• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.889-894
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• 2006

Purpose : Asthma is characterized by the presence of airway hyperresponsiveness(AHR) and inflammation. The extensive eosinophil infiltration into the lung is the hallmark of asthma and contributes to the damage of respiratory epithelium during late phase airway responses. Eotaxin is the major eosinophil chemoattractant found in bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) fluid of allergic inflammation. IL-13 has been known to induce the expression of exotaxin and eosinophilia. IL-13 also induces airway inflammation, mucus production and leads to marked fibrosis, airway remodeling and AHR. We investigated whether serum IL-13 levels can reflect the presence of airway hyperresponsiveness in children with asthma, and the relationship between serum IL-13 and eotaxin levels. Methods : Using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the serum IL-13 and eotaxin levels were measured in 13 atopic asthmatics, 5 atopic non-asthmatics and 12 control subjects. Metacholine challenge tests were performed in all subjects. Airway hyperresponsiveness to metacholine was expressed as provocative concentration of metacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV1[$PC_{20}mg/mL$]. $PC_{20}$ value of 25 mg/mL was used as a cut-off for defining a AHR. Results : Serum IL-13 levels showed positive correlation with eotaxin levels. Serum IL-13 and eotaxin levels showed no differences among atopic asthmatics, atopic non-asthmatics and control subjects. And there were no differences serum IL-13 and eotaxin levels in children with and without AHR and atopy. Serum IL-13 and eotaxin levels did not correlate with $logPC_{20}$ levels. Conclusion : IL-13 is closely related to the eotaxin release. But serum IL-13 and eotaxin per se can't predict the severity of airway hyperresponsiveness. IL-13 and eotaxin may have local effect on respiratory epithelium or there can be some factors to induce airway hyperresponsiveness other than serum IL-13 in asthmatic airways.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1090-1096
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• 2002

Purpose : We evaluated the clinical manifestations, bronchoscopic findings and therapeutic effects of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in atelectasis of children. Methods : Sixty six children who received bronchoscopy due to persistent atelectasis, acute severe atelectasis and incidental atelectasis on plain chest radiography were studied retrospectively. Results : The most common causative underlying disease was pneumonia(60.4%). Other underlying conditions were pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic lung disease, postoperative state, bronchial asthma and chest trauma. The most common abnormal findings were inflammatory changes such as bronchial stenosis(n=15), mucosal edema and large amount of secretion(n=14), granulation tissue( n=3) and mucus plug(n=3) although 39.4% showed normal airways. Other findings were congenital airway anomalies, endobronchial tuberculosis, extrinsic compression and obstruction by blood clot. In 32 children with pneumonia-associated atelectasis, 43.7% revealed normal airways, and the most common abnormal findings were also inflammatory changes. Eighteen out of 39 patients who received therapeutic intervention such as suctioning of secretion, bronchial washing and intrabronchial administration of N-acetylcysteine($Mucomyst^{(R)}$) had complete or partial resolution of their atelectasis. In 32 patients with pneumonia-associated atelectasis, 56.5% showed improvement by therapeutic intervention. Conclusion : In this study, atelectasis was mainly associated with inflammatory airway diseases such as pneumonia. The most common abnormal bronchoscopic findings were inflammatory changes such as mucosal edema and large amounts of secretion and bronchial stenosis, although about 40% revealed normal airway. Flexible bronchoscopy is helpful for either diagnosis or treatment, especially in pneumonia-associated atelectasis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.841-849
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• 1996

Quality changes in carrot during storage were studied to investigate the efficiency, cooling properties and the washing and storage effects of hydrocooling method. As a result of plotting the nondimensionalized carrot temperature versus cooling time, its cooling rate coefficient was shown $-0.0171min^{-1}{\sim}-0.0121min^{-1}\;(R^{2}=0.99{\sim}0.95)$, and $-0.141min^{-1}{\sim}-0.0038min^{-1}\;(R^{2}=0.98{\sim}0.92)$ in package condition7. Rate of weight loss and change in moisture content of carrot were not significantly different by treatment conditions during storage at $5^{\circ}C$. During storage at $15^{\circ}C$, however, weight loss of hydrocooled carrot was lower than that of non-treated carrot from the 30th to 40th day. Especially, PE was more effective than tray for packaging hydrocooled carrots. Carrot pretreated wish sterilizing agent, packed with PE vinyl film and with residual water removed after hydrocooling showed a lower decaying-rate than any other carrots. Changes in Hunter L and b values of hydrocooled carrot were slower than those of non-treated one. The carotenoids contents of stored carrot $(0.736{\sim}0.780mg%)$ decreased to $9{\sim}43%$ after 40 days of storage at $5^{\circ}C$ and before 20 days of storage at $15^{\circ}C$. It could be presumed that the addition of sterilizing agent reduced the initial level of overall microbial and coliform counts and their growth rate during storage.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.207-215
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• 2020

