• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.211-225
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• 2013

To run an optimal operation of Integrated energy supply facilities, we need to analyze heat consumption patterns of District heating users and derive optimum and maximum load ratio of heat production facilities unit. This study selects three District heat production facilities. It also classifies District heating users into residential apartment buildings and eight non-residential buildings and analyzes heat consumption results for an year. Finally it carries out the analysis of how the ratio change of each type affects maximum load ratio, facility utilization ratio, heat supply range. According to this study, three different District heat facilities of residential apartment building show similar daily and annual heat consumption patterns. Annual average load ratio, maximum load ratio and annual heat demand increase as outdoor temperatures decrease. Non-residential buildings in urban District focused on apartment buildings display similar by the daily and annual heat consumption patterns. Yet their daily and annual maximum load ratio differ according to outdoor temperature, District, building types and their composition ratio. In the case of urban District focused on apartment buildings reach optimum and maximum load ratio when apartment buildings reaches 60-70% of the total. At that point heat supply range becomes maximized and the most economic efficiency is obtained.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.51-62
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• 1992

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the ratio of under-reported business income and related tax to that which is actually reported. The business income and tax are vulnerable to being under-reported. Information about the business income and thus income tax is private information. Without information costs, the tax agency cannot collect all the information about the business income and income tax. In Korea there are more than 600,000 proprietors. Therefore, the costs to investigate the accuracy of the taxpayes' reports are substantial. The tax agency sets a level over which proprietors should report income ratio to total sales, which induces the under-report. To estimate the ratio of under-reported tax, the expenditure method is employed. By this method, the under-reported income can be easily presumed based on expenditures since expenditures are closely related to income. First, the consumption function is estimated by using cross-section data of 1986-89. Generally, the estimation results show the expected sign of the coefficients of the explanatory variables such as income, wealth, and family size. Second, the extent of under-reported business income and related tax is estimated by using the estimation results. The estimated ratios of under-reported tax and income to the actual tax and income fall in the range of 13~39% and 8~25% respectively. This estimation confirms the increasing tendency of the tax detection ratio in previous studies. However, it should be noted that this study is not based on data of the tax report but those of the urban household survey. Therefore, there still remains the possibility that the ratio of under-reported tax could be underestimated.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.59
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• pp.112-147
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• 2002

This article is contrived to analyse the present situation and social practices of culture goods in Gyungju, historical city. For this, I collected Materials from agencies and organizations concerning of production, distribution, consumption of culture go

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.415-421
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• 2011

The purposes of this study were to identify the economic impacts of hosting a marine leisure event and thus provide fundamental information that helps maximize the economic value of the event. In order to accomplish such purposes, this study employed both an economic impact analysis(EIA) using regional input output model and a benefit and cost ratio analysis(BCR). In specific, this study utilized a survey method with a total of 300 event visitors and 70 foreign players and thus collected expenditure data from 110 valid out of town visitors and 58 foreign players. In addition, investment expenditure data were collected from the host city official. Accordingly, EIA and BCR indicated following findings. First, the total direct impact from both visitors and players was 387 million Won and this direct impact resulted in output multiplier effect(OME) of 591 million Won, value added multiplier effect(VAME) of 306 million Won and income multiplier effect(IME) of 252 million Won. Second, the host city's investment expenditure created OME, VAME and IME of 825, 432 and 366 million Won, respectively. In conclusion, these findings suggest that in order to effectively boost potential economic benefits, more marketing efforts development policies should be implemented for increasing the number of out of town visitors and the amount of spendings from them.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.72-80
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• 2014

This study is to estimate a demand of coffee in Korea. And based on assumed data, this study is to investigate price elasticity, income elasticity and cross-price elasticity of coffee demand. The data used in this study is the household income and expenditure survey micro data (2003~2012) provided by the National Statistical Office. And LA/AIDS model and SUR method were utilized in order to forecast coffee demand. As a result, price elasticity and income elasticity are found to be correspond with economic theory as they were assumed to -0.259, 0.455 respectively. Meanwhile, it indicated characteristic of essential good by showing negative (-) income odds ratio estimate. When it comes to cross-price elasticity of coffee and cigarette, it was found to be a complementary relation as its cross-price elasticity was assumed to -0.121. Besides, it was found that male consume more coffee than female, while people in their age of 50s consumes mostly. In conclusion, this study suggests necessity of reconsidering coffee as important goods when Consumer Price Stabilization Policy is determined, as coffee shows characteristic of essential goods which is inelastic.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 2000

Trade areas of the commercial centers in Chongiu City are rapidly changing as the urban spacial structure is transformed, consumer behaviors are changed and large shopping stores are located in the area. The City's CBD has been in the Sung-an-gil district. The trade areas of the CBD have expanded along the major roads in the directions of north, south and west from the Sang-dang park. Especially, two newly formed secondary commercial centers are noticeable: one is the center around the express bus terminal in Gagyong-dong, and the other is formed in the Yongam, Bunpyong and Sannam district. As such changes are intensified, small retailers in the traditional markets that are mainly concentrated in the Yukgerri market place have faced hardship in business and management. The commercial hardship has been hastened up by openings of large discount stores and expanding tendency of internet shopping businesses. Acknowledging the changes in the business environment of traditional markets, this paper attempts to suggest policies to gentrificate the declining market areas in the CBD. The suggested polices are differentiated according to the types of traditional markets, stores. and merchants. And also suggestion is provided regarding amendments of the City's codes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.sup
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• pp.22-28
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• 2007

