• Landscaping Tree
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• v.78 no.1_2
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• pp.8-15
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• 2004

소나무과 소나무속에는 세계적으로 90여종의 소나무가 알려져 있고 대부분이 지구의 북반구에 분포하고 있다. 우리나라에는 자생종으로 소나무, 곰솔, 잣나무, 섬잣나무, 눈잣나무 등 5종이 있고 도입종으로 백송, 스트로브잣나무, 리기다소나무, 방크스소나무, 만주곰솔, 구주소나무, 테다소나무, 대왕송 등 9종이 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.1 s.112
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• pp.73-93
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• 2006

Despite of ecological and landscape importances and public popularity of Pinaceae, not much scientific informations are known about Korean Pinaceae. Present work aims to understand the biogeography of Korean native Pinaceae, i.e., taxonomy, phylogeny, origin, life form, distribution, dispersal and migration. Korean native Pinaceae consists of five genera and sixteen species. Pinus is systematically closely related to Picea and Larix, but Abies is related to Tsuga. Boreal conifers which have migrated from NE Asia during the Pleistocene glacial epochs successfully survived, but now confined to the alpine and subalpine belts of the Korean Peninsula mainly due to climate warming since the Holocene. Species, such as Picea pungsanensis and Abies koreana have gradually adapted to local environment, and later became an endemic species of Korea. Disjunctive distribution of Pinus parviflora and Tsuga sieboldii are also indicatives of climate change of the Pleistocene. Major dispersal agent of pine trees with winged seed is wind, but wingless pine tree seeds seem to dispersed by birds and rodents. Pine trees with bigger wings are easily dispersed by wind, and now show broader distribution. Species of Pinaceae with disjunctive distribution on the alpine and subalpine belts of both North and South Korea seems to be more vulnerable to global warming.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.2
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• pp.280-288
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• 2021

Understanding the occurrence characteristics of pine wilt disease (PWD) is essential for determining a suitable strategy to minimize the damage caused by PWD. Thus, in this study, we characterized various environmental conditions, including meteorological factors, geographical factors, and artificial factors influencing the occurrence of PWD. The occurrence data of PWD from May 2016 to April 2018 and spatial data of various environmental factors, including natural and anthropogenic factors, were collected. We evaluated the relative contribution of the environmental variables on the number of dead pine trees by PWD. In this study, among the 17 natural and anthropogenic factors, the factors affecting the occurrence of dead trees by PWD were verified. The results showed that altitude and temperature from May to August, among natural factors, and distance to building and forest road among anthropogenic factors were the most influential factors on the occurrence of PWD.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.7-17
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to analyze vegetation type and stand structure of the red pine (Pinus densiflora) in Kangwon northern region for stable and sustainable management forests. The pine forests in study sites were classified into 3 communities, 5 groups, and 2 subgroups, total 7 vegetation units. Species with constance degree of more than 61% were P. densiflora, Quercus mongolica, Lindera obtusiloba, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Atractylodes japonica, Rhododendron mucronulatum, and Carex humilis. They were showing different characteristics by pattern according to their growing district. In the importance value (I.V.) analysis of each layer, P. densiflora showed highly in tree layer while in other layers Quercus spp. was high. Especially, young P. densiflora tree hardly appeared in the herb layer, but broad-leaved trees and shrub species showed high I.V.. Furthermore, the annual ring growth of P. densiflora was reduced while that of Q. spp. increased. According to analysis of stand structures and annual ring growths, it is considered that appropriate silvicultual practice methods should be employed to remove rival broad-leaved species for maintenance of sustainable red pine forests considering the characteristics of each stand.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.113 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 2024

Pine forests are continuously declining due to competition with broadleaf trees, such as oaks, as a consequence of changes in the natural dynamics of forest ecosystem. This natural decline creates a risk of losing the various benefits pine trees have provided to people in the past. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare future forest management directions by considering the state of pine tree decline in each region. The goal of this study is to understand the characteristics of pine forest changes according to forest dynamics and to predict future regional changes. For this purpose, we evaluated the trend of change in pine forests and extracted various variables(topography, forest stand type, disturbance, and climate) that affect the change, using time-series National Forest Inventory (NFI) data. Also, using selected key variables, a model was developed to predict future changes in pine forests. As a results, it showed that the importance of pine trees in forests across the country has decreased overall over the past 10 years. Also, 75% of the sample points representing pine trees remained unchanged, while the remaining 25% had changed to mixed forests. It was found that these changes mainly occurred in areas with good moisture conditions or disturbance factors inside and outside the forest. In the next 10 years, approximately 14.2% of current pine forests was predicted to convert to mixed forests due to changes in natural forest dynamics. Regionally, the rate of pine forest change was highest in Jeju(42.8%) and Gyeonggi(26.9%) and lowest in Gyeongbuk(8.8%) and Gangwon(13.8%). It was predicted that pine forests would be at a high risk of decline in western areas of the Korean Peninsula, including Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Jeonnam. This results can be used to make a management plan for pine forests throughout the country.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect on pine wilt disease by health-thinning, thinning and sapling tending in red pine forest (Pinus densiflora). As a part of developing forestry control methods for pine wilt disease control. In case of putting in pine sawyer (Monochamus alternatus) with pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), the specimen trees in health-thinning, thinning and control treatment were withered more than 50%, although there were not statistically significant differences in treatments. In treatment site, thinning slashes had influenced on the spread of pine wilt disease (experiment 1). In thinning stand of sapling pine, site with thinning slashes had highest mortality (> 90%). There were approximately 10% mortality in the site of carried thinning slashes from case and the site of non-thinning with released M. alternatus (experiment 2). The larvae had not appeared in young tree stump with health-thinning and thinning at April, the current emergence year of M. alternatus, but there were larvae in sapling tree stump with thinning at May, the current emergence year of M. alternatus. In case of stands with infected young and sapling tree by pine wilt disease, there is no effects of on pine wilt disease control by health-thinning, thinning, saplings tending at April and May, the current emergence year of M. alternatus, and leaved thinning slashes had influenced on the spread of pine wilt disease as habitation of M. alternatus.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.392-396
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop the basic wood density (Abbreviated BWD) for Pinus densiflora and to evaluate the applicability of bootstrap simulation method. The data sets were divided into two groups based on eco-types in Korea, one from Gangwon type and the other from Jungbu type. The estimated BWDs derived from bootstrap simulation, which is one of the non-parametric statistics, were 0.418 ($g/cm^3$) in the Pinus densiflora in Gangwon while 0.464 ($g/cm^3$) in the Pinus densiflora in Jungbu. To evaluate the bootstrap simulation, the mean BWD, standard error and 95% confidence interval of probability density were estimated. The number of replication were 100, 500, 1,000, and 5,000 times that showed constant 95% confidence interval, while tended to decrease in terms of standard errors. The results of this study could be very useful to apply basic wood density values to calculate reliable carbon stocks for Pinus densiflora in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.38-38
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• 2022

