• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.415-444
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to provide information that will help understand unique characteristics of mathematically gifted students and that can be utilized for special programs for mathematically gifted students, by investigating difference and relationship between attribution styles and attitude toward mathematics of mathematically gifted students and those of regular students. For that purpose, 202 mathematically gifted students and 415 regular students in 5th and 6th grades at elementary schools were surveyed in terms of attribution styles and attitude toward mathematics, and the result of the study is as follows. First, as for attribution styles, there was no difference between gifted students and regular students in terms of grade and gender, but there was significant difference in sub factors because of giftedness. Second, there was not significant difference between grades. but there was significant difference in sub factors between genders. Mathematically gifted students were more positive than regular students in every sub factor excepting gender role conformity, and especially they showed higher confidence and motivation. Third, according to the result of correlation analysis, there was significant static correlation between inner tendencies and attitude toward mathematics with both groups. The gifted group showed higher correlation between attribution of effort and attitude toward mathematics and inner tendencies and confidence than the regular group. The gifted group showed higher correlation in sub factors, and especially there was high static correlation between attribution of talent and confidence, and attribution of effort and motivation. Fourth, according to the result of multiple regression analysis, inner tendencies showed significant relation to attitude toward mathematics with both groups, and especially the influence of attribution of effort was high. Both attribution of effort and attribution of talent were higher in the gifted group than the regular group, and attribution of effort had a major influence on practicality and attribution of talent had a major influence on confidence.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.39-50
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• 2024

This study analyzed the composition of the time use and childcare time use of working mothers and fathers of Generations X and Y, differences between generations, differences between mothers and fathers, and factors affecting childcare time. We analyzed the lifetimes of working parents of preschool children(n=2,287) using Statistics Korea's Time Use Survey for 2014 and 2019. The main results are as follows: First, when comparing the lifetimes of Generations X and Y, in 2014, Generation Y mothers had longer commuted times, whereas for fathers, there was no difference between generations. Second, comparing the time use of Generations X and Y, regardless of the survey period, Generation Y mothers had longer sleep times than their counterparts, while Generation Y fathers had longer time in sleep, home management, and childcare than their counterparts. Third, in analyzing the factors affecting parents' childcare time for mothers of both generations, the less sleep times, mealtimes, working times, commuted times, home management times, and leisure times, the longer the childcare times. In the case of fathers, for Generations X and Y, the less sleep times, mealtimes, market work times, commuted times, and leisure times, the more childcare times. However, in Generation X fathers, home management time and the gender role attitude affect childcare time. While the generation gap was not clear for mothers, it was confirmed for fathers. Therefore, it was proposed not only gender differences but also generational characteristics should be taken into account to provide implications for child care policies, especially for fathers, in community care support systems incluing education and counseling programs.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.516-524
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• 1998

Purpose: Radiolabeled CEA79.4 antibody has a possibility to be used in radioimmunoscintigraphy or radioimmunotherapy of cancer. We investigated the in vitro properties and biodistribution of CEA79.4 antibody labeled with Re-188 or Tc-99m. Materials and Methods: CEA79.4 was reduced by 2-mercaptoethanol to produce-SH residue, and was labeled with Re-188 or Tc-99m. For direct labeling of Tc-99m, methylene-diphosphonate was used as transchelating agent. CEA79.4 in 50 mM Acetate Buffered Saline (ABS, pH 5.3) was labeled with Re-188, using stannous tartrate as reducing agent. In order to measure immunoreactivity and the affinity constant of radiolabeled antibody, cell binding assay and Scatchard analysis using human colon cancer cells SNU-C4, were performed. Biodistribution study of labeled CEA79.4 was carried out at 1, 14 and 24 hr in ICR mice. Results: Labeling efficiencies of Tc-99m and Re-188 labeled antibodies were $92.4{\pm}5.9%$ and $84.7{\pm}4.6%$, respectively, In vitro stability of Tc-99m-CEA79.4 in human serum was higher than Re-188-CEA79.4. Immunoreactivity and affinity constant of Tc-99m-CEA79.4 were 59.2% and $6.59{\times}10^9\;M^{-1}$, respectively, while those of Re-188-CEA79.4 were 41.6% and $4.2{\times}10^9\;M^{-1}$, respectively. After 24 hr of administrations of Re-188 and Tc-99m labeled antibody, the remaining antibodies in blood were 6.32 and 9.35% ID/g respectively. The biodistribution of each labeled antibody in other organs was similar because they did not accumulate in non-targeted organs. Conclusion: In vitro properties and biodistribution of Re-188-CEA79.4 were similar to those of Tc-99m-CEA79.4. It appears that Re-188-CEA79.4 can be used as a suitable agent for radioimmunotheraphy.