• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.119-136
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• 1987

재산세(財産稅)의 소득분배효과(所得分配效果)는 무엇보다도 재산세(財産稅)의 부담이 최종적으로 누구에게 귀착(歸着)되는가에 좌우된다고 할 수 있다. 본(本) 논문(論文)에서는 재산세귀착(財産稅歸着)에 관한 전통적(傳統的) 견해(見解)와 새로운 견해(見解)를 검토하고 각 견해에 입각하여 소득10분위별(所得10分位別) 재산세실효세율(財産稅實效稅率)을 산출하였다. 그 결과 우리나라 재산세(財産稅)는 전통적(傳統的) 견해(見解)의 경우 대체로 역진성(逆進性)을, 새로운 견해(見解)의 경우 일부 저소득계층(低所得階層)을 제외하고는 누진성(累進性)을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 재산세(財産稅)의 소득분배효과(所得分配效果)는 그 전가방향 및 크기뿐 아니라 재산(財産) 종류별(種類別) 규모별세율(規模別稅率)의 차이, 재산세비과세(財産稅非課稅) 및 감면규정(減免規程), 재산평가방법(財産評價方法) 등 재산세제도(財産稅制度) 및 그 운영방법(運營方法)에도 직접적으로 의존한다. 본고(本稿)에서의 검토결과(檢討結果)에 따르면 우리나라의 재산세(財産稅)는 명목세율(名目稅率)과 비과세(非課稅) 및 감면규정면(減免規程面)에서는 대체로 누진성(累進性)을, 재산평가방법면(財産評價方法面)에서는 다소 역진성(逆進性)을 갖는다는 잠정적(暫定的)인 결론(結論)을 내릴 수 있다.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1559-1575
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• 2009

As the basic old-age pension system was enforced in 2008, the base for old-age income security was founded. However, due to the basic old-age pension played a minor role as assistant allowance, it did not reach to sufficient level to cover full income security system. It is estimated that the dependency on private transfer income among the elderly who are difficult to be economically independent is still high. Therefore the poverty rate of the elderly households, who are not economically active or who are not protected by old-age income security system, is more likely to be higher than that of non-elderly households. Based on the assumption that public transfer income system should become a central means of old-age life guarantee, this study examined the poverty mitigation effects among the elderly households by comparing the private transfer income and the public transfer income. For this purpose, we selected single-elderly-households who have been considered the most vulnerable to poverty. We used 2006- 2008 Household Income and Expenditure Survey dataset that contained single-elderly who were older than 65 years old. To understand the conditions of poverty among single-elderly-households and the degree of poverty-reducing effect originated from income transfer system, we compared the poverty rates of total households and the whole elderly households. Next, we analysed the poverty of the single-elderly-households by social demographic factors such as gender, age, and economic activity. Our major findings are as follows: First, the poverty rate of the whole elderly households were not reduced, even though the basic old-age pension and long-term care management system were enforced in 2008. Second, half of the elderly households including single-elderly-households belonged to the absolute poverty line. Relatively higher level of poverty among the single-elderly-households was found especially those who were female, unemployed, low-educated, older, and rural single-elderly-households. Third, the effect of the public transfer income on mitigating the single-elderly-households poverty showed a little progress. However, even greater poverty reducing effect was found by the private transfer income system. Fourth, in a group of the public transfer systems, the public assistance such as supporting living costs contributed more to reduce poverty of the elderly population than the public pension system did.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.827-858
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• 2011

In Korea, various environmentally harmful subsidies are granted in agriculture, fishery, energy, electricity, transportation, steel and shipbuilding industry. Examples include tax-exempt fuel for agriculture & fishery, VAT- exemption for briquette & anthracite, temporary subsidy for fuel, production stabilizing subsidy for coal mining, subsidy for briquette. Korea's yearly total subsidy in energy area is about 5,291 billion won, among them is 4,870 billion won. To reduce air pollutants and to mitigate climate change, Korea has to review the phase-out of environmentally harmful subsidies and the phase-in of environment-friendly subsidy. The reduction or removal of environmentally harmful subsidies will enhance economic efficiency and bring about environmental benefits. Economic efficiency means less use of inputs, which reduces environmental cost and improves social benefits. This paper applies the Shoven and Whalley's model to the Korean economy and analyzes the general equilibrium incidence effects of reforming environmentally harmful subsidies in the energy and electricity in Korea. We consider several counterfactual scenarios in which current environmentally harmful subsidies are reduced or abolished, compare them with the reference case in the economy, and evaluated the change in efficiency costs and distributional incidence of tax reforms related to subsidies.

• 한국노년학
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.679-698
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the elderly 's motivation for participation in lifelong education on career barriers and to analyze empirically the effect of income adjustment on this effect. For this purpose, 187 elderly people aged 65 or older participating in lifelong education programs in D city were studied. The correlation of major variables was confirmed and multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyze the moderating effect. To that end, the city conducted a study on 187 senior citizens aged 65 or older who were participating in a lifelong education program. The correlation of the main variables was checked and the middle and multiple return analysis was performed to analyze the adjustment effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the elderly 's motivation to participate in lifelong education on career barriers and empirically analyze the effect of income adjustment on this effect. For this purpose, 187 elderly people aged 65 or older participating in lifelong education programs in D city were studied. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, it was confirmed that elderly 's motivation to participate in lifelong education had negative effects on career barriers. The elderly who participated or participated in lifelong education developed their abilities and recognized that their career barriers were reduced by their recognition. Second, income of the elderly was negatively influenced on career barriers. The higher the income, the more the negative relation of the career barrier is strengthened. Third, income has a moderating effect on the relationship between elderly motivation to participate in lifelong education and career barriers. Based on the results of this study, the discussion and implications are presented.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.103-119
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• 1984