동해안 지역에서 발생되는 대형 산불의 원인은 건조주의보, 영동지역에서 불어오는 강한 바람, 소나무의 단순림, 임도 유무와 상태 등을 들고 있다. 조사 대상지인 삼척 검봉산 일대는 기존 소나무가 우점하는 곳으로 2001년 복원을 위해 소나무, 곰솔, 굴참나무 등을 조림하였고, 일부는 자연복원을 하였다. 복원 이후 21년 지난 현재 삼척 검봉산 일대 산불피해 복원지역의 식생은 크게 굴참나무-소나무군락, 소나무신갈나무군락, 곰솔-소나무군락으로 나누어지는 것으로 나타났다. 산불피해지 식생 회복은 굴참나무, 소나무, 곰솔 등 조림으로 현재 식생은 산불 발생 이전의 임상으로 회복되고 있다. 특히, 산불의 유형 중 지표화 피해지역은 하층 식생의 피해가 크다. 기존의 소나무는 결실된 종자를 비산하여 치수를 발생시켜 자연복원의 속도를 높이고 굴참나무를 활용한 인공복원은 맹아를 발달시켜 본인의 영역을 확장하는 전략을 지니고 있다. 단, 입지적 환경이 동일하다는 전제 조건에서 숲에서 재생 기작이 진행되는 자연복원보다는 인공복원이 회복시간과 종다양성이 높은 측면에서는 효과적인 것으로 결론을 지을 수 있다. 식생군락을 분류한 결과 굴참나무-소나무군락, 소나무-신갈나무군락, 곰솔소나무군락으로 3개 군락으로 나누어졌다. 인공복원지에 식재한 굴참나무, 소나무, 곰솔은 복원 이후 지속적으로 해당지역의 식생이 우점종으로 자생하고 있는 것으로 나타났으나, 소나무-신갈나무군락의 경우 참나무과 식물인 신갈나무와 굴참나무, 졸참나무가 교목층과 아교목층에 자연유입되고 있어 향후 신갈나무가 우점하는 활엽수림으로 천이 될 것으로 예상된다. 군락의 종다양도지수는 낙엽활엽수가 우점하는 굴참나무-소나무군락이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 침엽수림인 곰솔소나무군락이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 산불피해지 식생은 조림수종에 영향을 크게 받으며, 21년이 지난 현재 산불 이전 임상으로 회복되는 경향을 나타내었다. 향후, 효과적인 복원을 위한 DB구축 및 모니터링자료 마련을 위해 산불피해지에 대한 지속적인 식생조사를 통한 자료구축이 필요하다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.334-335
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• 2003

우리나라에서 자생하는 소나무속의 침엽수 중 가장 대표적인 수종은 소나무이며, 리기다소나무가 그 뒤를 잇는다. 이 두 수종을 대상으로 테르펜의 배출속도와 물질별 구성비율을 비교하여 본 결과, 소나무와 리기다의 유사점은 $\alpha$-pinene, myrcene, $\beta$-phellandrene이 주요하게 나타났다. 리기다소나무의 경우에는 소나무에서 보다 $\beta$-pinene이 다소 크게 나타났으나, 지역별로는 테르펜의 구성비 차이가 거의 없었다. 삼림으로부터 방출되는 테르펜의 배출특성을 연구하기 위해서는 보다 많은 수종에 대한 광범위한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.393-395
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• 2006

조사된 덕동산은 크게 소나무군락, 리기다소나무군락, 그리고 밤나무군락으로 이루어져 있으며 이들 군락들의 사이에 혼재림이 존재하고 있음을 볼 수 있었다. 또한 상수리나무의 침입으로 인해 새로운 천이가 이루어지는 상황이 나타났다. 그러나 이 지역의 소나무 제선충의 심각성으로 인하여 이들 소나무의 생존이 위협받고 있는 상황이므로 대체수종의 필요성이 무엇보다 중요한 시점으로 사료되어진다. 또한 많은 주민들이 이용하는 지역이므로 그에 따른 훼손의 심각성이 나타나는바 이에 대한 대책이 강구되어야 할 것이다.