality of springs in the study area is likely to be controlled by land uses instead of hydrogeological parameters. Most of all, it is worth highlighting that the contamination susceptibility of springs is highly sensitive to nearby land uses, in particular, orchard.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.09a
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• pp.54-69
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• 2000

There are groundwater trouble by high-salinity yield inducing sea-water intrusion in Cheju Island. It is used groundwater-GIS(Well-lnfo) in the maintenance and management of groundwater in Cheju Island to grasp groundwater trouble area and cause of high-salinity yield. For 16 wells certain to yield high-salinity, we logged specific electrical conductivity(EC) and tried to get hold of freshwater and saltwater relationship. As result of distribution of $Cl^-$ by depth, it is showed up groundwater trouble by high-salinity yield in the east coastal area and the partly north coastal area. The reason of high-salinity groundwater yield are low-groundwater level by the structure of geology and low-hydraulic gradient etc. There is necessity for management to development and use of groundwater in the high-salinity area, special management area.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.88-103
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to excavate the items of the comprehensive maintenance plan for scenic sites considering sustainability and analyze the needs of them. In this sense, based on 35 reports of the comprehensive maintenance plan established between 2006, when scenic sites started to be designated, and 2017, the items used in 'investigation field' and 'planning field' were examined, and then a survey regarding the needs of the items was conducted using a "5-point Likert Scale", targeting officials at 60 local governments in the whole country. Of 60 local governments, opinions from 48 officials at 45 local governments were analyzed. In order to verify the consistency of their opinions, "Reliability Analysis" was conducted, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.968 and 0.970 for 'investigation field' and 'planning field', respectively, showing high reliability. As a result of the survey, most opinions generally expressed the needs of 6 items of 'investigation field' of the comprehensive maintenance plan. Especially, the needs to investigate 'historical environment', 'natural environment', 'humanistic environment', and 'landscape' turned out to be high. In addition, as for 'general environment' and 'users', the needs of specific items such as 'distribution of main cultural properties and historic sites' (4.04) and 'acceptance of opinions from local residents and interested parties' (4.15) were found to be high. Besides, the items of 'planning field' also turned out to be needed in general (4.0). Particularly, the needs of 'enhancement of designated value and status' (4.26) and 'the comprehensive maintenance plan for designated areas of cultural properties and historic and cultural environment preservation areas' (4.25) in 'historical environment', 'maintenance of historic buildings at scenic sites' (4.28) in 'humanistic environment', and 'landscape trail planning' (4.28) in 'landscape' were found to be high. In conclusion, the practical items related to investigation and planning of the comprehensive maintenance plan for scenic sites are expected to contribute to effective conservation and management of scenic sites in the future.