최근 식생활의 서구화로 인해 기호식품의 사용량이 증가하고 설탕섭취량은 계속적인 증가를 보이고 있다. 특히, 아동들이 우리의 전통식생활에서 멀어지고 단 맛 위주의 스낵류나 과자 케일 등과 같은 기호식품의 사용으로 인한 설탕섭취량이 증가하고 있다. "식품수급표"상에 나타난 설탕공급량을 위주로 우리 국민의 설탕소비패턴과 국제간 비교를 통해 한국인들의 설탕섭취수준이 어느 정도인지를 파악하고 단맛에 대한 한국인의 기호도의 변화과정을 살펴보았다. "2001 국민건강영양조사"에서는 한국 성인 1일 1인당 약 60 g 정도의 설탕 섭취량을 보였다. 농림부의 "식품수급표"를 중심으로 살펴보면 2002년에 1인 1일당 설탕공급량이 57 g으로 나타나 미국인의 1일 설탕섭취량인 130 g 정도인 것에 비하면 아직도 적다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 1962년에 4.8 g이었던 것을 생각하면 상당히 증가하였다. 식품수급표상에 나타난 국제 통계 비교치에서는 한국인의 1일 설탕공급량을 99g 으로 잡고 있어 실제로는 한국인들의 설탕섭취량이 상당한 수준으로 올라왔음을 짐작케 한다. ISO의 국제 비교에서는 1년 1인 소비량이 22.7kg으로 전 세계 국가 평균 소비량을 상회하고 있다. 아동의 가공식품 소비로 인한 설탕섭취량은 급속히 증가하였고, 현재 급속히 증가하고 있는 아동비만 현상과도 관련이 있다. 1995년에 행해진 초등학생들의 설탕섭취실태자료를 통해 볼 때 이미 10년 전에도 도시지역이 아닌 농촌 지역 아동의 설탕섭취량이 이미 60 g 이상을 넘어서고 있었고 급원식품에서 성인들이 주로 과일류 의존이 높았던 반면 아동들은 간식류에서의 설탕섭취가 매우 높았다. 따라서 연령별로 매우 자세한 간식 목록에 의거한 설탕섭취량 조사가 무엇보다도 필요하다. 현재 한국의 식품성분표에는 다양한 한국음식에 대한 설탕함량 Database가 없으므로 미국의 USDA Database를 기초로 한국 식품의 설탕 함량을 추론해야 하는 어려움이 있다. 따라서 다양한 한국음식의 설탕함유량에 대한 Database구축이 무엇보다도 필요하다고 보인다.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.97-107
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate information source of the choice of select dental medical institution and the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and information searching pattern. This study was conducted for residents adults and teens living in Gwangju and rural communities of Jellanam-do province including. The study shows that 61.0 % of the information of selecting dental medical institutes had been introduced by the acquaintance and the rest of the information(37.0%) had been gotten from the internet. The purpose of this study is to develop an information search method that can influence the choice of medical consumers in dental clinics, and to establish a new dental clinic management strategy based on this research. Plus, we want to develop an information search source that can have a convergence effect on the selection of medical consumers in dental medical institutions.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.241-245
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• 2009

Because of the heat island phenomenon and sea wind, there can be thermal conditions' differences around buildings at downtown and coastal area respectively in coastal city, like Busan, Incheon, Mokpo. For the final purpose of the buildings' energy saving design and operation considering of above mentioned environments differences, energy consumption including heating and cooling loads, electric loads are necessary to be accumulated and analyzed in as the database. As a part of this concept, this study aims to survey and analyze each loads of 22 apartments which has at least 100 households respectively and is located at Yeongdo island, Busan, Korea It is cleared that despite the residents living in this district can use sea wind as a natural ventilation and/or cooling methods, they mainly depends on the electric-driven air-conditioners for cooling with window-closed because of anti-salt problems of the sea wind. This leads the maximum power consumption of the surveyed-22-apartments to be appeared in August like that of inland buildings.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.33-39
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• 2019

The improvement of emissions, fuel economy, and combustion noise is a primary target in the development of heavy-duty diesel engines. Multiple injection has been introduced as one of the most promising strategies for this goal. In this research, various multiple injection methods were applied to achieve the optimal strategy in terms of emissions, fuel economy, and combustion noise. In the case of one pilot injection, the smoke emission deteriorated, while the NOx emission was reduced. In the case of 2 pilot injections, the NOx and smoke emissions were reduced by 73% and 84%, respectively. In this case, the combustion noise was analyzed with the maximum pressure-rise rate, and the fuel economy was evaluated with the help of the indicated specific fuel consumption. A 15%:15% 2-pilot injection strategy accomplished improvements of 32.9% for NOx, 60.4% for smoke, 1.95% for fuel consumption, and 19.4% for combustion noise compared to the case of single injection. Based on the data, an optimal injection strategy will be developed for a greater operating range in future work.