• Proceedings of the Speleological Society Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.85-86
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• 1997

1. 석회암의 성인 (1) 암석의 풍화로 암석 중의 탄산수소칼슘이 되어 녹아 나온다. (2) 탄산수소칼슘은 액체로만 존재하며 이는 물에 섞여 호수나 바다로 유입된다. (3). 탄산수소칼슘이 수온 변화로 이산화탄소를 잃어버리면 탄산칼슘(방해석이나 아라고나이트-석회암)의 결정으로 정출 퇴적되어 석회암층을 만든다. 수중 식물이 탄산수소칼슘을 흡수하여 석회질인 껍데기(조개류, 유공충 등), 뼈(산호 및 기타 동물)를 만든다.(중략)

• Proceedings of the Speleological Society Conference
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• 1994.05a
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• pp.87-88
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• 1994

1. 석회암의 성인 (1) 암석의 풍화로 암석 중의 탄산수소칼슘이 되어 녹아 나온다. (2) 탄산수소칼슘은 액체로만 존재하며 이는 물에 섞여 호수나 바다로 유입된다. (3) 탄산수소칼슘이 수온 변화로 이산화탄소를 잃어 버리면 탄산칼슘(방해석이나 아라고나이트-석회암)의 결정으로 정출 퇴적되어 석회암층을 만든다. 수중 식물이 탄산수소칼슘을 흡수하여 석회질인 껍데기(조개류, 유공충 등), 뼈(산호 및 기타 동물)를 만든다.(중략)

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.171-182
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• 1973

Gemorphological and photogeological techniqes are applied to the problem of geological mapping of a semi-arid area, Albudeite, Southeastern Spain. As a result of this, a geological and surface materials map is made which shows the upper Miocene formation, which mainly consists of marl, limestone and sandstone, is further subdivided into three members, i. e. lower, middle and upper, and the post-Miocene deposits were differentiated into seven stratigraphic units, and mapped. The relationships between geology, landforms and land comlexes previously reognized have been reviewed. The methods adopted have proved to be valuable in interpreting and mapping a compex relationship in which highly variable bedrock outcrops and shallow surface materiales produced under sub-aerial conditios.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.44
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• pp.3-16
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• 1995

동굴에는 석회동굴 그밖에 용암굴과 파식굴 등으로 구별되는데 그 대부분은 석회동굴이다. 석회동굴인 경우 이의 생성과정과 그 특성을 보면 다음과 같다. 지표면에 내린 빗물은 땅속에 스며들어가 지하수류를 이루어 투수층을 따라 흘러 빠져 들어간다. 이때 이 공동이 동굴이 되는데 공동의 천정면에서 떨어지는 물방울이 그 위 지층에서 석회암층을 스며 내릴 때에는 석회질이 용해된 물방울이 공동천정에서 고드름 모양으로 종유석을 발달시키거나 또는 공동바닥에 떨어져 석순을 성장시킨다. 이것이 석회동굴이다.(중략)

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.558-570
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• 2001

The Middle Carboniferous Manhang and Geumcheon Formations exposed in the Taebaek area, Kangwondo, Korea consist of sandstones and shales with some intercalation of limestone beds. The limestones of the formations contain abundant conodonts and other fossils. The purpose of this study is (1) to investigate the conodont fauna, (2) to assign conodont biozones of the Manhang and Geumcheon Formations, and (3) to refine their geologic age more exactly. The conodonts of the Manhang and Geumcheon Formations are 6 genera distributed into 11 species. Conodonts found from limestones of the Manhang Formation are Idiognathodus delicatus, Hindeodus minutus, Streptognathodus sp., Diplognathodus coloradoensis, N. bothorops, and N. medexultimus. This conodont fauna can be assigned to the Neognathodus bothrops Zone. This conodont biozone indicates that the geologic age of the Manghang Formation is the Atokan stage of the Middle Carboniferous Period. Conodonts came from limestones of the Geumcheon Formation are Idiognathodus delicatus, N. medexultimus, N. roundyi, N. dilatus, Diplognathodus edentulus, Hindeodus minutus, Streptognathodus elegantulus, and Gondolella bella. These conodonts permit them to be assigned to the Neognathodus roundyi Zone. This Conodont biozone indicates that the geologic age of the Geumcheon Formation is the Desmoinesian stage of the Middle Carboniferous Period.

