• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.936-946
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• 2015

This study is aimed to analyze the reduction performance of building energy consumption according to planting base types of panel-type green walls which can be applied to existing buildings. The performance was compared to the general performance of green walls that have demonstrated effects of improving the thermal environment and reducing building energy consumption in urban areas. The number of planting base types was 4 in total, and simulations were conducted to analyze the thermal conductivity, thermal transmittance, and overall building energy consumption rate of each planting base type. The highest thermal conductivity by the planting base type was Case C (0.053W/mK), followed by Case B (0.1W/mK) and Case D (0.17W/mK). According to the results of energy simulation, the most significant reduction of cooling peak load per unit area was Case C (1.19%), followed by Case B (1.14%) and Case D (1.01%) when compared to Case A to which green wall was not applied; and the most significant reduction of heating peak load per unit area was estimated to be Case C (2.38%), followed by Case B (1.82%) and case D (1.50%) when compared to Case A. The amount of yearly cooling and heating energy use per unit area showed 3.04~3.22% of reduction rate. The amount of the 1st energy use showed 5,844 kWh/yr of decrease on average for other types when compared to Case A. The amount of yearly $CO_2$ emission showed 996kg of decrease on average when compared to Case A to which the green wall was not applied. According to the results of energy performance evaluation by planting location, the most efficient energy performance was eastward followed by westward, southward and northward. According to the results of energy performance evaluation by planting location by green wall ratio, it was found that as the ratio of green wall increased, the energy performance displayed better results, showing approx. double reduction rate in energy consumption at 100% of green wall ratio than the reduction rate at 20% to 80% of green wall ratio.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.67-85
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of rhythmic movement therapy for adaptation state in mastectomy patients. The quasi-experimental study was designed using nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design within the framework of Laszarus & Folkman's stress-adaptation model. The subjects of the study were composed thirty-two mastectomy patients, of these fifteen were assigned to the experimental group and seventeen to the control group. Rhythmic movement therapy was carried out twice a week for thirty-five, minutes or forty minutes for six weeks period from August 22 to September 30 in 1994. Data was collected before and after the experimentation. Collected data was analyzed by mens of chi-square test, t-test, two-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient with $SPSS/PC^+$. The results were summarized as follows : 1. Physical symptom score in the experimental group and control group was not significant difference. 2. Joint Movement Parameter in the experimental group and control group was significant difference. 3. Depression score in the experimental group and contrl group was significant difference. 4. Body image score in the experimental group and control group was significant difference. 5. Stress perception score in the experimental group and control group was significant difference. 6. Social adjustment score in the experimental group and control group was significant difference. 7. Each adaptational level in the experimental group and control group according to type of Health Locus of Control were partially significant difference. Depression score and social adjustment score between the experimental group and control group according to others Health Locus of control were significant difference. This data suggest that rhythmic movement therapy was more effective in the group of Others health Locus of Control. 8. Each adaptational level between the experimental group and control group according to amount of spouse support were not significant difference. 9. The significant positive correlation between physical symptom score and body image, between body image and social adjustment, were observed. The significant negative correlation between stress perception score and social adjustment, between depression and body image, between depression and social adjustment, were observed. This data suggest that the more physical symptom score increased, the more body image increased and the more body image, the more social adjustment. And then the more stress perception score decreased, the more social adjustment increasded and the more depression score, the more body image and social adjustment. Thus it is concluded that the rhythmic movement therapy was a useful nursing intervention for adaptation of mastectomy patients.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.127-136
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• 2015

