• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-28
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• 2014

Private consulting firms that are currently participating in rural area development projects with a bottom-up approach are involved in nearly all areas of rural area development, and the policy environment that emphasizes the bottom-up approach will further expand their participation. Reviews of private consulting firms, which started out with high expectations in the beginning, are now becoming rather negative. Expertise is the key issue in the controversy over private consulting firms, and the analysis tends to limit the causes of the problems within firms. This study was conducted on the premise that the fixation on cause and structure results in policy issues in the promotion process. That is because the government authorities are responsible for managing and supervising the implementation of policies, not developing the policies. The current issues with consulting firms emerged because of the hasty implementation of private consulting through the government policy trend without sufficient consideration, as well as the policy environment that demanded short-term outcomes even though the purpose of bottom-up rural area development lies in the ideology of endogenous development focused on the changes in residents' perceptions. Research was conducted to determine how the problems of private consulting firms that emerged and were addressed in this context influenced the consulting market, using current data and based on the firms' business performance. In analyzing the types, firms were divided into three groups: top performers including market leaders (9), excellent performers (36), and average performers (34). An analysis of the correlation between the business performance of each type and managerial resources such as each firm's expertise revealed that there was only a correlation between human resources and regional development in excellent performers, and none was found with the other types. These results imply that external factors other than a firm's capabilities (e.g., expertise) play a significant role in the standards of selecting private consulting firms. Thus, government authorities must reflect on their error of hastily adopting private consulting firms without sufficient consideration and must urgently establish response measures.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.221-226
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• 1973

In order to investigate the silica effect of insufficient wollastonite to the official standard (above than 15% of suluble silica (N/2 HCl) on rice plant as silica fertilizer, 9 kinds of wollastonites and slag were adopted to examine the amount of silica absorbed by rice straw during growing period, and soluble silica of wollastonites extracted by 7 buffer solutions were compared with silica content in rice straw. Crystalls of ingredient in wollastonite ores were identified by X-ray diffractometer. The results were that silica content of rice plant at growing stages were increased as same ratio of soluble silica. content in wollastonite. Wollastonite containing more than 10% of souble silica (N/2 HCl) could be applied as fertilizer because absorbed amount of silica by rice plant from them are higher than from slag which contained 30% of soluble silica. Wollastonite powder mixed with impure ores in which soluble silica could not be extracted had the same effect on silica absorption of straw as wollastonite powder which contained conformable amount of soluble silica. The soluble silica of wollastonite extracted by buffer solutions (2% citric acid, N. NaOAc, N. $NH_4OAc$, Petermann solution, 0.1M. EDTA, and Hot water) had high significant relation to silica content in rice straw, but soluble silica extracted N/2 hydrochloric acid solutilon, also, had deep relation to them in rice straw. The adequate solution to extract silica from wollastonites is N/2 hydrochloric acid solution because its extracted silia amount is much higher than other solution (about one hundred times) and can be determined by gravimetric analysis. X-ray diffraction pattern would identify qualitatively purity of wollastonite, and large amount of soluble silica was extracted from wollastonite which was appeared to be weathered.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.355-366
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of water quality and the patterns of self-purification with season in Gokneung stream. The vegetation in the ecosystem around Gokneung stream was dominated by Quercus species. In the physicochemical analysis based on the contents of DO, BOD, conductivity and total phosphorus, the upstream seemed to have been polluted, but the downstream was self-purified. In biological investigation by bentic macroinvertebrates, the result was similar to that in the physicochemical analysis. The self-purification constant based on BOD of the upstream, 1.013, was the highest. In the self-purification constants with month, that of September was 0.995 and that of January was 0.272. These results indicated that the self purification capacities of spring and autumn were larger than those of winter and summer in Gokneung stream.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.67-81
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• 2012

The physical, chemical, and biological properties of clogging materials formed within groundwater wells in the Mt. Geumjeong area, Busan, Korea, were characterized. The particle size distribution (PSD) of clogging materials was measured by a laser analyzer. XRD, SEM, and TEM analyses were performed to obtain mineralogical information on the clogging materials, with an emphasis on identifying and characterizing the mineral species. In most cases, PSD data exhibited an near log-normal distribution; however, variations in frequency distribution were found in some intervals (bi-or trimodal distributions), raising the possibility that particles originated from several sources or were formed at different times. XRD data revealed that the clogging materials were mainly amorphous ironhydroxides such as goethite, ferrihydrite, and lapidocrocite, with lesser amounts of Fe, Mn, and Zn metals and silicates such as quartz, feldspar, micas, and smectite. Reddish brown material was amorphous hydrous ferriciron (HFO), and dark red and dark black materials were Fe, Mn-hydroxides. Greyish white and pale brown materials consisted of silicates. SEM observations indicated that the clogging materials were mainly HFO associated with iron bacteria such as Gallionella and Leptothrix, with small amounts of rock fragments. In TEM analysis, disseminated iron particles were commonly observed in the cell and sheath of iron bacteria, indicating that iron was precipitated in close association with the metabolism of bacterial activity. Rock-forming minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and micas were primarily derived from soils or granite aquifers, which are widely distributed in the study area. The results indicate the importance of elucidating the formation mechanisms of clogging materials to ensure sustainable well capacity.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.36
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• pp.525-559
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• 2013