Toxic assessment of antifouling agents (diuron and irgarol) was conducted using the fertilization and the normal embryogenesis rates of the sea urchin, Mesocentrotus nudus. Bioassessment began with male and female reproductive cell induction. White or cream-colored male gametes(sperm) and yellow or orange-colored female gametes (eggs) were acquired and fully washed, separately. Then, the fertilization and normal embryogenesis rates were measured after 10 min and 48 h of exposure to the toxicants, respectively. The fertilization and embryo development rates were greater than 90% in the control, validating the suitability of both endpoints. The normal embryogenesis rates were significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of diuron and irgarol, but no changes in the fertilization rates were observed in concentrations ranging from 0 to 40 mg L^-1. The EC₅₀ values of diuron and irgarol for the normal embryogenesis rates were 20.07 mg L^-1 and 22.45 mg L^-1, respectively. The no observed effect concentrations (NOEC) were <1.25 mg L^-1 and the lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) were 1.25 mg L^-1 and 2.5 mg L^-1, respectively. From these results, concentrations of diuron and irgarol over 1.25 mg L^-1 and 2.5 mg L^-1, respectively, can be considered to have toxic effects on invertebrates, including M. nudus. The ecotoxicological bioassay in this study using the noted fertilization and normal embryogenesis rates of M. nudus can be used as baseline data for the continued establishment of environmental quality standards for the effects of antifouling agents(especially diuron and irgarol) in a marine environment.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.152-161
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• 2020

This study determined the removal ofrates for three types of pesticides which were spiked from Chonggak radish during the preparation of chonggak kimchi. When Chonggak radish (leaves) were brined with 10% salt solution and rinsed with water, the removal rate of the three pesticides was 43.8%, 41.9% and 89.8% for diazinon, diniconazole and dimethomorph, respectively. When Chonggak kimchi (leaves) were prepared and fermented for 4 weeks at 4℃, the removal rate of the three pesticides was 82.4%, 77.2% and 98.9% for diazinon, diniconazole and dimethomorph, respectively. Pesticide residues in chonggak radish (roots) were removed by up to 54.7-85.1% of initial concentration through brining and washing. During the fermentation of chonggak kimchi (roots) for 4 weeks at 4℃, the amount of pesticide residues was decreased by 94.0%, 91.8% and 90.0% of initial concentration for diazinon, diniconazole and dimethomorph, respectively. The highest relative removal rate by percentage for the three pesticides asreached 66.5% by salting chonggak radish (leaves). On the other hand, the highest relative removal rate by percentage of pesticides was shown during fermentation, reaching 51.8% and 55.8% for diazinon and diniconazole, respectively, in Chonggak kimchi (roots). As a result of examining the differences ofbetween the three pesticide removal rates rates according to temperature while fermentedduring fermentation of Chonggak kimchi with three pesticides for 4 weeks at 0℃ and 4℃, diazinon pesticide removal was has a high pesticide removal rate of 2.7-10.8% from fermented Chonggak kimchi (roots) at 4℃ compared to 0℃. In the other pesticides, the difference in removal rate of the pesticideresidual pesticides residues by aging temperature was found to be insignificant.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.328-338
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• 1994

