• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.323-334
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• 2007

We analyzed the ocean environmental data from water sample and automatic measurement instruments with the Incheon-Jeju passenger ship for 18 times during 4 years from 2001 to 2004. The objectives of this study are to monitor the spatial and temporal variations of ocean environmental parameters in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea using water sample analysis, and to compare and analyze the reliability of automatic measurement sensors for chlorophyll and turbidity using in situ measurements. The chlorophyll concentration showed the ranges between 0.1 to $6.0mg/m^3$. High concentrations occurred in the Gyeonggi Bay through all the cruises. The maximum value of chlorophyll concentration was $16.5mg/m^3$ in this area during September 2004. The absorption coefficients of dissolve organic matter at 400 nm showed below $0.5m^{-1}$ except those in August 2001 During 2002-2003, it did not distinctly change the seasonal variations with the ranges 0.1 to $0.4m^{-1}$. In the case of suspended sediment (SS) concentration, most of the area showed below $20g/m^3$ through all seasons except the Gyeonggi Bay and around Mokpo area. In general SS concentration of autumn and winter season was higher than that of summer. The central area of the Yellow Sea appeared to have lower value $10g/m^3$. The YSI fluorometer for chlorophyll concentration had a very low reliability and turbidity sensor had a $R^2$ value of 0.77 through the 4 times measurements comparing with water sampling method. For the automatic measurement using instruments for chlorphlyll and suspended sediment concentration, McVan and Choses sensor was greater than YSI multisensor. The SeaWiFS SS distribution map was well spatially matched with in situ measurement, however, there was a little difference in quantitative concentration.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.145-169
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influences of educational policy transfer on transitional countries by analyzing the impacts of the Bologna Process on the educational systems of former socialist countries in Europe including Russia, Ukraine, and Hungary. For this purpose, documents published by European Union and its associated educational institutions, as well as academic institutions and scholars were analyzed to evaluate the changes made not only in the systemic level but also institutional and personal levels. The Bologna Process, instigated by the rise of knowledge economy and globalization, is purported to be the most influential educational reform conducted by the member countries since the formation of EU. However, unlike its original intentions to promote the voluntary participation of universities and students, the Bologna Process strengthened the structure of centralized bureaucracy in the educational systems, and restricted the freedom of professors, since most of the universities in these countries relied on governments for their funding. This indicates that in analyzing the influences of educational policy transfer in transitional countries, it is important to analyze the roles and motivations of actors participating in the decision-making processes. Moreover, Bologna Process reforms, made under the direction and control of government, were often turned into cases in which administrators hurriedly implement new policies against the will of faculty members and students, thus impeding the efficient localization of the reforms. This case, thus, implies that while educational reforms driven by policy transfer can change external systems and policies of universities, the fundamental reforms in the minds of faculty and inner workings of organization can only come about after a careful consideration of the societal and cultural values embedded within society.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.376-387
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• 2019

Melons are mostly grown in soil, but it is susceptible to damage due to injury by continuous cropping such as Fusarium wilt and root rot. Hydroponic cultivation system can overcome the disadvantages of soil cultivation with precise nutrition management and a clean environment. When using the coir substrate, the most environmentally friendly organic substrate used for hydroponics, it is analyzed how the growth and fruit quality of the melon depends on the ratio of chips and dust and the amount of irrigation. The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data of melon hydroponics when cultivated in spring. The two types of the coir substrates used in the experiments were chip and dust ratios of 3 :7 and 5 : 5 respectively. The substrate with high dust ratios had excellent physical characteristics, such as container capacity and total porosity, and the drainage EC level showed a high value of $3.0-6.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. When the amount of irrigation is provided based on the drainage rate, the group provided the nutrient solution on the basis of 10% drainage supplied 91 L per plant, which was reduced by about 30% compared to the group with the highest water supply. In addition, the total drainage showed less than 10 L per plant with a minimum water supply and was reduced by 30 - 70% in substrate with a high dust rates. In substrate with high water supply and high dust ratio, leaf growth and fruit enlargement were good, and the soluble solids content varies greatly from cultivar to cultivar. If you provided the amount of irrigation based on 10% drainage rate, the fruit weight will be decreased, but the amount of irrigation can be reduced. Therefore, it is considered that managing the water & nutrient properly taking into account the characteristics of coir substrate and cultivar can produce melon of uniform quality using hydroponics.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.163-174
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• 2009