To evaluate the effects of limestone powder and silica fume on the properties of high-strength high-volume ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) blended cement concrete, this study investigated the rheology, strength development, hydration and pozzolanic reaction characteristics, porosity and pore size distribution of high-strength mortars with the water-to-binder ratio of 20, 50 to 80% GGBFS, up to 20% limestone powder, and up to 10% silica fume. According to test results, compared with the Portland cement mixture, the high-volume GGBFS mixture had much higher flow due to the low surface friction of GGBFS particles and higher strength in the early age due to the accelerated cement hydration by increase of free water; however, because of too low water-to-binder ratio and cement content, and lack of calcium hydroxide content, the pozzolanic reactio cannot be activated and the long-term strength development was limited. Limestone powder did not affect the flowability, and also accelerate the early cement hydration. However, because its effect on the acceleration of cement hydration is not greater than that of GGBFS, and it does not have hydraulic reactivity unlikely to GGBFS, compressive strength was reduced proportional to the replacement ratio of limestone powder. Also, silica fume and very fine GGBFS lowered flow and strength by absorbing more free water required for cement hydration. Capillary porosities of GGBFS blended mortars were smaller than that of OPC mortar, but the effect of limestone powder on porosity was not noticeable, and silica fume increased porosity due to low degree of hydration. Nevertheless, it is confirmed that the addition of GGBFS and silica fume increases fine pores.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.4 s.63
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• pp.585-597
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of estrogen on the periodontium and alveolar bone tissue response during experimental tooth movement in ovariectomized rats. Eighty female rats, 250gm in body weight, were classified into four groups ; sham operated group(NN), ovariectomized group(ON), ovariectomized & estrogen injected group(OE), sham operated & estrogen injected group(NE). flats were ovariectomized before 3 weeks to begin the experiment, which resulted in estrogen-deficient osteoporosis. In OE group & NE group, estrogen was injected $50{\mu}g/kg\;B.W.$ every other days. The left maxillary 1st molar was moved mesially with 60g force. Each foot rats were sacrificed after 1, 3, 7, 15 days from application of orthodontic appliance and alter additional 7 days from removal of orthodontic appliance. Histological findings on mesial roots of upper 1st molar in pressure and tension side are observed. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. In pressure side of alveolar bone, the number of osteoclasts and Howship's lacuna of ON group was significantly more than that of NN group from 1 day to 15 days(P<0.05). Especially the number of Howship's lacuna of ON group was significantly more than that of OE group during all experimental period(P<0.05). 2. In tension side of alveolar tune, the number of osteoclasts of ON group was significantly increased from 1 day to 3 days and decreased after 7 days. But the number of osteoclast of ON group was significantly mote than that of NN group during all experimental period(P<0.05). Also the number of Howship's lacuna of all groups was abruptly increased at 1 day, but slowly decreased till experimental 15 days. And the number of Howship's lacuna of of group was significantly more than that of NN group from 0 hr to 7 days(P<0.05). 3. The speed of tooth movement of OE group & NE group was similar to that of NN group(P>0.05). The amount of tooth movement of ON group between 7 days and 15 days was significantly greater than those of other groups(P<0.05). 4. The degree of relapse of ON group after 7 days from removal of orthodontic appliance was similar to those of other groups(P>0.05).

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.283-292
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• 2007

In several treatment modalities for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), oral appliances mainly including mandibular advancement appliance (MAA) and tongue retaining device (TRD) are recognized as a non-invasive, reversible alternative with favorable results. Tongue bulb is a major component of TRD which prevents the tongue from approaching the posterior wall of the pharynx and can be combined with MAA. Determination of tongue bulb size for the patient is important for therapeutic effect, but frequently needs time-consuming work. For effective fabrication and standardization of tongue bulbs, this study aimed to categorize tongue bulb size for healthy young men and to examine its relation with maximum retention force and with physical parameters including tongue-related variables. 36 non-snoring, asymptomatic young men with normal occlusion were voluntarily participated in this study (mean age: $24.47{\pm}2.58$ years). Experimental procedures consisted of prefabrication of tongue bulb set (20 types with a width of 27-36mm and thickness of 8 and 10 mm), determination of tongue bulb size and the maximum retention force for each subject, and measurement of physical parameters including body mass index (BMI), neck circumference and width, thickness and length of tongue. This study showed that there was significant difference of retention force among the bulb size-related groups both in upright and supine position (p<0.05) and that retention force increased with bulb size. Correlation of tongue bulb size with physical parameters was not clearly verified and there was no significant difference in retention force between upright and supine positions. Based on our results, it can be suggested that retention force relates with tongue bulb size, ultimately with tongue volume. A further study needs to be performed in the patients with snoring and OSA.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.4
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• pp.469-483
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• 2019

North Korea has experienced floods and sediment-related disasters annually since the 1970s due to deforestation. It is of paramount importance that technologies and trends related to forest restoration and soil erosion control engineering be properly understood in a bid to reduce damage from sediment-related disasters in North Korea, and to effect national territorial management following unification. This paper presents a literature review and bibliometric analysis including 146 related articles published in North Korea. First, we analyzed the textual characteristics of the articles. We then employed the VOSviewer software package to classify the research topic and analyzed this topic based on the time change. The results showed that articles on the topic have consistently increased since the 1990s. In addition, research related to soil erosion control engineering has been classified into four subjects in North Korea: (i) assessment of hazard area on soil erosion and soil loss, sediment related-disasters; (ii) hydraulic and hydrologic understanding of forests; (iii) reasonable construction of soil erosion control structures; and (iv) effects and management plan of soil erosion control works. The proportion of research related to the (ii) hydraulic and hydrologic understanding of forests had been significant during the reign of Kim Ilsung. However, the proportion of research related to the (i) assessment of hazard area on soil erosion and soil loss, sediment-related disasters, increased during the reign of Kim Jongil and Kim Jongun. Using these results, our analysis indicated that an interest in and need for soil erosion control engineering in North Korea has continually increased. The results of this study are expected to serve as a basis for preparing forestry cooperation between North and South Korea, and to serve as essential data for better understanding soil erosion control engineering in North Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1942-1947
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• 2014