복잡다기해지는 도시교통문제를 효율적으로 대처하려면 제도시교통정책에 의한 교 통분담율효과를 사전에 추정할 수 있어야 한다. 단기간의 교통분담율효과를 추정하는데 미 국 및 구라파 등지에서 널리 이용되고 있는 모형이 개별교통모형(Disaggregate Travel Demand Model)이다. 본 연구의 목적은 로짓모형(Multinomial Logit Model)을 서울시의 종 로축을 이용하는 출근통행자를 대상으로 실시한 조사결과에 적용하여 매개함수(Parameters) 를 추정함에 있다. 조사는 1980년7월5일부터 7월15일까지 10일간 종로축을 이용하는 통행자 536명에게 실시되었다. 조사실시전 서울시의 교통체계의 특성과 통행자의 행태를 면밀히 분 석하여 적합한 변수를 선정하였다. 여러 가지로 변수와 표본의 변형을 시도한 결과 교통비 용을 소득으로 나눈 변수와 시기시간(OVTT)을 거리로 나눈 변수를 포함한 모형이 가장 논 리적인 것으로 나타났다. 한편 표본은 고소득층과 저소득층으로 구분하여 추정한 모형이 비 교적 만족스러운 결과를 나타내었다. 이는 우리나라 대도시의 경우 소득계층에 따라 교통수 단선택범위가 한정되기 때문이다. 마지막으로 고소득층과 저소득층의 시간가치를 각각 산정 하였는바, 이는 교통시간의 매개변수와 교통비용의 매개변수를 나눔으로서 구해질 수 있다. 시간가치는 고소득층은 910원 저소득층은 582원으로 각각 산출되었다.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2022

This study purports to deal with so-called basic income policy that Korea society has paid a great amount of attention to in welfare policy area. As an introduction, the definitions of basic income policy, and her natures and characteristics, and ideological foundation will be covered. Then, this study will discuss current debating issues upon basic income policy around the world such as basic income policy vs pre-existing social security systems, basic income policy and labor supply, the potential effect of basic income policy upon income redistribution, and feasibility of basic income as an actual policy. In conclusion, this study will investigate major criticisms on basic income policy and suggest viable paths that interested researcher should take for further study on basic income.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.209-232
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• 2017

This study proposes supplemental security income programs for the elderly to reduce the serious elderly poverty in Korea. The experiences of the supplemental security income programs for the elderly among the developed countries were investigated. Based on this, the Korean supplemental security income models were proposed, and the effects of the programs on the poverty, inequality, and finance were analysed. The results suggest the following implications. First, the supplemental security income programs cover a sizable portion of the elderly in Korea, and reduce substantially the poverty and inequality problems among the elderly. Second, the supplemental security income programs are efficient compared to the increase of the basic pension. Third, the effects were varied among the combinations of the basic pension models and the supplemental security income models. Therefore Korea needs to introduce an adequate policy mix consisting of basic income and supplemental security income programs so as to construct solid basic income security systems for the elderly.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.587-597
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• 2019

This study aims to address the effect of income on depression of Korean babyboomers according to gender. It also was to identify the moderating effect of social capital on the income-depression relationship. Researchers conducted a secondary data analysis using 6th wave of Korea longitudinal study of ageing collected in 2016. Researchers found gender differences of factors affecting depression. While, in the male model, income was not a significant factor predicting depression, it was a statistically significant factor to depression of female babyboomers. In addition, a moderating effect was found in the female model that advocacy and non governmental organization activity moderated the income-depression relationship. Therefore, it is necessary to consider gender differences for policy and service development; in specific, researchers suggest expanding elderly jobs for female babyboomers and support groups for male babyboomers.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.310-323
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• 2023

Urbanization and income distribution issues are global interest, and the results of studies on the impact of urbanization on income inequality are different for each country and period. This study analyzes the impact of urbanization on income inequality using regional data from 2000-2021. In particular, serial correlation, spatial dependence, and common factor effects of the Gini coefficient are confirmed and analyzed through a dynamic spatial panel regression model. As a result, urbanization has a positive effect on reducing income inequality. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously promote regional urbanization to improve the income distribution problem. Areas with already high urbanization rates should reduce income inequality by narrowing the wage gap by expanding training opportunities for low-skilled workers, and need to come up with measures to prevent counter-urbanization.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.39
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• pp.157-179
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• 1999

This study is an empirical research to analyze how many private income transfers in Korea decrease poverty rate, to compare the effects of private income transfers' decreasing poverty rate with income classes. This study has utilised the Family Income and Expenditure Survey to estimate the poverty ratio in urban areas and Unemployment Household Survey which Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs has investigated at 1998. Majour findins are these. First, Sizes of private transfers incomes are much than that of public transfers incomes. The rates in receiving private transfers income are ten times higher than that in receiving public transfers income among urban worker's household. The mean of private transfer income are about six times larger than that of public transfer income among urban worker's household. Second, the effects of private income transfers' reducing poverty rates are not large. After private transfers, urbarn workers' households are about 10 per cent away from its poverty line, and unemploy households are only 3 per cent away from its poverty line. Third, especially, private income transfers are hardly reducing poverty rates among extreme poverty class. After private transfers, urban workers' households which their incomes are within low 5%, are not away from its poverty line at all.