• Water for future
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 1983

In the Jeon Cheon Basin, unconsolidated alluvium and marine clay beds overlying Tertiary conglomerate and impermeable mudstone, and Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary rocks composed of mainly cavernous limestones, and age-unknowned crystalline rocks are occured. Most productive rock is Cambro-Ordovician limestones containing a lot of solution openings and secondary porosities and shows its transmissivity of 1836$m^2$/day and storativity of 1.47 $\times$ $10^{-3}$. The storage of deep seated groundwater in linestone aquifer is estimated about 1059 $\times$ $10^6$ metric tons, being equivalent to 6 years total precipitation of the basin. The safe yield of the groundwater to be abstracted from the aquifer is about 126,000 tons/day. To pump at least 100,000 tons/day of groundwater from the said aquifer, a well field comprising 34 deep wells ranging in depth from 80 to 100 meter and penetrating the cavernous limestone aquifer shall be established at middle and down stream area.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.583-594
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• 2000

The Middle Carboniferous Yobong Formation with North-South trending is distributed in the Yeongheungri and Samokri of Yeongwoleup, Kangwon Province, Korea. A light gray thick and massive pure limestone is developed in the middle part of the Yobong Formation and it has been exploited for a long time. This study was carried out to investigate the lithological characteristics and geochemical compositions of the limestones and to figure out how geologic structures control the disribution of the limestones of the formation. The limestones of the Yobong formation are characterized by the fine and dense textures and the light gray to light brown in color. The limestones are composed of crinoid fragments, small foraminifers, fusulinids, gastropods, ostracods, etc. Based on the amount of grains and matrix, the Yobong Limestone can be classified as fine packstones and wackestones. The chemical analysis of limestones of the Yobong Formation was carried out to measure the contents of CaO, MgO, Al$_2$O$_3$, Fe$_2$O$_3$ and SiO$_2$. The content of CaO ranges from 48.12 to 59.31% and its average is about 54.52%. The average content of MgO is about 0.32% and the coutents of Al$_2$O$_3$, Fe$_2$O$_3$ and SiO$_2$ are relatively low. The amounts of Al$_2$O$_3$, Fe$_2$O$_3$ and SiO$_2$ of the limestones vary according to the kinds of limestone and their stratigraphical horizons in the formation. Generally, the CaO content of the limestones of the Yobong Formation decreases towards the top of the formation. Using geometric and structural analysis, we determined five progressively overprinted phases of deformation recorded in the study area. The anticline and syncline formed during the first and fourth deformation had controlled the distribution pattern of the Yobong Limestone of the Yobong Formation. The structures of deformation D$_1$ consist of F$_1$ isoclinal folds and foliations. The D$_2$ deformation had formed the isoclinal interstratal F$_2$ folds and axial plane cleavages which are locally developed within mudstones. The structural elements of deformation D$_3$ are axial plane cleavages associated with recumbent F$_3$ folds. These structures are overprinted by meso-scale and regional F$_4$ folds which are regionally dominant. Finally, the structures of D$_5$ consist of the thrust faults and folds associated with the thrust faults.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.23-30
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• 1980

한반도 각지에는 캠브로-오오도비스기(Cambro-Ordovician)에 속하는 두터운 석회암층이 분포되어 있어 석회암지대 특유의 karst지형을 형성하는 곳이 많다. 그들은 3개의 분포지역으로 구분되는데, 즉, 평안지향사, 삼척지향사 및 옥천지향사 기타 소규모의 분포를 이루는 지역들이다. 이들 지역에는 국지적으로 karst지형의 특징이 잘 관찰되고 있다.(중략)

• Proceedings of the Speleological Society Conference
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• 1996.09a
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• pp.64-64
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• 1996

석회동굴은 카르스트 지형 지역에서 지하 형성물로 나타나는 공동지역으로, 이 공동화된 공간에 2차적으로 석순, 석주, 종유석 등이 침전되어 생긴 동굴이다. 이런 카르스트 지형은 석회암 지층에서 용식작용으로 생겨나는데, 우리나라에서는 북쪽은 평안남도 동반지역과 함경남도의 남부서경지역, 황해도 서남부, 그리고 강원도 남부지역, 추가령 구조곡의 일부들이 해당한다. 그리고 남쪽은 문경 - 단양 - 제천 - 영월 - 평창 - 정선 - 삼척 - 강릉에 걸친 지역들이다. 따라서 우리나라의 석회암동굴들은 그 대부분이 조선계 대석회암통의 막동 석회암 층에 분포되고 있다.(중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.121-128
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• 1998