• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2011

In order to explore vegetation adaptation to climate variability and the impacts on water balance dynamics, the inter-regional and the inter-annual variability of both water availability and vegetation productivity are investigated. The Horton index, which is the ratio between actual evapotranspiration and catchment wetting as a measure of vegetation water use at catchment-scale, is revisited to quantify the effects of growing-season water availability on hydrologic partitioning at catchment scale. It is shown that the estimated Horton index is relatively constant irrespective of inter-annual climate variability. In addition, the Horton index is compared with catchment-scale vegetation rain use efficiency. The results show that there is an interesting pattern in the response of vegetation water use to water availability. When water becomes the limiting factor for vegetation productivity, the catchment-scale vegetation rain use efficiency converges to a common maximum value in agreement with earlier findings at the ecosystem level.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.22
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• pp.1-16
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• 2011

The question acutely raised regarding Korea's entrance test is not just a matter of yesterday or today. It is not an exception to cartoon related fields, which lack of creativity and patterning trend, problems according to the types of autonomous performance tests for each school, problem of evaluation are being pointed out. As such alternative, methods such as expansion of time for performance test, introduction of extra performance test for evaluating creativity, and public sector exclusively taking in charge of creativity evaluation, and etc. will be made as the subject of discussion. Therefore, the most important assumption is to establish what Universities are intending to teach to students first, and to teach such thing, the questions of their entrance tests should contain relevant criteria so that students with relevant abilities would be selected. Even after entering school, constant monitoring would be necessary, and if it shows different results as expected, the criteria should be reviewed again. As such, the reason for Universities requiring much things is because the Universities are, the subject of student selection, the subject which requires certain abilities to students, and the subject of evaluation. Therefore, it is because a University can achieve its original purpose only when good talented students are obtained through such process of selection and are developed through education.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.83-90
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• 2017

If an overcurrent exceeding the rated value is applied to an electric wire, the temperature of the electric wire increases, and the electric wire covering deteriorates to cause a short circuit. The upper limit temperature of the wire varies according to the magnitude of the overcurrent. When a short circuit occurs at each upper temperature limit, a cooling speed difference occurs during the solidification process due to the temperature difference between the short circuit temperature and the wire surface temperature. At this time, the pattern characteristics of the dendritic structure formed on the molten cross section are different. In this study, the upper temperature limit, which varied according to the overcurrent magnitude, was measured. At the time a short circuit occurred, the second branch spacing (dendrite Arm Spacing : DAS) of the dendrite was analyzed and the numerical value was quantified. The experimental results showed that the upper temperature limit increases with the magnitude of the overcurrent, and that the second branch spacing increases with increasing wire temperature.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.291-291
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• 2012

태양광 발전산업에서 현재 주류인 결정 실리콘 태양전지의 변환효율은 꾸준히 향상되고 있으나, 태양전지의 가격이 매년 서서히 하강되고 있는 실정에서 결정질 실리콘 가격의 상승 등으로 부가가치 창출에 어려움이 있으며, 생산 원가를 낮출 수 있는 태양전지 제조기술로는 2세대 태양전지로 불리는 박막형이 현재의 대안이며, 특히 에너지 변환 효율과 생산 원가에서 장점이 있는 것이 CIGS 박막 태양전지로 판단된다. 화합물반도체 베이스인 CIGS 박막태양전지는 연구실에서는 세계적으로 20.3% 높은 효율을 보고하고 있으며, 모듈급에서도 13% 효율로 생산이 시작되고 있다. 국내에서도 연구실 규모뿐만 아니라 대면적(모듈급) CIGS 박막 태양전지 증착용 장비, 제조공정 등의 기술개발이 진행되고 있다. CIGSe2를 광흡수층으로 하는 CIGSe2 박막 태양전지의 구조는 여러 층의 단위박막(하부전극, 광흡수층, 버퍼층, 상부투명전극)을 순차적으로 형성시켜 만든다. 이중에 하부전극은 Mo 재료을 스퍼터링 방법으로 증착하여 주로 사용한다. 하부전극은 0.24 Ohm/cm2 정도의 전기적 특성이 요구되며, 주상조직으로 성장하여야 하며, 고온 안정성 확보를 위하여 기판과의 밀착성이 좋아야하고 또한 레이저 패턴시 기판에서 잘 떨어져야 하는 특성을 동시에 가져야 한다. 그리고 CIGSe2의 광흡수층 제조시 셀렌화 공정에서 100 nm 이하의 MoSe2 두께를 갖도록 해야하며, 이는 CIGSe2 박막태양전지의 Rs 값을 줄여 Ohmic 접촉을 향상시키는데 기여한다. 본 연구에서는 CIGSe2 박막태양전지에서 요구되는 하부 전극 Mo 박막의 제작과 CIGSe2 박막태양전지 전체공정에 적용후의 MoSe2/Mo 박막특성에 대해서 연구결과들을 논하고자 한다. (본 연구는 경북그린에너지프론티어기업발굴육성사업 연구지원금으로 이루어졌음).