Background: Effect of sulfur dioxide($SO_2$) exposure on airway is well known but little about the effect of $SO_2$ exposure on lung parenchyme. This study is to determine if short tenn exposure to $SO_2$ in concentration commonly found in industrialized environment cause potentially harmful effect on the lung parenchyme, and to evaluate the exposure time-response relationship between short tenn exposure to $SO_2$ and the inflammatory response in mouse lung. Method: 5ppm $SO_2$ gas was used and 48 mice were grouped into control(10), 30(9), 60(11), and 120 minute exposure(18) group. In each group, bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) was done immediately after and at 1,2,3 days after exposure. Histological examination was performed in control and 120 minute exposure group. Results: 1) Cell response in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In 30 and 60 minute exposure group, compared to the control group, lymphocyte count has significantly increased(p<0.05) at 1 day after exposure but did not differ at 2 days after exposure. In 120 minute exposure group, also compared to the control group, there was significant increase in total cell, macrophage, and lymphocyte count at 1 day after exposure, (p<0.05) which lasted for 2 days but did not significantly differ at 3 days after exposure. 2) Histological findings in 120 minute exposure group. In the airway, mild epithelial cell damage and ciliary loss were noted but there was no evidence of inflammatory cell infiltration. Interstitial inflammatory infiltration was noted at 1 day after exposure, which lasted for 3 days after exposure and there was no evidence of edema or fibrosis in the interstitium Conclusions: These data indicate potentially noxious effect of $SO_2$ on the lung parenchyme as well as the airway at exposure level that are regarded as relatively safe, and the duration of injury depends on the exposure time.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.354-362
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• 1994

Objectives and Methods : The presence of aneuploidy or high proliferative activity in cytologic specimens is considered as complementary for the diagnosis of malignancy. To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of DNA ploidy and cell cycle analysis in lung cancer, we compared the diagnostic yielding rates of DNA ploidy test by brushing specimens using flow cytometry with bronchoscopic forceps biopsy and brushing cytology. Results : Of the seventy-six cases, 55 cases proved to have malignant diseases(squamous cell cancer: 27, adenocarcinoma: 7, large cell cancer: 1, undifferentiated: 4 and small cell cancer: 16). The incidence of aneuploidy in lung cancer patients was 32.7%(18/55), as opposed to no cases in benign disease. And the proportion of high proliferative activity(S+G2M>22%) in lung cancer patients was 42.9%(15/35), but none in benign diseases. In fifty-six of 75 cases(74.7%), cytology of brushing specimens and DNA analysis(either aneuploidy or high proliferative activity vs. diploidy and low proliferative activity) were in concordance. The sensitivity with only brushing cytology was 41.8%(23/55), but with the addition of DNA analysis, it was increased to 56.4%(31/55), without decreasing the specificity(100%). And there was a case whose clue for malignancy was absent except aneuploidy, and he was confirmed to have squamous cell cancer following open thoracotomy. There were no differences in the frequency of aneuploidy or high proliferative activity between histologic subtypes of bronchogenic malignancy. Conclusions : The diagnostic detection rate of lung cancer was improved with the addition of DNA ploidy and cell cycle analysis, and the presence of aneuploidy or high proliferative activity was a relatively specific indicator of malignant disease. It would be useful to test DNA ploidy and cell cycle analysis with brushing specimen for the diagnosis of bronchogenic malignancy particularly in patients whose biopsy specimen could not be obtainable.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.432-440
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• 2000

