• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.19 no.4 s.50
• /
• pp.311-324
• /
• 2006

In the Pohang-Gampo area, several diatomite beds occurred in mostly thinner than 1 m are embedded in the Pohang Formation of marine environment and the pyroclastic Eoil Formation. The diatomite from the Eoil Formation is constituting the high-grade ore altered slightly by diagenesis. In contrast, the diatomite intercalated within the upper horizon of the Yeonil Group is comparatively low-grade and highly altered in places. During diagenesis, an increasing of crystallinity of opal, i.e., the original mineral component of diatom, results in ultimately the mineral transition to quartz with accompanying a drastic change in morphology and texture of the altered diatomite. The diagenetic alteration appears to have undergone by way of the chemical diagenesis, which is largely controlled by degree of fluid contact, rather than burial diagenesis. For the diatomite from the Pohang-Gampo area, careful SEM observations, XRD, chemical analyses, and determination of specific surface area were done to identify the fossil species, mineral and chemical composition, and other physical properties in the view of assesment of grade and quality. The domestic diatomite ores are evaluated to be not good in grade and quality, compared to those of famous foreign localities. However, some diatomite deposits of marin,: origin from the Pohang Formation is constituting a peculiar clay-rich type, i.e., moler applicable to the special usage such as a manufacturing of lightweight brick. Because such a diatomite is frequently intercalated relatively as a thicker bed in the upper part of the Yeonil Group, a systematic and careful investigation should be done for the exploitation and development of an economic diatomite deposit of the moler type.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
• /
• v.3 no.1 s.4
• /
• pp.16-27
• /
• 1995

The Early Miocene Temblor Formation forms an important sandstone reservoir at Kettleman North Dome oil field, California. Sandstones are mostly arkosic in composition except deepest sandstones containing much volcanic rock fragments. Arranged in paragenetic sequence prior to feldspar alteration, the Temblor sandstones contain cements of early calcite, dolomite, quartz, albite, mixed-layer ohloriteismectite (C/S) and smectite, and anhydrite. Diagenetic changes associated with feldspar are albitization of plagioclase, late calcite and laumontite cementation and grain replacement, plagioclase dissolution, and kaolinite cementation. Plagioclase albitization and late calcite and laumontite cementation in Temblor sandstones occurred at the time of maximum burial with temperatures up to $130^{\circ}C$. Volcanic plagioclases were selectively albitized. Most diagenetic changes are interpreted to have occurred before the maior uplift which occurred within the last one million years ago. Since then to the time of hydrocarbon emplacement plagioclase dissolution and kaolinite cementation occurred. This reaction occurred in relatively closed system due to the occurrence of kaolinite next to the site of plagioclase dissolution. Unaltered part of volcanic plagioclase and plutonic plagioclase which escaped albitization during maximum burial were preferentially dissolved to make plagioclase porosity. Secondary porosity resulting from dissolution of plagioclase and carbonate and anhydrite cements was mainly produced by formation waters containing organic acids released during atagenesis of organic matter.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.3 no.4
• /
• pp.214-227
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the composition and diagenesis of the carbonate rocks from the seamounts in the Federated States of Micronesia, Central Pacific. Most of the samples were dredged from the water depth of about 1000-3000 m mainly in Chuuk Island, Hunter Bank, Caroline Ridge and Yap Trench. The carbonate rocks are either pelagic sediment mainly of planktonic foraminifera or shallow-marine sediment of corals, calcareous algae, mollusks and echinoderms. The rocks are altered texturally and chemically, except for those from the Hunter Bank and Yap A. The presence of shallow-marine cements suggests that the carbonate sediment has been subsided or reworked to the present water depth after deposition in shallow-marine environments. The texture of the carbonate sediment is reminiscent of meteoric diagenesis; however, the stable carbon isotopic composition of the altered rock samples shows affinity with that of sea water and the oxygen isotopic values are slightly enriched or same as compared to those of unaltered samples. These stable isotopic data suggest that the carbonate sediment of the study area has been diagenetically altered in the present deep-marine environment.