Modern society has been exposed to various dangers and crimes in the process of globalization, informationization, decentralization etc. along with the development of material civilization under rapid changing societal environment. These factors are exerting a lot of effects in public security environments, as result there are gradual interest about crime and crime prevention. Realization of responsibility who take charge of social safety, from public security to private security, appears important topic at the moment. The positive point of view which private security industry is responsible to cope with security spheres instead of public security has been emerged from the reason that the public security has limitation to solve security problems for themselves. It is the time to make effort to compromise the public security and the private security industry to forecast social change and prevent dangers in the advance. In Korea, there has been close cooperation between public security and private security for decades. Strongly emerging and interesting sphere is "Private Investigation(Private Detective)" in Korea at present. There has been some proposed legislations of private investigation for decreasing burden of public security and social sympathy about possibility of private investigation system is increasing now. In this study, we focused on the introduction of private investigation system through the analysis of bill proposals for last 14 years, for instance historical aspects, contents, the differences among bill proposals. Among these, a comparison on bill proposals of the 19th National Assembly's during 2012 - 2013 were analysed mainly. We examined the importance point at issue items for introduction of private investigation system. Suggestions for introduction of private investigation system is as follows. The necessity of independent bill for developmental private investigation system is needed and the main body should be a juristic person instead of a individual for the public interest and responsibility. For the good service of private investigation and to prevent the unqualified person become a private investigator, the recruiting system and examination of private investigator should be prepared well and take into consideration anticipated problems. Also the necessity of definite jurisdiction department's appointment to divide responsibility in operation.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

The present study is focused on the granite weathering and soil formation, and the heavy metal contamination in soils in the Onsan industrial area. For profile study, soil sampling was conducted on each depth and experimental analyses have been conducted on those samples. X-ray diffraction analyses show that clay minerals consist mainly of kaolin minerals, vermiculite, and minor illite. Most of kaolin minerals in the lower kiwi of the profile consist of halloysite as confirmed by formamide intercalation, but the content of halloysite decreases gradually toward the surface since it has been transformed to kaolinite in the upper part of the profile. Thermal treatment by heating at $110^{\circ}C,\;300^{\circ}C,\;and\;550^{\circ}C$ shows a diffuse and broad peak the between 10 and $14\;{\AA}$ region in X-ray diffractograms. This suggests the possible existence of the hydroxy-Al interlayerecl vermiculite. Na-citrate extraction method reaconfirms this result showing transition of $14\;{\AA}$ peak to $10\;{\AA}$ In by removing the interlayer materials and restoring the vermiculite to its original state. The occurrence of hydroxy-Al interlayered vermiculite is also supported by soil pH distribution room 3.9 In the lower part to 3.6 in the upper part of the profile. Sequential extraction experiment was conducted to investigate the states of heavy metals in soils. The experiment shows that relatively high amounts of heavy metals are concentrated in the upper part of the profile and that most of them are bound to Fe/Mn oxides and organic matters while less concentration in clay minerals. The result indicates that most of heavy metal pollutants are concentrated in the surface soil and that the low concentrations of heavy metals in clays are mainly due to the low adsorption capacities of clay minerals such as kaolin minerals and hydroxy-Al interlayered vermiculite in acidified soil condition.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.284-290
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• 2013

This study analyzed the geometric, compressive, cutting and friction properties of oriental melons in order to design a gripper capable of soft handling and a cutter for cutting oriental melon vine among the end effector of oriental melon as a preliminary step for developing the end effector of the robot capable of harvesting oriental melons in protected cultivation. As a result, the average length, diameter at the midpoint, weight, volume and roundness of the oriental melons were 108 mm, 70 mm, 188 g, 333 mL and 3.8 mm. Nonlinear regression analysis was performed on the equation $W=L^a{\times}D_2^b$ with variation of the length (L) and diameter (D2) of the weight (W) of the oriental melons. As a result, it was shown that there was a correlation between a of 2.0279 and b of -0.9998 as a constant value. The average diameter of the oriental melon vine was 3.8 mm, and most vines were distributed within a radius of 5 mm from the center. The average yield value, compressive strength and hardness of the oriental melons were $36.5N/cm^2$, $185.7N/cm^2$ and $636.7N/cm^2$, respectively. The average cutting force and shear strength of the oriental melon vines were $2.87{\times}10^{-2}\;N$ and $5.60N/cm^2$, respectively. The maximum friction coefficient of the oriental melons was rubber of 0.609, followed by aluminium of 0.393, stainless steel of 0.177 and teflon of 0.079. It was considered possible to apply it to the size of the gripper and cutter, turning radius, dynamics of drive motor and selection of materials and their quality in light of the position error and safety factor according to the movement when designing end effector based on the analyzed data.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.8-19
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• 2008