Nutritional compositions of Korean traditional actinidia (Actinidia arguta) cultivars, such as Otumsense, Chiak, and Skinny green, were investigated as high value-added food substances. Among minerals, K content of three cultivars was the highest, and P, Ca, and Na contents were relatively higher than those of other minerals. Contents of essential amino acids were analyzed as follows: Otumsense (198.48 mg/100 g), Chiak (413.50 mg/100 g), and Skinny green (270.07 mg/100 g). Total amino acids of Chiak were the highest among the three cultivars, and major amino acids of the three cultivars were glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Analysis of fatty acids showed that major fatty acids were palmitic acid as a saturated fatted acid and ${\alpha}$-linoleic acid as an unsaturated fatty acid in the three cultivars. Glucose and fructose were major free sugar constituents in the three cultivars. Total free sugar content of Otumsense was relatively higher than others. Finally, niacin and vitamin $B_6$ of Skinny green (1.55 mg/100 g, 1.92 mg/100 g) were the highest among the cultivars. However, ${\beta}$-carotene as a vitamin A precursor ($3.82{\mu}g/100g$) and vitamin C as a natural antioxidant substance (47.18 mg/100 g) of Otumsense cultivar were the highest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1843-1851
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• 2014

This study evaluated the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of barley Doenjang (soybean paste) containing various contents (4, 12, and 20%) of kelp extracts. After 60 days of fermentation, pH, acidity, and viscosity of Doenjang were 5.80~6.86, 0.57~1.87%, and 4,913.3~9,333.3 cps, respectively, showing significant differences according to content of kelp extracts. Amino-type nitrogen contents was 902.60~921.90 mg%. For color values, L and b values increased significantly (P<0.001), whereas a value decreased slightly according to kelp extracts. DPPH radical scavenging effect ($IC_{50}$) for butylated hydroxyanisole ranged from 10.28 mg/mL to 23.23 mg/mL. DPPH radical scavenging effects of control was highest among the samples. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were 12.72~6.37 mg tannic acid equivalence/g, and $0.98{\sim}1.56{\mu}g$ rutin equivalence/g, respectively. Initial counts of total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were 7.20~7.57 log CFU/g, and 4.20~4.71 log CFU/g respectively, showing significant difference according treatment and fermentation (P<0.05). In the sensory evaluation, 20% kelp extract Doenjang (5.6) showed higher overall acceptability than other samples (6.5) (P<0.01). Especially, umami taste (6.1) and texture (6.4) of 20% kelp extract Doenjang were higher than those of control (P<0.05). These results suggest that Doenjang containing kelp extracts, will be good for industrial fields.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.562-571
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidant activities [electron-donating ability (EDA), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging ability, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitory activity], anti-wrinkle activities [collagenase inhibitory activity, suppression and/or phosphorylation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity], and mRNA expression levels using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay in ultraviolet (UV) B ray ($50mJ/cm^2$)-irradiated human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Josaengheugchal, Sinneungheugchal (SE), Shintoheug rice, Heugjinju rice, and Heugseol (HE) among colored rice varieties were reported to have excellent antioxidant properties. In the EDA and ABTS radical scavenging assays, extracts of the five colored rice varieties had scavenging activities of 72% at concentrations higher $50{\mu}g/mL$. In the collagenase inhibition assay, ethanol extracts of the five colored rice varieties showed high inhibitory effects of about 60% at concentrations higher $25{\mu}g/mL$. In the ROS inhibition assay, ethanol extracts of HE and SE showed very excellent inhibition efficacies at all concentrations. We determined molecular biological mechanisms of MMPs (MMP-1, -3, -8, and -13) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) with HE, and the results show that HE suppressed expression of MMPs and phosphorylation of MAPK and increased expression of pro-collagen type I in UVB-irradiated cells. It was also confirmed by RT-PCR that HE reduced expression of MMPs mRNA. Therefore, these results suggest that HE has anti-wrinkle and collagen production effects and may be used as a material in the development of functional food and cosmetic industries.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

The members of the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons conducted a retrospective study of two hundred and twenty-two cases of intestinal atresia for the period from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009. Seventeen hospitals were involved. There were 76 duodenal, 65 jejunal, and 81 ileal atresias (3 colonic). The male to female ratio was 0.85:1 in DA and 1.34:1 in JIA. Ninety-four patients(43.3 %) were premature babies (DA 40.3 %, JA 64.6 %, IA 28.8 %), and 70 babies (32.0 %) had low birth weight (DA 38.7 %, JA 44.4 %, IA 16.0 %). Antenatal diagnosis was made in 153 cases (68.9 %). However, 27 infants (17.6 %) with antenatal diagnosis were transferred to the pediatric surgeon's hospitals after delivery. Maternal polyhydramnios was observed in 81 cases (36.59 %) and most frequent with proximal obstruction. In forty-four cases (19.8 %), only simple abdominal film was taken for diagnostic study. The associated malformations were more frequently observed in DA - 61.8 % in DA and 22.6 % in JIA. Meconium peritonitis, small bowel volvulus and intussusception were more frequently associated with ileal atresia. The overall mortality rate was 3.6 %. (Abbreviations: DA;duodenal atersia, JA;jejunal atresia, JIA;jejunoileal atresia, IA;ileal atrsia).