Objectives: Members of the immortalization-upregulated protein (IMUP) family are nuclear proteins implicated in SV40-mediated immortalization and cellular proliferation, but the mechanisms by which their expression is regulated are still unknown in placenta. To investigate to expression and functions of IMUPs in placenta, we conducted to compare IMUPs expression in normal and preeclamptic placenta tissues and analyzed the function of IMUP-2 in HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells after IMUP-2 gene transfection. Methods: The expression of IMUPs was analyzed in placental tissues from the following groups of patients (none underwent labor): 1) term normal placenta (n=15); 2) term with preeclamptic placeneta (n=15); and 3) pre-term with preeclamptic placenta (n=11) using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, RNA in situ hybiridization, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot. In order to evaluate the function of IMUP-2 in HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells, IMUP-2 plasmids were transfected into HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells for 24 hours. Results: We observed that IMUPs are mainly expressed in the syncytiotrophoblasts and syncytial knot of placental villi. The expression of IMUP-1 was not differences between normal and preeclamptic placenta tissues. However, IMUP-2 expression was significantly higher in preterm preeclamptic placenta tissues than in normal placenta tissues without labor (p<0.001). Furthermore, we confirmed overexpression of IMUP-2 induced apoptosis in HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells through up-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins. Conclusions: These results suggest that the expression of IMUP-2 is involved in placental development as well as increased IMUP-2 expression is associated with preeclampsia through the inducing of trophoblast apoptosis.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.188-205
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• 2001

Insurer's duty of declaration is based on reciprocity of principle of the highest good, and recently it is widely recognized in the British and American insurance circles. The conception of fiduciary relationship is no longer equity or the legal theory which is only confined to the nations with Anglo-American laws. Therefore, recognizing the fiduciary relationship as the essence of insurance contract, which is more closely related to public interest than any other fields. will serve an efficient measure to seek fair and reasonable relationship with contractor, and provide legal foundation which permits contractor to bring an action for damage against violation of insurer's duty of declaration. In the future, only when the fiduciary relationship is approved as the essence of insurance contract, the business performance and quality of insurance industry is expected to increase. Therefore, to keep well this fiduciary relationship, or increase the fiduciary relationship persistency rates seems to be the bottom line in the insurance industry. In this paper, we developed a fiduciary relationship maintenance ratio based on comparison by case, which is represented with usually maintained contract months to paid months, based on each contract of the basis point. In this paper we have developed a new business model seeking the maximum profit with low cost and high efficiency, management policy of putting its priority on its substantiality, as an improvement measure to break away from the vicious circle of high cost and low efficiency, and management policy of putting its priority on its external growth(expansion of market share).

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the inhibition effect of various herbs on the rancidity of soybean oil. The antioxidant activity of herb-infused oils was evaluated by examining their total phenolic contents and DPPH radical scavenging abilities. The total phenolic contents were found to increase with addition of herbs to the soybean oil. Rosemary-infused oil (RO) exhibited the highest total phenolic contents ($77.28{\mu}g\;GE/mL$), followed by the lemon-balm-infused oil (LO), green-tea-infused oil (GO), and soybean oil (SO) alone (36.82, 36.66, and $21.24{\mu}g\;GE/mL$, respectively). Similary, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the herb infused oil also increased. Moreover, measurements on the total polar compound (TPC) contents, acid value, and p-anisidine value were carried out in order to confirm the changes in the rancidity of the oils during frying. The time for the TPC content to reach 25% was confirmed to be delayed from 62 h for SO to 68 h, 74 h, and 80 h for GO, RO, LO, respectively. Even though there were some differences between the p-anisidine and acid values, it was confirmed that the addition of herbs inhibited the rancidity of soybean oil. Therefore, the results in this study show that adding herbs to soybean oil could positively contribute to the inhibition of oxidation and rancidity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.227-242
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• 2000