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 1994

Epitaxial TiSiz films have been grown by UHV deposition of Ti on atomically clean Si(ll1)- orientated substrates. The Ti film of 50$\AA$ was deposited on the reconstructed Si(ll1) surface at room temperature. The sample was annealed up to $800^{\circ}C$ in $100^{\circ}C$ increments. The structure of the TiSiL films have been identified as the C49 metastable phase by electron diffraction patterns. Scanning electron microscopy( SEM) shows three different types of Tiksilicide island morphologies. The individual island structures are single crystal and are considered to be epitaxy with different crystallographic orientations. The orientational relationships of the $TiSi_{2}$ islands is given by [ 172 1 C49 $TiSi_{2}$//[110] Si and (021) C49 $TiSi_{2}$// (111)Si.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.55-84
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• 2015

Korea is one of the few OECD countries having no binding Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. Korea is going to enforce a powerful greenhouse gas emissions control to the industry from 2015. Current GHG reduction policies do not take into account the trade-off between economic growth and GHG mitigation, this approach will not be sustainable. Sectoral approach, considering industry by industry may be more eco-friend approach. This study verified the validity of the analysis results counted from whole procedure of energy input-output analysis and decomposition analysis to sector 'Organic basic chemical products' and 'Cement and concrete products'. Empirical test was performed using changes in energy consumption, production, process improvements and new facilities. Although the results showed unstable fluctuations from Divisia index decomposition analysis, it was verified that the entire procedure can provide a clue in understanding of the industry's energy and GHG footprint.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 1996

This paper is a case study on regional linkages of producer services in Chinju region. Producer service appeared as the most rapid growth sector in service industry. In Chinju region. manufacturing firms purchase generalized producer service within the region. However the higher-order service, they demand; the remoter metropolis especially Seoul, they depend on. Linkage patterns among manufacturing sectors are similar; but then the firms whose managers are from Chinju or Gyeong-nam region had stronger regional linkages than others. Public institute such as Chamber of Commerce & Industry, University Research Institute of Industrial Technology. Korea Technology Credit Guarantee Fund, Korea Silk Research Institute have made important role as suppliers of public producer services in Chinju Region. As present stage, their services of industrial technology, fiancing, and information are not only fit regional demand but also spatially limited within region. The facts that large firms purchase high-order services from other region and small firms have not good demand of producer service suggest regional policy implication about supplying relevant producer service in the region.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.593-602
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• 2013

Biodiesel is an important new alternative transportation fuel and it can be produced by chemically reacting a fat or oil with an alcohol, in the presence of a catalyst. The product of the reaction is a mixture of methyl esters, which are known as biodiesel, and glycerol, which is a high value co-product. The process is known as transesterification. Biodiesel can be used neat and when used as a pure fuel it is known as BD100. However, it is often blended with petroleum-based diesel fuel and when this is done the blend is designated BD5 or BD20(BD20 is a blend of 20% biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel fuel). Adherence to a quality standard is essential for proper performance of the fuel in the engine and will be necessary for widespread use of biodiesel. In this study, we analyzed 4,144 papers of biodiesel by category, country, institution, keyword etc. from 2001 to 2013 years.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.555-559
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• 2002

Three different strains of Aureobasidium pullulans were grown in batch cultures to compare their abilities of enzyme production. It was found that specific enzyme activity was the highest with strain ATCC 9348 and the enzyme production was closely coupled to growth. Studies on morphology during the growth of A. pullulans revealed that mycelia cells were dominant at the initial stages of growth. However, yeast-like cells and chlamydospores were dominant in the latter stages of batch culture. The pattern of morphological changes during the growth period was not affected by pH. However, it appears that the ratio of intra- to extracellular enzyme activity tended to increase with fermentation time irrespective of the pH employed, suggesting that the secretion efficiency of intracellular enzyme to broth likely depends on cell morphology Using molasses as a cheap source of sucrose, enzymatic production of fructo-oligosaccharides as a feed additive with A. pullulans cells could be achieved successfully at 55$\^{C}$ and pH 5.5.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2020

The economic growth rate and the urban population of the Vietnam are steadily increasing. As a result, the size of the Vietnam's construction market for infrastructure development is expected to increase. However, Vietnam is adopting PPP(Public-Private Partnership) to solve this problem because the government lacks the financial and administrative capacity for infrastructure development. PPP is a business that lasts more than 10 years, so risk management is very important because it can be a long term damage in case of business failure. This study proposes a self-organization map (SOM) for analyzing the impact of risk factors and determining the priority of them. SOM is a visualization analysis method that analyzes the inherent correlation through the color pattern of each factor.