The physicochemical properties of soils having high uranium content, located around Duckpyungri in Korea, were investigated and the lab scale soil washing experiments to remove uranium from the soil were preformed with several washing solutions and on various washing conditions. SPLP (Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure), TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure), and SEP (Sequential Extraction Procedure) for the soil were conducted and the uranium concentration of the extracted solution in SPLP was higher than Drinking Water Limit of USEPA (30 ${\mu}g$/L), suggesting that the continuous dissolution of uranium from soil by the weak acid rain may generate the environmental pollution around the research area. For the soil washing experiments, the uranium removal efficiency of pH 1 solution for S2 soil was about 80 %, but dramatically decreased as pH of solution was > 2, suggesting that strong acidic solutions are available to remove uranium from the soil. For solutions with 0.1M of HCl and 0.05 M of ${H_2}{SO_4}$, their removal efficiencies at 1 : 1 of soil vs. washing solution ratio were higher than 70%, but the removal efficiencies of acetic acid, and EDTA were below 30%. At 1 : 3 of soil vs. solution, the uranium removal efficiencies of 0.1M HCl, 0.05 M ${H_2}{SO_4}$, and 0.5M citric acid solution increased to 88%, 100%, and 61% respectively. On appropriate washing conditions for S2 soil such as 1 : 3 ratio for the soil vs. solution ratio, 30 minute for washing time, and 2 times continuous washing, TOC (Total Organic Contents) and CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) for S2 soil were measured before/after soil washing and their XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) results were also compared to investigate the change of soil properties after soil washing. TOC and CEC decreased by 55% and 66%, compared to those initial values of S2 soil, suggesting that the soil reclaimant may need to improve the washed soils for the cultivated plants. Results of XRF and XRD showed that the structural change of soil after soil washing was insignificant and the washed soil will be partially used for the further purpose.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.77-98
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• 1974

This study was carried out ill an attempt to investigate the properties and activities of sericin obtained from silk cocoon shells in silk reeling water through various instrumental analyses. In addition, the effects of the characteristics in sericin solubility on the reeling process and silk qualities were also studied on the basis of tile above conditions. The results obtained are as follows： I. The sericin properties and activities through various analytical instruments. 1. The water solubility of each amino acid such as serine, glycine. glutamic and aspartic acids against the pH modified water by using automatic amino acid analyzer, showed the lowest solubility at PH 5, but it increased according to drifting toward the alkalinity. 2. When the obtained sericin particles by water pH variation were observed with the electronic microscope, it was found for the sericin Particles to expand in the alkaline regions. 3. The IR spectrum results showed the differences among the pH modified sericin solutions at the range of 2,100cm-1 and 1.890cm-1 of wave number. 4. The existence of sericin with in silk fabrics made differences in the X-ray interference intencity, that is, the non-degummed fabrics had the interference peak at 2$\theta$=14$^{\circ}$, 17$^{\circ}$, 24$^{\circ}$, and the degummed ones had it at 2$\theta$=17$^{\circ}$, 18$^{\circ}$, 20$^{\circ}$, 23$^{\circ}$, 26$^{\circ}$. II. The results of sericin solubility for silk reeling process. 1. The sericin solubility and swelling had a tendency to increase up with high M-alkalinity and pH value of water. But in case of acidity. water hardness and concentration of ethylene glycol were high, the sericin solubility and swelling were decreased. 2. With the filature experiments, the best conditions of filature orator are summarized as fellows ; a. pH; 6.9${\pm}$0.2 d. acidity; below10ppm b. total hardness; 55：5ppm e. Fe ion; none c. M-alkalinity; 40${\pm}$10ppm

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.145-152
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• 2002

The composition of primary minerals in the rocks and secondary minerals of clay fractions of the soil developed on the cinder cones in the foot of Halla Mt., Jeju Island was investigated. The effects of parent materials on the physico-chemical properties and mineralogical characteristics were evaluated by XRD, DTA with the chemical composition of $H^+$ saturated clays. The main rock-forming minerals of a residual cinder cones were plagioclase with subsidiary minerals of hematite, gibbsite and quartz in the red cinder cone and of augite, quartz, feldspars and olivine in black cinder cone. It is demonstrated that ignition loss and sesquioxides content were higher in the red cinder soil than black cinder, which was resulted in the intermittent eruption of volcanic activity. For the chemical analysis of whole soils, $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ ratio was increased from 2 to 3, but Ignition loss is decreased and $K_2O$ content are very low with increasing the soil depth in regard to the composition and kinds of clay minerals. No clay formation from micas mineral were in volcanic ashes. Dominant clay minerals of the cinder cone soils as a black and red cinder cone soil were allophane with some quartz and feldspars, while vermiculite, illite, kaolin were coexisted as a subsidiary minerals. But the red cinder cones soils had more hematite and gibbsite of the clay fractions than the black soils with magnetite. The exothermic pick of DTA at about $660^{\circ}C$ for cinder cone soils might be corresponded the oxidation magnetite to hematite reation. With regarding to the compositions of mineral detected by X-ray diffractogram and the properties of minerals by D.T.A thermogram, the dominant clay mineral was allophane of the cinder cone soils with some ferrous compounds, red colour of the cinder cone soils which are originated in hematite.