Site characteristics, vegetation structure and dynamics of Kalopanax septemlobus forests in Mt. Heungjeong, Mt. Balwang and Mt. Gariwang were studied to provide the information need for national resources conservation and restoration of K. septemlobus forest in Gangwon-do of Korea. The K. septemlobus forests were distributed at 780m to 1,300m in altitude, steep slope, ridges-slope areas with facing northeast to northwest in good nutrition area. The annual diameter growth of those trees ranged 1.60mm to 2.41mm. Forty-three plots(20$\times$20m) were set up at three natural population of Kalopanax septemlobus forest and TWINSPAN method was used for vegetation structure analysis. The result of TWINSPAN ordination show that geographical features played a role in determining community types in the study areas. Community type of the study areas classified into three groups by TWINSPAN; K. septemlobus-Quercux mongolica- Acer mono community(Mt. Balwang), K. septemlobus-Q. mongolica- Tilia amurensis community(Mt. Heungjeong), K. septemlobus-Betula costata-Q. mongolica community(Mt. Gariwang). In most of the K. septemlobus forests, major woody species appeared predominantly were Q. mongolica, T. amurensis, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba, A. mono, Magnolia sieboldii, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. And also, Those species were surveyed in all the areas. Species diversity(H') of investigated areas ranged 0.3124~0.13992 and this value relatively higher than that of other forests with similar site. The range of similarity indices between surveyed areas was 64.1~64.54%. The distribution pattern of Morista's index show that Kalopanax septemlobus distributed randomly in tree and concentrated a few sample plots in subtree layer and shurb layer. K. septemlobus occupied 37.1~58.8% of tree layer story, 8.4~17.6% of subtree layer, 0~0.38% of shurb layer each surveyed area. The association analysis showed that Kalopanax septemlobus positively associated with Betula ermani, Deutzia glabrata, Carpinus cordata, Fraxinus mandshurica and negatively associated with Symplocos chinensis var. pilosa, Styrax obassia, Acer mono, Euonymus macroptera, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. According to the diameter distribution of Kalopanax septemlobus community, the community of Mt. Gariwang will gradually decline and replaced by Quercus community. The communities of Mt. Heungjeong and Mt. Balwang has its seedlings and saplings, so it may be sustained.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.378-383
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum cultivation distance for high yielding cultivation of the new variety of Gomchwi in highland and lowland. The test material was used 'Sammany' variety and the area was cultivated with a highland of 750 m above sea level and a lowland of 20 m above sea level. The planting distance was 5 treatments of $20{\times}20cm$, $20{\times}30cm$, $30{\times}30cm$, $35{\times}40cm$ and $40{\times}40cm$, and the plant was cultivated at 35% shading net in the open field. The annual growth of 'Sammany' variety was higher in the highland than in the lowland, but the number of leaves was higher in the lowland than that in the highland. The leaf number per plant was the highest in the $40{\times}40cm$ plot and the more the planting distance was, the more tendency was. However, the leaf weight per plant was higher in the highland than in the lowland. The number of leaves per 10a were higher in the lowland than that of highland and the tendency was more as the planting distance was narrower. Yields were slightly higher in the highland than that of lowland and the highest treatment plot was 2,983 kg/10a in $20{\times}20cm$. In the second year, the growth was high in the highland, and the highland was high in the leaf number and leaf weight and the same tendency in the yields. Among the planting distances, Yields in both areas were the highest in the $20{\times}20cm$ treatment, with 3,369 kg/10a in lowland and 7,257 kg/10a in highland. The growth of the third year was slightly better in the highland than that of the lowland but the difference was not significant. However, the number of leaves and leaf weight per plant were higher in the lowland than that of highland. And, in terms of leaf number and yield per 10a, it was also higher in the lowland than that in the highland. The narrower the planting distance was increased yields, and the highest yield was 6,051 kg/10a in $20{\times}20cm$. The lowland was high in yield until the third year, but the highland was the highest in the second year and decreased slightly in the third year. The narrower the planting distance in the both areas, the higher the yield, and the leaf size tended to be small.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 1987

Experimental informations on the possible alternative resources of soil addition in sandy paddy soils were obtained by applying fertilizer N, P, and K to the top of 26 cm long columns containing the soil-ameliorator mixture and by determining the concentration and leaching loss of nutrients in percolated water and permeability. 1. Addition of red earth and compost to soils decreased pronouncedly the permeability. Relative magnitude of permeability was compost+slag+red earth > compost+red earth > compost > red earth > compost+slag > slag > non-added soil. 2. Concentration and leaching loss of $NH_4-N$ and $SiO_2$ were high by addition of compost-slag or red earth mixture to soils. The present of these nutrients in soils after experiment was, also, higher than that in non-added soil and in red earth to soils. 3. Those of K, Ca, and Mg were similar to $NH_4-N$ and $SiO_2$. Especially, leaching loss and present of K in soils by addition of compost to soils were higher dramatically than those of non-added soil and of red earth to soils. 4. Those of $Fe^{{+}{+}}$ in non-added soil were much higher than those by addition of compost and slag to soils. These values were the highest in 12 days after submergence, while these of $Mn^{{+}{+}}$ the lowest. 5. Concentration of $NH_4-N$ was high by addition of compost to soils, while the present of it in soils after experiment was tended to be contrary.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 1989

Plants were exposed to different sub-optimal growth temperature regimes for hardening or sprayed with abscisic acid (ABA) before being placed at $10^{\circ}C$ for three days. Comparisons were made with non-treated plants for plant survival, photosynthetic activities and fatty acids composition of phospholipids. The level of endogenous ABA of the hardened seedlings was compared with that in control and ABA sprayed-seedlings. The results of the above experiment were summarized as follows: 1. Compared to non-treated plants, the hardening and ABA treatment resulted in higher plant survival rate and better seedling growth following earlier transplanting. The low temperature hardening which gradually increased the duration of the low temperature treatment at 2-day intervals was more effective than the controled temperature hardening which gradually decreased the temperature from $25^{\circ}C$ to $20^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$. 2. The photosynthetic activities of rice leaves after 3-day exposure to $10^{\circ}C$ were higher in hardened and ABA sprayed seedlings than in non-treated plants. The root activities after low temperature treatment were also higher in hardened and ABA sprayed seedlings than in control. 3. Fatty acids of phospholipids in rice plants such as stearic acid and oleic acid were decreased and the highly unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid and lenolenic acid were increased by hardening or ABA treatments. It is assumed that the increase of cold tolerance in these plants was due to the higher ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids. Respectively, the ratio was 1.86, 1.97 and 1.80 in plants given controled temperature hardening, the low temperature hardening and ABA treatments. While in control plants, it was 1.17. 4. ABA content in rice seedling given the low temperature hardening treatment was 67.2 ng/g F.W which was approximately twice that of non-treated control, which was 33.9 ng/f F. W., in contrast, the ABA content of the ABA treated seedlings was 91.7 ng/g F. W.