Background : The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among the elderly is increasing in Korea and in the developed countries due to the increased elderly population and their predispositions to chronic disease, poverty and decreased immunity. To define the characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly, we evaluated the clinical spectrum of pulmonary tuberculosis. Method : We analyzed 92 patients retrospectively that were diagnosed as active pulmonary tuberculosis over the age of 65. The analysis involved patient's profiles, clinical manifestations, coexisting diseases, diagnostic methods, anti-TB medications and their side effects, and treatment outcomes. Results : The results were as follows : - 1) The ratio of male to female was 2.1:1(62:30 cases) 2) Chief complaints were a cough (47.8%), dyspnea (40.2%), sputum (38.0%), chest pain (12.0%), anorexia (10.9%), and fever (9.8%). 3) 38 (41.3%) of cases had a past history of pulmonary tuberculosis. 4) The coexisting diseases were : -COPD, 25 cases (27.2%); pneumonia, 17 cases (18.5%); DM. 13 cases (14.1%); and malignancy, 10 cases (10.9%). 5) The positivity of Mantoux test (5 TU, PPD-S) was 82.7%. 6) Pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed using the following methods : sputum AFB (Acid Fast Bacillus) smear 42.4%, sputum TB (M. Tuberculosis) culture 15.2%, sputum TB PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) 10.9%, bronchial washing AFB smear 2.1%, chest radiology only 25.0%. 7) Locations of radiologic lesions were RULF, 50 cases; RLLF, 50 cases, mostly, then LLLF ; 26 cases were leastly involved. 8) The coexisting tuberculosis were endobronchial TB(8.7%), TB pleurisy(7.6%) miliary TB(5.4%), intestinal TB(2.2%), renal TB(1.1%) 9) The proportion of treatment regimen with 1st line drug and 2nd line drug were 92.3% and 7.6%, respectively. 10) The outcome of treatment were as follows : cured 31.5%, expired 13.0%, no return 47.8%, follow-up now 7.6%. Conclusion : The pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly has atypical patterns with chronic coexisting diseases. Therefore, the possibility of pulmonary tuberculosis should be considered in elderly patients with pulmonary symptoms.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.403-411
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance to degradation of four commercial composite resins in an alkaline solution. The brands studied were Unifil(GC, Japan), Palfique(Tokuyama Japan). Definite$Degussa-H\ddot{u}ls$ AG, Germany). Revolution(Kerr, U.S.A.). Preweighed discs of each brand were exposed 0.1N NaOH solution at $60^{\circ}C$. After 14 days they were removed, neutralized with HCl, washed with water and dried. Resistance to degradation was evaluated on the basis of following parameters: (a) mass loss(%) - determined from pre-and post-exposed specimen weights; (b) Si loss(ppm) - obtained from ICP-AE analysis of solution exposed to specimens; and (c) degradation depth$({\mu}m)$ - measured microscopically (SEM) from polished circular sections of exposed specimens. The results were follows: 1. The mass loss of Unifil was 3.21%, it was the highest of materials. But, there was no significant difference among the materials. 2. The degree of degradation layer depth was $107.69\sim47.40{\mu}m$, the sequence of the degree pf degradation layer depth was in descending order by Unifil, Palfique, Revolution, Definite. There was significant difference among the materials except Palfique and Definite. 3. The Si loss of Paltique was 8940.0ppm, it was the highest. There was significant difference among the materials, except Revolution and Definite(p<0.05). 4. The correlation coefficient between mass loss and degradation depth was relatively high(r = 0.06, p<0.05). 5. There was no significant coefficient correlation between Si loss and mass loss, and/or the degree of degradation layer depth and Si loss. 6. When observed with SEM, destruction of bonding is observed between resin matrix and filler. Above results suggested that the hydrolytic degradation is considered as evaluation factor of composite resins.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.196-203
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• 2003

The application of sealants is a highly technique-sensitive procedure, requiring an extremely dry field prior to placement. Moisture contamination of the etched enamel surface before sealant placement is cited as the main reason for sealant failure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different methods of sealant application on the shear bond strength of sealants to enamel. In groups 1, 2, 3, 4 Teethmate(unfilled sealant) was used, while Ultraseal XTplus(filled sealant) was used in groups 5, 6, 7, 8. Groups 1 and 5(control) were acid etched for 15 seconds using 35% phosphoric acid, washed and then dried. In groups 2, 6 drying agents were applied, and in groups 3, 7 bonding agents were applied and light cured. In groups 4 and 8 both drying agent and bonding agent were applied. Then sealant was cured to the specimen using molds 3mm in diameter and 2mm in height. Thermocycling was performed and shear bond strength was finally measured. The following results were obtained : 1. Groups using filled sealant(groups 5, 6, 7, 8) showed higher shear bond strengths compared to groups using unfilled sealant(groups 1, 2, 3, 4). 2. Among groups using unfilled sealant(groups 1, 2, 3, 4), groups 2, 3, 4 showed significantly higher shear bond strength compared to group 1(p<0.05). There were no significant differences among groups 2, 3 and 4. 3. There were no significant differences(p>0.05) among groups using filled sealant(groups 5, 6, 7, 8). 4. When modes of fracture were examined, cohesive failure was observed in groups 2, 3 and 4.