• 한국해양학회지
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.216-226
• /
• 1995

Stable isotopic and elemental compositions were analyzed for well- preserved calcareous skeletons (gastropods, pectenids, brachiopods, a scaphopod, and other bivalves) of the Pleistocene Seoguipo Formation from Cheju Island, Korea. Mineralogically and texturally, aragonitic and calcitic fossils still retain their original mineralogy and microstructure. High $\delta$$\^$18/O and $\delta$$\^$13/C contents indicate that the shells have not been altered by the post-burial diagenesis. Also, this is supported by high Na and Sr contents as well as low Mn and Fe compositions of the shells. Oxygen isotopic compositions of the well preserved fossils show that the organisms had lived under the lower paleotemperature or within the isotopically enriched paleo-seawater during the deposition of the Seoguipo Formation. This result strongly implies that the Seoguipo Formation was deposited during a glacial period. The paleotemperature variation throughout the sequence during the deposition of the Sewguipo Formation was negligible.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.245-265
• /
• 2004

This study was to compare the geological occurrences and geneses of the Myogi, Tsukinuno, Dobuyama and Kawasaki bentonite deposits distributed in the Tertiary sedimentary basins of NE Japan, and to compare the mineralogical and physicochemical properties of their bentonites. The Japanese bentonite deposits are mainly distributed in the Green-tuff region which was formed in Neogene. The shape of ore body of the Myogi, Tsukinuno and Kawasaki deposits formed by the diagenesis are layered and stratiform. In contrast to this, the Dobuyama deposit formed by hydrothermal alteration shows the cone shape. The mineralization age of four deposits are 1.8 ～ 21 Ha from Early Miocene to Pliocene. The Dobuyama bentonite with the highest montmorillonite content shows the highest surface area, CEC, MB adsorption, and strengths. The Tsukinuno bentonite with a little high montmorillonite content is characterized by strong alkalinity, high viscosity and swelling. The Kawasaki bentonite, the Na-Ca mixed type, shows higher viscosity and swelling than the Ca-type Dobuyama bentonite. The Myogi bentonite with the lowest montmorillonite content shows the properties of low viscosity, In adsorption, strengths and a little high CEC and surface area. The high CEC and surface area of this deposit is due to the sufficient occurrence of zeolite. A strong dispersion in the Na-type bentonite and a strong flocculation in the Ca-type bentonite took place, and both the types show a slow flocculation with time. The physicochemical properties of the bentonite are mainly controlled by the montmorillonite content, interlayer cations, and impurity minerals such as zeolite. But bentonites inconsistent to this factors are sometimes occurred. This is maybe due to the crystal chemistry such as layer charge of montmorillonite and crystal morphology of montmorillonite such as aspect ratio.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.38-47
• /
• 1993

Clinoptilolite and mordenite are important constituents of the Nuldaeri Trachytic Tuff and Guryongpo Dacitic Tuff of the Tertiary Janggi Group which were deposited in a lacustrine environment. The diagenetic cystallization sequences of zeolites in different tuffaceous sediments and their chemical behaviors have been studied to know the process of their formation. The paragenetic sequence established from textural observations and chemical data : Ca-smectite ${\leftrightarrow}$(Ca, K)-clinoptilolite${\leftrightarrow}$(K, Na)-mordenite, indicates that the chemical activities of alkalic ions and Si/Al activity ratio in pore fluids changed systematically with diagenetic alteration. The chemical trend of zeolite formation is characterized by decreasing Ca and Mg, non-variable Na and increasing K in the Nuldaeri Trachytic Tuff and by decreasing Ca and Mg, non-variable Na and increasing-decreasing K in the Guryongpo Dacitic Tuff. The paragenesis from glass via smectite to alkali zeolites indicates a sequence of incongruent dissolution reactions and subsequent crystallization. Inhomogeneity in chemical composition of each zeolite may be attributed to such processes.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.10-23
• /
• 1994

패류화석은 지구를 이루는 퇴적암 중 석회암을 이루고 있는 주요 구성원 중의 하나이다. 지난 20년간 지질학자 및 해양학자들은 주로 심해에 쌓여 있는 퇴적물 중의 미화석(microfossil)을 이용하여 과거의 기후 및 해양의조건을 규명하기 위하여 많은 노력을 하여왔다. 그 결과로서 지질학적 시대 중 중생대 이후로부터 신생대에 이르기까지 지구 전반에 영향을 주었던 고기후에 대한 많은 정보가 얻어졌다. 또한 일부 학자들에 의하여 천해에 서식하였던 여러 화석들의 생태와 지화학적 분석(geochemical analysis)을 통하여 지엽적인 고기후(paleoclimate) 및 고해양학적(paleoceanographic)이해도 증진되어 온 것이 사실이다. 천해에 서식하고 있는 석회질 골격(calcareous skeleton)을 만드는 생물종들은 주로 생화확적인 작용을 통하여 아라고나이트와 방해석이라는 탄산염 광물을 침전시킨다. 특히 이 중에서 아라고나이트라는 광물은 불안정하여 속성작용 (퇴적물이 쌓인 후 거치는 물리, 화학적 작용)동안에 방해석으로 변하게 된다. 따라서 특이한 속성환경의 조건에 의해 아라고나이트로 보존되어 있는 패류를 제외하고는 주로 방해석으로 이루어진 화석의 분석을 통하여 고환경 복원을 위한 여러 정보를 얻을 수 있다. 이를 근거로 하여 분석 대상이 주로 된 것은 완족류나 방해석으로 이루어진 이매패류(e.g., 굴등)이었다.우리나라에서는 최근에 이르러서야 패류 화석의 지화학적 분석을 통하여 고해양학적 연구가 수행되기 시작하였다. 신생대 제 3기 마이오세에 해당하는 포항 부근에서 발견되는 연체동물 화석들은 변질이 안된 상태로서 우리에게 매우 귀중한 고해양학적 정보를 제공한다. 과거에 생물이 자랐던 성장 온도는 산소 동위원소의 비를 측정하여 구할 수 있는데 그결과에 의하면 해수의 온도가 현재보다 약간 높았음을 지시한다. 제주도 내의 서귀포 부근에서는 현재 천연기념물로 지정되어 있는 서귀포층내에서 많은 화석들이 산출되고 있다. 이 시대는 빙하기와 간빙기가 교호하던 시대로서, 분석 결과에 의하면 서귀포층이 쌓일 당시에 우리 나라는 빙하기의 영향을 받았던 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.87-99
• /
• 2013

The occurrence, mineralogical characteristics, and origin of the dolomite ores were investigated from major dolomite mines in South Korea. Mineralogical and textural properties of the ores and associated minerals were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, thin section petrography, and scanning electron microscopy. Dolomite ores were light to dark gray in color and mainly composed of dolomite in varying particle size with minor amounts of calcite, quartz and micas. Calcite, quartz, illite, feldspar, kaolin minerals, and chlorite occurred in local veins, dikes and alteration zones. Sepiolite and wollastonite occurred in the altered part of some mine. Asbestos minerals such as chrysotile and tremolite, however, were not identified in the present study. Reddish brown to yellow clay materials were mainly composed of illite, occasionally associated with kaolin minerals and smectite. These clay minerals might be a product of the local hydrothermal alteration related to the dyke intrusion and subsequent weathering. As well indicated in the previous studies, mineral composition, texture, and occurrence of the dolostone beds suggest their formation through the diagenesis of carbonate sediments deposited in the shallow sea during the Precambrian to Paleozoic period.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.135-145
• /
• 2004

A zeolitic bentonite, which exhibits whitish appearance and contains considerable amounts (nearly 〉 5%) of zeolites, frequently occurs as thin beds less than 1 m in Yeongil area. The bentonites are mostly found in closely association with zeolite beds in the Nuldaeri Tuff and Coal-bearing formations of the Janggi Croup. A discordant occurrence of the bentonite against the bedding plane is also locally found. Montmorillonite, the major mineral constituent of the bentonite, is mostly associated with clinoptilolite as a zeolite. However, instead of clinoptilolite, mordenite is sometimes included in the case of more silicic bentonite, and heulandite in the less silicic one. It is characteristic that the mordenite is accompanied by lots of opal-CT in the silicic bentonite. SEM observations characteristically indicate that these authigenic phases, especially the montmorillonite and zeolite, nearly coexist as mixtures not forming a fine-scale zoning. The zeolitic bentonite seems to be formed in the comparatively silicic pore fluid at the alkaline condition accompanying pH fluctuation Compared to the zeolite-free normal bentonite, the zeolitic types exhibit somewhat higher REE abundance. These chemical characteristics, together with modes of occurrences and authigenic mineral associations, may suggest that the zeolitic bentonite is not merely diagenetic products and a possible hydrothermal alteration could not be excluded in the bentonite genesis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.56 no.3
• /
• pp.229-238
• /
• 2023

Bentonite is a type of rock that has been used as a traditional mineral medicine. It has a variety of pharmacological activities, and is used in traditional Korean medicine to treat jaundice, diarrhea, and hemostasis. In modern medicine, it is used as a raw material and additive for medicines such as antacids, gastrointestinal protective agents, and laxatives. Bentonite produced in Korea was produced through diagenesis or hydrothermal alteration of tertiary volcanic debris distributed in the Pohang and Gyeongju areas. It is mainly used for industrial purposes such as papermaking, paint, civil engineering, casting, and animal feed. Recently, technology is being developed to use it in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In this study, the geochemical characteristics of bentonite were identified by analyzing the main components and trace elements of 40 and 21 types of bentonite produced in the Gampo Gyeongju and Yeonil Pohang area. Also it were classifed by formation envrionment of bentonite deposits in the Gampo and Yeonil. As a result of the study, bentonite from the reserch area may be cased by argillic alteraton that alkali elements are removed form basaltic rocks by hydrothermal fluids and AI-CCPI alteration indices wrere also indentified argillic alteraton. It was found that there is a correlation between the behavior characteristics of heavy metal elements (P b, Cr, As) and the hydrothermal alteration of bentonite in the reserch area.